Bond Strength of Adhesive Cements to Root Canal Dentin Tested with a Novel Pull-out Approach

The ability of different compositions of calcium silicate and epoxy sealers to withstand gutta percha removal via in vitro pull-out testing

OBJECTIVE

examination of the influence of chemical composition changes on the ability of sealers to withstand a pull-out test.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Fifty distal or palatal canals of extracted teeth were prepared by Dc Taper files. The teeth were divided into five groups: AH Plus, BJM RCS, Total Fill BC,AH Plus Bioceramic and a group with Gutta Percha with no sealer added. Ten days after obturation, each cone was subjected to the "pull-out test" with the Shimadzo Universal Testing Machine until it was torn or removed from the canal. A force to Stroke graph was generated and the maximum vertex of this graph was recorded. The number of times the cone was torn or removed was recorded.

RESULTS

The amount of force needed to remove or rupture the cone was significantly higher in all sealer groups compared to the AH Plus Bioceramic group. The force needed for the AH Plus group was double that needed for the AH Plus Bioceramic group 4 (1.87 ± 0.53 N vs 0.93 ± 0.48 N, respectively, P < 0.001). All of the cones (n = 10) in the AH Plus Bio Ceramic Sealer group were removed in their entirety (P = 0.01 compared to each of the other groups).

CONCLUSIONS

The addition of macromolecules to epoxy sealer does not change the material's ability to withstand the pull-out test. Decreasing the amount of tri- and di-calcium silicate compounds combined with increasing amounts of zirconium oxide in a Bioceramic sealer significantly decreased the material's ability to withstand the pull-out test.

Effect of reapplication on pull-out bond strength of fibre post to root dentin: An in vitro study

Purpose

Post removal may be necessary for many reasons and is inevitable after the re-application of a dental post. The present study investigated the bond strength between root dentin and a re-applied fibre-reinforced composite (FRC) post by a pull-out test.

Materials and methods

After root canal treatments of 30 extracted human maxillary canine teeth, post spaces were prepared (10 mm), and FRC posts (Hi-Rem Post; Overfibres, İmola, Italy) were luted with self-adhesive resin cement. The samples were than randomly divided into test and control groups (n = 15 in each). The FRC posts were removed in the test group, and new posts were cemented. The pull-out test (1 mm/minute speed) was used to measure the bond strength. Failure types were determined using a stereomicroscope. Mann-Whitney U, chi-square and Fisher-Freeman-Halton exact tests were used for statistical analysis.

Results

The bond strength values of the test (119.5 ± 36.86 N) and control (115.55 ± 55.44 N) groups did not differ significantly (p >.05). In terms of the percentage of failure types, there was a significant difference only in the test group between the mixed failure type and the other failure types (p <.05).

Conclusions

The re-application of FRC post did not seem to affect the bond strength. The distribution of failure types was similar between the control and test groups.

Effect of calcium silicate-based endodontic sealer on the retention of fiber posts cemented at different time intervals

Objective

To evaluate the effect of BC HiFlow, a new calcium silicate-based endodontic sealer, compared with a resin epoxy-based sealer after 2 different times of cementation on the pull-out bond strength of glass-fiber–reinforced composite posts cemented with a self-adhesive resin cement (RelyX Unicem).

Methodology

Sixty human maxillary central incisors were decoronated, prepared and obturated with gutta-percha and sealer. Roots were distributed into 5 groups according to the sealer and time of post cementation: (1) AH Plus sealer with immediate post fixation, (2) BC HiFlow with immediate post fixation, (3) AH Plus and post fixation after 7 days, (4) BC HiFlow and post fixation after 7 days, and (5) fiber post fixation in canals obturated with gutta-percha only (no sealer). After 1 week of post cementation, the pull-out test was performed and the failure mode was examined under a digital microscope. Data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc and t tests (p < .05).

Results

With immediate post cementation, AH Plus group showed significantly higher pull-out retentive strength than the BC HiFlow and control groups (p = .009 and p < .001, respectively). There was no significant difference between the groups when the posts were cemented 7 days after obturation (p = .726). The time of post cementation had a significant influence on the canals obturated with AH Plus (p = .003). The time did not significantly affect the canals obturated with BC HiFlow (p = .289). The prominent type of failure was mixed mode in all groups.

Conclusion

BC HiFlow sealer did not affect the pull-out bond strength of glass-fiber–reinforced composite posts cemented with a self-adhesive resin cement immediately after or 7 days after obturation. For immediate post cementation, AH Plus increased the pull-out bond in comparison to BC HiFlow.

Effects of three drying methods of post space dentin bonding used in a direct resin composite core build-up method

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to evaluate drying methods for post space dentin bonding in a direct resin composite core build-up method.

METHODS

Experiment 1: Four root canal plastic models, having diameters of 1.0 or 1.8mm and parallel or tapered shapes, were prepared. After drying each post space using three drying methods (air drying, paper-point drying, or ethanol drying, which involves filling the space with 99.5 vol% ethanol followed by air drying), the residual liquid in the models was weighed. Experiment 2: Thirty endodontically treated single-root teeth were dried using the above-described drying methods and filled with dual-cure resin composite. The bonded specimens were sectioned into square beams of approximately 1mm² for microtensile bond strength (μTBS) testing. Nine teeth were observed through transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and micro computed tomography (μCT). The weight of residual liquid and μTBS were analyzed using Scheffé multiple comparison.

RESULTS

Experiment 1: The results of air drying were significantly different from those of paper-point drying (p<0.001) and ethanol drying (p<0.001), and no significant difference was observed between paper-point drying and ethanol drying. Experiment 2: The μTBS significantly decreased in the order of ethanol drying, paper-point drying, and air drying (air drying/ethanol drying: p<0.001, air drying/paper-point drying: p=0.048, ethanol drying/paper-point drying: p=0.032). TEM and μCT observation revealed a sufficient dentin/adhesive interface in the ethanol drying group.

CONCLUSIONS

Ethanol drying was found to be more effective for post space dentin bonding, as compared with air drying and paper-point drying.

Comparative evaluation of the effect of 10% sodium ascorbate, 10% hesperidin, 1% riboflavin 5 phosphate, collagen cross-linkers, on the pushout bond strength of fiber postluted to radicular dentin: In vitro study

Aims:

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of 10% sodium ascorbate (SA),10% hesperidin, 1% riboflavin 5-phosphate, collagen cross-linkers, on the pushout bond strength of the fiber resin postluted to the radicular dentin.

Materials and Methods:

Twenty-eight, single-rooted extracted human teeth were collected. The cleaning shaping and obturation was done followed postspace preparation which was etched with 37% phosphoric acid for 15 s and then rinsed with normal saline. The specimens were divided into four groups and postspaces were irrigated, respectively with. (i) Group 1: Normal saline for 4 min, (ii) Group 2: 10% SA for 4 min, (iii) Group 3: 10% hesperidin for 4 min, and (iv) Group 4: 1% riboflavin 5 phosphate (RFV) for 4 min. The pushout bond strength of fiber postluted to root dentin, of all the above groups, was compared. Posts were luted using Rely X Arc luting cement. Each root was horizontally sectioned to obtain 2 mm thick, 28 dentinal disks, per group. The pushout bond strength test was carried out using Universal Testing Machine. The scores were statistically analyzed using Student's Unpaired “t” and ANOVA test.

Results:

Comparison of different collagen crosslinker showed that the highest pushout bond strength value was recorded with 10% hesperidin, followed by 1% RFV and 10% SA.

Conclusion:

All collagen cross-linkers so used, increased the bond strength. The highest push-out bond strength was achieved with 10% hesperidin.

Comparison between two post-dentin bond strength measurement methods

The push-out (PO) test and the diametral compression (DC) test were performed to compare the merits of two post-dentin bond strength measurement methods. Compared with the push-out test, the disk in DC provided post-dentin bond strength measurements that were more precise. The load-displacement curves from the DC test were much smoother and more linear up to the point of fracture when compared to those from the PO test. Compared to the PO test, DC is easier to perform for determining the bond strength between posts and dentin. No specimen alignment is needed in the DC test, and it produces a smaller standard deviation in the measured bond strength. The main disadvantage of the DC test, however, is that finite element analysis (FEA) is required to calculate the bond strength. The shear bond strength given by the PO test based on the simple formula is not valid, though, and the peak failure load is dependent on friction at the post-dentin interface.

Influence of Infected Root Dentin on the Bond Strength of a Self-adhesive Resin Cement

AIM

The aim of this study was to determine the bond strength (BS) of a self-adhesive resin cement to the contaminated root dentin.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The crown and apical third of twenty single-rooted teeth were removed. The root canals were flared and 1-mm-thick root sections were obtained. The sections were rinsed, dried, and sterilized. The control group (n=20) was composed of one section of each third, which remained immersed in sterile trypticase soy broth (TSB) for 2 months. The other sections comprised the experimental group (n = 40) and were immersed in a suspension of Enterococcus faecalis. The culture medium was changed at every 4 days for 2 months. The sections were rinsed with distilled water, dried, and the root canal space was filled with the self-adhesive resin cement RelyX™ U200. After 24 h, the push-out test was performed and the types of interface failure were observed on a stereo microscope.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

Data were statistically analyzed by the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test (α=5%).

RESULTS

A significant reduction was observed in the BS of resin cement to the contaminated dentin compared to the healthy dentin, for both thirds analyzed (P < 0.05). The BS was significantly greater at the cervical third compared to the middle third for specimens in the experimental group (P < 0.05). Adhesive and mixed failures were observed more frequently in specimens contaminated with E. faecalis.

CONCLUSION

Bacterial contamination negatively infl uenced the BS of the self-adhesive resin cement to the root dentin, and there was a predominance of adhesive and mixed failures.

Effect of a 12-methacryloyloxy-dodecyl-pyridinium-bromide-containing adhesive with different post types on the long-term bond strength to dentin

The use of matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) inhibitors, such as 12-methacryloyloxy-dodecyl-pyridinium-bromide (MDPB), might improve the adhesion of glass-fiber (GF) and polyfiber (PF) posts to root dentine. This study assessed the effect of an MDPB-containing adhesive on the long-term bond strength of GF or PF posts to bovine dentine. Bovine endodontically treated roots were randomly divided into six groups, according to the post type and adhesive system used, as follows: GF serrated post + MDBP-free adhesive; GF serrated post + MDPB-containing adhesive; GF smooth post + MDBP-free adhesive; GF smooth post + MDPB-containing adhesive; PF post + MDBP-free adhesive; PF post + MDPB-containing adhesive. Specimens were stored in water for 6 months, thermocycled (500 cycles wk^-1 ), and submitted to the pull-out test and failure pattern analysis. The cement-dentin interface was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. The pull-out data were analyzed using anova and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). No significant interaction between the type of post and the adhesive system was found. Polyfiber posts showed lower bond strength than GF posts, whether serrated or smooth, and the bond strength of the serrated and smooth GF posts was not significantly different. Adhesive failures were predominant in all groups. The type of retainer influenced the bond strength, and MDPB-containing adhesive did not improve the long-term bond strength of posts to dentine.

Evaluation of the bond strength of root-end placed mineral trioxide aggregate and Biodentine in the absence/presence of blood contamination

Objective:

Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) has been accepted as an appropriate root-end filling material in endodontic microsurgery because of setting ability in the wet environment. The aim of this study was to assess the bond strength of root-end placed MTA and Biodentine (Septodont, Saint Maur des Fossés, France) in the absence/presence of blood contamination.

Materials and Methods:

Forty-eight single-rooted maxillary incisors were used. subsequent to root-end resection and apical preparation using ultrasonic retro-tips, the specimens were randomly separated into two groups according to the root-end filling materials: MTA (Cerkamed Medical Company, Stalowa, Poland) or Biodentine. The specimens were then separated into two subgroups according to storage condition (absence/presence of blood) (n = 12). After obtaining 2.0 ± 0.1 mm slices, push-out tests were performed. Each slice was examined under a stereomicroscope to evaluate the failure mode. The data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test for multiple comparisons. The failure modes were analyzed using the Chi-square test (P = 0.05).

Results:

The bond strength was significantly affected by the presence of blood contamination and root-end filling material type (P < 0.001). Biodentine had better bond strength than MTA (P < 0.001). The most common failure type was adhesive failure. According to the Chi-square test, there were no statistically significant differences among the groups (P = 0.394).

Conclusions:

Biodentine had better bond strength values compared to MTA, and the bond strength of both MTA and Biodentine as root-end filling materials was negatively affected by the presence of blood.

Effect of root canal rinsing protocol on dentin bond strength of two resin cements using three different method of test

Background

Different studies have used different tests to evaluate bond strength of resin cements to root dentin. In this in vitrostudy, three different tests were used to evaluate the bond strength of two resin cements to root dentin using two root dentin irrigation protocols.

Material and Methods

Ninety-six intact single-rooted teeth were selected for this study. Forty-eight teeth, with a root length of 15mm, were randomly divided into two groups and irrigated with normal saline or 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solutions during root canal preparation, respectively. For each 12 specimens from each group, fiber post #1 was bonded using an etch-and-rinse (Duo-Link) and a self-adhesive (BisCem) resin cement, respectively. After incubation, two specimens were prepared for the push-out test from the middle thirds of the roots. In another 24 teeth, after two 1.5-mm sections were prepared from the middle thirds of the prepared roots, sections of the post were bonded in two subgroups with each of the cements mentioned above and the samples were prepared for the pull-out test. For shear test, the crowns of 48 teeth were cut away, the dentin surfaces were prepared, the two irrigation solutions were used, and the resin cements were bonded. Data collected from the three tests were evaluated by ANOVA, post-hoc Tukey and Weibull tests (α=0.05).

Results

There were significant differences in the mean bond strength values between the three bond strength tests (P<0.001). Rinsing protocol and cement type resulted in similar variations in the mean bond strength in all tests (P>0.05).

Conclusions

Under the limitations of the present study, the method of the test used had an effect on the recorded bond strength between the resin cement and root dentin. Cement type and irrigation protocol resulted in similar variations with all the tests. Push-out and shear tests exhibited more coherent results.

Key words:Bond strength, endodontically treated tooth, fiber post, resin cement, sodium hypochlorite.

Bonding effectiveness and multi-interfacial characterization of two direct buildup resin core systems bonded to post-space dentin

OBJECTIVES

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the bonding effectiveness of two resin core buildup systems using conventional methods in the field of adhesive dentistry and a new non-destructive method.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twenty-four single-rooted human teeth were built up with dual-cure one-step self-etch adhesive and composite systems (SY1: Clearfil DC bond and Clearfil DC core automix, SY2: Clearfil bond SE one and Clearfil DC core automix one). The prepared samples were sectioned into approximately 1 × 1-mm-thick beams and subjected to micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) testing (n = 24). The fractured beams after μTBS testing were analyzed by SEM and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometry. The three teeth filled with each resin core system were sectioned and embedded in epoxy resin to observe the dentin-bonding interface under TEM (n = 6). Moreover, three of each resin core-filled teeth without any processing were examined using μCT (n = 6).

RESULTS

Two-way ANOVA revealed that the two factors "root region" (p < 0.001, F = 15.22) and "system" (SY1 < SY2; p < 0.001, F = 22.52) had a significant influence. The μTBS gradually decreased from the coronal side to the apical side of the root canal. Morphological evaluation revealed that SY2 was superior in terms of resin curing at the apical side. μCT non-destructive evaluation clearly revealed gap formation in SY1.

CONCLUSION

SY2, which included a new light-independent catalyst, showed better bonding effectiveness and adhesive interface to dentin compared to that of SY1.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

The new catalyst, which is activated by contact with adhesive and resin composite, can be used for resin core buildup restorations.

Hydrogen bonds of a novel resin cement contribute to high adhesion strength to human dentin

OBJECTIVE

The detachment of fiber posts from root canals is primarily caused by the loss of adhesion between dentin and cement; therefore, the purpose of this study was to formulate a novel resin cement that improves the bond strength of fiber posts to the dentin-cement interface.

METHODS

Three concentrations (30, 35, and 40wt.%) of bis[2-(methacryloyloxy)-ethyl] phosphate (2MP) were prepared as dentin bonding agent components. Isobornyl acrylate (IBOA) and ethylhexylacrylate (EHA) were used as key components to fabricate the resin cement (named IE cement). The adhesive strengths of IE cement to coronal and root canal dentin were tested after placement of specimens in a water bath at 100% humidity and 37°C for either 24h or 5 months. The microtensile bond test, the push-out bond test, and the fracture toughness test were performed. Four commercially available resin cements (Nexus(®) third generation (NX3), Variolink II, RelyX Unicem, and Panavia F 2.0) were used for comparisons. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to analyze the interaction of collagen extracted from human dentin and 2MP as well as the fracture surfaces of the specimens submitted to the microtensile bond test.

RESULTS

The 35% concentration of 2MP, in combination with IBOA and EHA, was the most effective for improving the IE cement's bond strength to dentin. The XPS results revealed that the phosphate groups of 2MP formed hydrogen bonds with the collagen and that such bonds prominently decreased in number in the specimens that were stored for 5 months.

SIGNIFICANCE

The combination of 2MP, IBOA, and EHA can effectively increase the adhesive strength of IE cement to dentin via hydrogen bond formation.

Effect of adhesive system on retention in posts comprising fiber post and core resin

The purpose of this study was to compare the retention of fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) posts luted with either conventional or self-adhesive resin cement. The FRC posts and core resin were built up in bovine teeth. The posts were luted with standard etch-andrinse cement, self-etch cement, or one of two self-adhesive cements. The samples were stored in water for 1 or 14 days or subjected to thermal cycling (TC). Retention value was measured with the pull-out test using a universal testing machine. Conventional adhesive resin cement yielded significantly greater retention than self-adhesive resin cement at 1 day. No significant difference was observed in retention among the adhesive systems tested at 14 days or after TC. During the early luting stage, self-adhesive resin cement yielded lower retention value than conventional resin cement. After 14 days storage or TC, retention was comparable to that with conventional resin cement.

Lack of correlation between tubular dentine cement penetration, adhesiveness and leakage in roots filled with gutta percha and an endodontic cement based on epoxy amine resin

Objective

To analyze possible correlations among tubular dentine cement penetration, adhesiveness and apical leakage in fillings performed with gutta percha and an endodontic cement based on epoxy amine resin.

Material and Methods

Sixty similar, extracted human mandibular central incisors were irrigated, instrumented and filled following the same protocol. First, apical leakage was quantified by fluid filtration tests. Then, these same specimens were sectioned for analysis of tubular dentine cement penetration and the middle thirds were submitted to push-out tests to analyze the adhesiveness of the fillings.

Results

In brief, the means and standard deviations with a confidence interval of 95% were as follows: tubular dentine cement penetration (8.875±4.540), adhesiveness (4.441±2.683) and apical leakage (0.318±0.215). The data were confronted using the Pearson's test (P>0.05), and it was possible to prove that there was no correlation between (1) tubular dentine cement penetration and apical leakage (r²: 0.08276), (2) tubular dentine cement penetration and adhesiveness (r²: -0.2412) and (3) adhesiveness and apical leakage (r²: 0.1340).

Conclusion

After analysis of these data, it could be observed that there exists no correlation among the variables analyzed in this study.

Pull-out bond strength of a self-adhesive resin cement to NaOCl-treated root dentin: effect of antioxidizing agents

Objectives

This study evaluated the effect of three antioxidizing agents on pull-out bond strengths of dentin treated with sodium hypochlorite.

Materials and Methods

Root canals of 75 single-rooted human teeth were prepared. Fifteen teeth were irrigated with normal saline for a negative control group, and the remaining 60 teeth (groups 2 - 5) with 2.5% NaOCl. The teeth in group 2 served as a positive control. Prior to post cementation, the root canals in groups 3 - 5 were irrigated with three antioxidizing agents including 10% rosmarinic acid (RA, Baridge essence), 10% hesperidin (HPN, Sigma), and 10% sodium ascorbate hydrogel (SA, AppliChem). Seventy-five spreaders (#55, taper .02, Produits Dentaires S.A) were coated with silica and silanized with the Rocatec system and ceramic bond. All the prepared spreaders were cemented with a self-adhesive resin cement (Bifix SE, Voco Gmbh) in the prepared canals. After storage in distilled water (24 h/37℃), the spreaders were pulled out in a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min. Pull-out strength values were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test (α = 0.05).

Results

There were significant differences between study groups (p = 0.016). The highest pull-out strength was related to the SA group. The lowest strength was obtained in the positive control group.

Conclusions

Irrigation with NaOCl during canal preparation decreased bond strength of resin cement to root dentin. Amongst the antioxidants tested, SA had superior results in reversing the diminishing effect of NaOCl irrigation on the bond strength to root dentin.

Effects of dentin moisture on the push-out bond strength of a fiber post luted with different self-adhesive resin cements

Objectives

This study evaluated the effects of intraradicular moisture on the pushout bond strength of a fibre post luted with several self-adhesive resin cements.

Materials and Methods

Endodontically treated root canals were treated with one of three luting cements: (1) RelyX U100, (2) Clearfil SA, and (3) G-Cem. Roots were then divided into four subgroups according to the moisture condition tested: (I) dry: excess water removed with paper points followed by dehydration with 95% ethanol, (II) normal moisture: canals blot-dried with paper points until appearing dry, (III) moist: canals dried by low vacuum using a Luer adapter, and (IV) wet: canals remained totally flooded. Two 1-mm-thick slices were obtained from each root sample and bond strength was measured using a push-out test setup. The data were analysed using a two-way analysis of variance and the Bonferroni post hoc test with p = 0.05.

Results

Statistical analysis demonstrated that moisture levels had a significant effect on the bond strength of luting cements (p < 0.05), with the exception of G-Cem. RelyX U100 displayed the highest bond strength under moist conditions (III). Clearfil SA had the highest bond strength under normal moisture conditions (II). Statistical ranking of bond strength values was as follows: RelyX U100 > Clearfil SA > G-Cem.

Conclusions

The degree of residual moisture significantly affected the adhesion of luting cements to radicular dentine.

Osteo-odonto-keratoprosthesis (OOKP) and the testing of three different adhesives for bonding bovine teeth with optical poly-(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) cylinder

AIM

Preparation of the lamina during osteo-odonto-keratoprosthesis (OOKP) design is complex, and its longevity and watertightness important. To date, only acrylic bone cements have been used for bonding the optical cylinder to the tooth dentine. Our aim was to evaluate different dental adhesives for OOKP preparation.

METHODS

Specimens of bovine teeth were produced by preparing 1.5-mm thick dentine slices with holes having a diameter of 3.5 mm. Each group (n=10 per group) was luted with either classic poly-(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) bone cement, universal resin cement or glass ionomer cement. All specimens underwent force measurement using a uniaxial traction machine.

RESULTS

The highest mean force required to break the bond was measured for PMMA bone cement (128.2 N) followed by universal resin cement (127.9 N), with no statistically significant difference. Glass ionomer cement showed significantly lower force resistance (78.1 N).

CONCLUSIONS

Excellent bonding strength combined with easy application was found for universal resin cement, and thus, it is a potential alternative to acrylic bone cement in OOKP preparation.

Restoration of endodontically treated teeth with major hard tissue loss--bond strength of conventionally and adhesively luted fiber-reinforced composite posts

AIM

To evaluate the influence of the luting system on the pull-out bond strength of conventionally and adhesively luted fiber-reinforced composite posts (FRCPs).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

One hundred extracted bovine teeth (Di 3) were endodontically treated and randomly assigned to nine test groups and one control group (n = 10) according to luting system. After preparing the post cavities (8 mm), the custom-made FRCPs were inserted using conventional glass-ionomer cement (Ketac Cem), resin-reinforced glass-ionomer cement (Meron Plus and Fuji Plus), self-adhesive resin cement (RelyX Unicem and BisCem), self-conditioning adhesive and resin cement [Multilink Primer + Multilink and AdheSE + DC Activator + MultiCore Flow, or etch-and-rinse adhesive and resin cement (SealBond Ultima + CoreCem, and LuxaBond + LuxaCore Z). As a control, custom-made titanium posts were inserted with Ketac Cem. After water storage (37°C, 24 h, dark), the pull-out test was performed, followed by failure mode evaluation. The data were statistically analyzed (α = 0.05) using analysis of variance and the Dunnett T3 post hoc test.

RESULTS

Luting system type and identity significantly influenced bond strength (P < 0.001); the bond strengths of all luting systems except Ketac Cem, MeronPlus, and BisCem were significantly higher than the control (4.4 ± 1.1 MPa). RelyX Unicem (12.0 ± 3.0 MPa) and LB + LCZ (14.8 ± 2.3 MPa) generated the highest bond strengths. The clinical application was demonstrated by restoring a traumatized tooth with extensive coronal destruction and thin root canal walls, using a FRCP combined with direct composite build-up.

CONCLUSION

Luting system selection significantly influenced the bond strength of conventionally and adhesively luted FRCPs to bovine root canal dentin.