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B. Abraham S, Al-Marzooq F, Samaranayake L, Hamoudi RA, Himratul-Aznita WH, Aly Ahmed HM. Molecular analyses indicate profuse bacterial diversity in primary and post- treatment endodontic infections within a cohort from the United Arab Emirates-A preliminary study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305537. [PMID: 39008450 PMCID: PMC11249272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endodontic microbiota appears to undergo evolutionary changes during disease progression from inflammation to necrosis and post-treatment. The aim of this study was to compare microbiome composition and diversity in primary and post-treatment endodontic infections from a cohort of patients from the UAE. DESIGN Intracanal samples were collected from primarily infected (n = 10) and post-treatment infected (n = 10) root canals of human teeth using sterile paper points. Bacterial DNA was amplified from seven hypervariable regions (V2-V4 and V6-V9) of the 16S rRNA gene, then sequenced using next-generation sequencing technology. The data was analyzed using appropriate bioinformatic tools. RESULTS Analyses of all the samples revealed eight major bacterial phyla, 112 genera and 260 species. Firmicutes was the most representative phylum in both groups and was significantly more abundant in the post-treatment (54.4%) than in primary (32.2%) infections (p>0.05). A total of 260 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified, of which 126 (48.5%) were shared between the groups, while 83 (31.9%) and 51 (19.6%) disparate species were isolated from primary and post-treatment infections, respectively. A significant difference in beta, but not alpha diversity was noted using several different indices (p< 0.05). Differential abundance analysis indicated that, Prevotella maculosa, Streptococcus constellatus, Novosphigobium sediminicola and Anaerococcus octavius were more abundant in primary infections while Enterrococcus faecalis, Bifidobacterium dentium, Olsenella profusa and Actinomyces dentalis were more abundant in post-treatment infections (p <0.05). CONCLUSION Significant differences in the microbiome composition and diversity in primary and post-treatment endodontic infections were noted in our UAE cohort. Such compositional differences of microbiota at various stages of infection could be due to both intrinsic and extrinsic factors impacting the root canal ecosystem during disease progression, as well as during their therapeutic management. Identification of the key microbiota in primarily and secondarily infected root canals can guide in the management of these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheela B. Abraham
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Farah Al-Marzooq
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Lakshman Samaranayake
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rifat Akram Hamoudi
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- ASPIRE Precision Medicine Research Institute Abu Dhabi, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wan Harun Himratul-Aznita
- Department of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaya
| | - Hany Mohamed Aly Ahmed
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaya
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Sterzenbach T, Neumann V, Trips E, Basche S, Hannig C, Kühne MT. Establishment of a Protocol for Viability qPCR in Dental Hard Tissues. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1400. [PMID: 39065168 PMCID: PMC11278712 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to establish a live/dead qPCR with propidium monoazide (PMA) that can quantitatively differentiate between viable/non-viable microorganisms in dental hard tissues. Human premolars (n = 88) were prepared with nickel-titanium instruments and incubated with E. faecalis (21 d). Subsequently, the bacteria in half of the teeth were devitalized by heat inactivation (100 °C, 2 h). The following parameters were tested: PMA concentrations at 0 µmol (control), 50 µmol, 100 µmol, and 200 µmol; PMA incubation times of 30 min and 60 min, and blue light treatment for 30 min and 60 min. The teeth were ground using a cryomill and the bacterial DNA was quantified using qPCR, ANOVA, and p = 0.05. The qPCR of the control group detected a similar number of avital 9.94 × 106 and vital 1.61 × 107 bacterial cells. The use of PMA inhibited the amplification of DNA from non-viable cells during qPCR. As a result, the best detection of avital bacteria was achieved with the following PMA parameters: (concentration, incubation time, blue light treatment) 200-30-30; 5.53 × 104 (avital) and 1.21 × 100.7 (vital). The live/dead qPCR method using PMA treatment is suitable for the differentiation and quantification of viable/non-viable microorganisms in dentin, as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of different preparation procedures and antimicrobial irrigants in other biological hard substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Sterzenbach
- Policlinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (T.S.); (V.N.); (S.B.); (C.H.)
| | - Vanessa Neumann
- Policlinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (T.S.); (V.N.); (S.B.); (C.H.)
| | - Evelyn Trips
- Coordination Centre for Clinical Trials, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstraße 74, 01309 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sabine Basche
- Policlinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (T.S.); (V.N.); (S.B.); (C.H.)
| | - Christian Hannig
- Policlinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (T.S.); (V.N.); (S.B.); (C.H.)
| | - Marie-Theres Kühne
- Policlinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (T.S.); (V.N.); (S.B.); (C.H.)
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Arias-Moliz MT, Ordinola-Zapata R, Staley C, Pérez-Carrasco V, García-Salcedo JA, Uroz-Torres D, Soriano M. Exploring the root canal microbiome in previously treated teeth: A comparative study of diversity and metabolic pathways across two geographical locations. Int Endod J 2024; 57:885-894. [PMID: 37209012 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
AIM To analyse and compare the root canal microbiome present in root-filled teeth of two different geographical populations, and to study their functional potential using a next-generation sequencing approach. METHODOLOGY Sequencing data obtained from surgical specimens from previously treated teeth with periapical bone loss from Spain and USA were included in the study. Taxa were classified using SILVA v.138 database. Differences in genera abundances among the 10 most abundant genera were evaluated using a Kruskal-Wallis test. Alpha diversity indices were calculated in mothur. The Shannon and Chao1 indices were used. Analyses of similarity (ANOSIM) to determine differences in community composition were done in mothur, with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. p-Values < .05 were considered statistically significant. Identification of enriched bacteria function prediction in the study groups (KEGG pathways) was carried out by linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) via Python 3.7.6. RESULTS A greater alpha-diversity (Shannon and Chao1 indices) was observed from samples obtained in Spain (p = .002). Geography showed no significant effects on community composition via an ANOSIM using Bray-Curtis dissimilarities (R = 0.03, p = .21). Bacterial functional analysis prediction obtained by PICRUSt showed that 5.7% KEGG pathways differed between the Spain and US samples. CONCLUSIONS The taxonomic assessment alone does not fully capture the microbiome's differences from two different geographical locations. Carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism were enriched in samples from Spain, while samples from USA had a higher representation of pathways related to nitrogen, propanoate metabolism, and secretion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Arias-Moliz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - R Ordinola-Zapata
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - C Staley
- Division of Basic & Translational Research, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - V Pérez-Carrasco
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- GENYO. Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
- Microbiology Unit, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - J A García-Salcedo
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- GENYO. Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
- Microbiology Unit, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | | | - M Soriano
- GENYO. Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
- Center for Research in Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almeria, Almería, Spain
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Arias-Moliz MT, Pérez-Carrasco V, Uroz-Torres D, Santana Ramos JD, García-Salcedo JA, Soriano M. Identification of keystone taxa in root canals and periapical lesions of post-treatment endodontic infections: Next generation microbiome research. Int Endod J 2024; 57:933-942. [PMID: 38357799 DOI: 10.1111/iej.14046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to analyse and compare the microbiome present in root canals and periapical lesions of teeth with post-treatment infections, and to identify the presence of keystone taxa in both habitats using next-generation sequencing analysis. METHODOLOGY Apices and periapical lesions of patients with post-treatment apical periodontitis were surgically extracted. Specimens were cryo-pulverized, bacterial DNA was extracted, and the V3-V4 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene were sequenced using the Illumina Miseq platform. Bioinformatic analysis was carried out with Mothur software, whilst diversity indices were obtained using operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The diversity indices were compared with the Kruskal-Wallis test, and community composition differences were explored with Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance (PERMANOVA). A bacterial functional study was performed with the Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) analysis. Co-occurrence network analyses were performed using the Sparse Correlations for Compositional data (SparCC). Eigencentrality, clr-based abundance and ubiquitousness were applied to infer keystone taxa. P values <.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS Thirty-two apices and thirty-nine periapical lesions were sequenced and analysed. A similar alpha-diversity (p < .05) and community composition (p = .91) was observed for apices and lesion samples. The most abundant OTUs identified amongst all samples included Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella loescheii, Streptococcus intermedius, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Parvimonas micra, Synergistetes bacterium, Tannerella forsythia and Peptostreptococcus stomatis. The metabolic pathways with >0.81% abundances included membrane transport, genetic information processing and metabolic pathways. F. nucleatum was identified as a keystone taxon as it showed ubiquitousness, an eigenvector centrality value of 0.83 and a clr-based abundance >4. CONCLUSIONS The microbiome in apices and periapical lesions of post-treatment endodontic infections showed a similar diversity and taxonomic composition. Co-occurrence network analyses at OTU level identified F. nucleatum as a keystone taxon candidate in these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Arias-Moliz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Virginia Pérez-Carrasco
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
- Microbiology Unit, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Jose Antonio García-Salcedo
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
- Microbiology Unit, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Soriano
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
- Center for Research in Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almeria, Almería, Spain
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Park KH, Ordinola-Zapata R, Noblett WC, Lima BP, Staley C. The effect of ultrasonic and multisonic irrigation on root canal microbial communities: An ex vivo study. Int Endod J 2024; 57:895-906. [PMID: 37983635 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
AIM To analyse the effect of ultrasonic irrigant activation (UIA) and the GentleWave (GW) multisonic irrigation (GW) with minimal instrumentation on the root canal microbial diversity in an ex vivo model that used extracted molars with a history of pulp necrosis. METHODOLOGY Twenty-three mandibular molars were prepared ex vivo for collection of superficial (surface control), pre-treatment and post-treatment samples 24 h after extraction. Samples were divided into two groups: UIA using 6% NaOCl (n = 11) and GW group (n = 12). All samples were processed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and 16S rRNA next-generation sequencing to measure microbial diversity before and after the antimicrobial treatment. For qPCR, a t-test (α = .05) was used to compare the log10 reduction. The Chao1 and Shannon indices evaluated alpha diversity. Differences in community composition (beta diversity) were evaluated by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Kruskal-Wallis test with Bonferroni corrections was performed to evaluate the differences in abundances genera in the samples. RESULTS Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed an estimated 1.6 and 2.6 log10 reduction for UIA and GW groups respectively (p = .048). An average of 5 ± 4 and 3 ± 5 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were found in surface's samples in the UIA and GW group respectively. These values were significantly lower (p < .001) compared to the number of preoperative OTUs in those groups (155 ± 79 and 187 ± 121). In assessing beta diversity, there were no significant differences found in pre-treatment samples (R = .090, p = .070 ANOSIM with Bonferroni corrections). Also, no significant differences in community composition were observed in post-treatment samples (R = -.05, p = .829). After treatment, there was a significant reduction of Eubacterium using conventional treatment with UIA and a significant reduction of Prevotella using minimal instrumentation with GW irrigation (p = .007 and p = .002 respectively). CONCLUSION Quantitative PCR analysis revealed a significant reduction in microbial load for GW group. Overall, diversity changes were similar between UIA and GW irrigation in this ex vivo model that used extracted teeth with a history of pulp necrosis. OTUs obtained from the surface sample were negligible and did not affect the statistical outcome of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hong Park
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ronald Ordinola-Zapata
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - W Craig Noblett
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bruno P Lima
- Division of Basic Sciences, Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Christopher Staley
- Division of Basic & Translational Research, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Park DH, Park OJ, Yoo YJ, Perinpanayagam H, Cho EB, Kim K, Park J, Noblett WC, Kum KY, Han SH. Microbiota Association and Profiling of Gingival Sulci and Root Canals of Teeth with Primary or Secondary/Persistent Endodontic Infections. J Endod 2024:S0099-2399(24)00279-6. [PMID: 38768706 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2024.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Microbiota associated with primary endodontic infection (PEI) and secondary/persistent endodontic infection (SPEI) must be characterized to elucidate pathogenesis in apical periodontitis and bacterial biomarkers identified for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. METHODS This study analyzed the microbial community profiles of root canals and gingival sulci (sulcus-E) for teeth with PEI (n = 10) or SPEI (n = 10), using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Bacterial samples from gingival sulci (sulcus-C) of healthy contralateral teeth served as controls. RESULTS There were 15 phyla, 177 genera, and 340 species identified. The number and diversity of bacteria in root canals did not differ significantly between PEI and SPEI. Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria were the dominant phyla in both groups. At the genus level, Lancefieldella, Bifidobacterium, Stomatobaculum, and Schaalia were enriched in root canals with SPEI. Of significance, Lancefieldella was observed in both root canals and sulcus-E of teeth with SPEI. At the species level, Neisseria macacae, Streptococcus gordonii, Bifidobacterium dentium, Stomatobaculum longum, and Schaalia odontolytica were increased significantly in root canals with SPEI compared to PEI. Oribacterium species, Streptococcus salivarius, Lancefieldella parvula, Prevotella denticola, and Oribacterium asaccharolyticum were more abundant in sulcus-E of teeth with SPEI compared to PEI. CONCLUSIONS There were distinctive and differing predominant bacterial species associated with the root canals and gingival sulci between teeth with PEI and SPEI. Specific bacteria identified in sulcus-E and root canals of teeth with SPEI could serve as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers for detecting SPEI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyun Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Jin Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Jee Yoo
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hiran Perinpanayagam
- Division of Endodontics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Eun-Bee Cho
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - W Craig Noblett
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kee-Yeon Kum
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Matoso FB, Montagner F, Grecca FS, Rampelotto PH, Kopper PMP. Microbial composition and diversity in intraradicular biofilm formed in situ: New concepts based on next-generation sequencing. Mol Oral Microbiol 2024. [PMID: 38497440 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the taxonomic composition of intraradicular multispecies biofilms (IMBs) formed in situ in a model to reproduce clinical conditions. Twelve palatal roots of maxillary molars had its canals prepared. Two roots were randomly selected to sterility control. Ten intraoral prosthetic appliances with lateral slots were fabricated. The roots were positioned in the slots with the canal access open to the oral cavity. Eight volunteers wore the appliance for 21 days, and two wore it at two different time points. One root from each appliance was removed and stored at -20°C until DNA extraction and sequencing (n = 10). Biofilm was analyzed using next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics. The V4 hyper-variable region of the 16SrRNA gene was amplified and sequenced. For data analyses, the mothur pipeline was used for 16SrRNA processing, and subsequent analyses of the sequence dataset were performed in R using the MicrobiomeAnalyst R package. The taxonomy-based analysis of bacterial communities identified 562 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), which belonged to 93 genera, 44 families, and 8 phyla. Bacterial colonization was different for each biofilm, and samples did not have the same group of bacteria. Alpha and beta diversity analysis revealed some general patterns of sample clustering. A core microbiome of prevalent OTUs and genera was identified. IMBs were heterogeneous when analyzed individually, but some diversity patterns were found after sample clustering. The experimental model seemed to reproduce the actual biofilm composition in endodontic infections, which suggests that it may be used to evaluate disinfection protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Barros Matoso
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Francisco Montagner
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Soares Grecca
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Pabulo Henrique Rampelotto
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core Facility, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Cintra LTA, Cantiga-Silva C, Banci HA, Faria FD, da Silva Machado NE, Cardoso CDBM, de Oliveira PHC, Estrela LRDA, Sivieri-Araujo G, Berbert FLCV, Garcia AJA, Leonardo RDT. Influence of photoactivation on tissue response to different dyes used in photodynamic therapy and laser ablation therapy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2024; 251:112843. [PMID: 38262341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2024.112843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Laser ablation therapy (LA) uses Indocyanine Green dye (ICG) which efficiently absorbs laser energy and the increased temperature results in an instantaneous flame that chars tissue and microbes. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses different dyes that are activated by light to kill bacteria. This study evaluated the biocompatibility of the dye Curcumin (CUR), Methylene Blue (MB), and Indocyanine Green (ICG) before and after laser activation (ACT). Polyethylene tubes containing one of the dyes were implanted in the subcutaneous tissue of 32 rats (4 tubes per rat) which were divided into 8 groups: C - control (saline solution); C + ACT (Red Laser 660 nm); CUR; CUR + ACT (480 nm blue LED); MB; MB + ACT (Red Laser 660 nm); ICG; ICG + ACT (810 nm Infrared Laser). After 7 and 30 days (n = 8/time), the rats were euthanized and the tubes with the surrounding tissue were removed and processed for histological analysis of inflammation using H&E stain, and collagen fiber maturation using picrosirius red (PSR). A two-way analysis of variance statistical test was applied (p < 0.05). At 7 days, regardless of laser activation, the CUR group showed a greater inflammatory infiltrate compared to the ICG and control groups, and the MB group had a greater inflammation only in relation to the control (p < 0.05). At 30 days, CUR and MB groups showed a greater inflammatory infiltrate than the control (p < 0.05). ICG group was equal to the control in both periods, regardless of the laser activation (p > 0.05). Laser activation induced the proliferation of collagen immature fibers at 7 days, regardless of the dye (p < 0.05). The CUR group showed a lower percentage of immature and mature fibers at 7 days, compared to ICG and control (p < 0.05) and, at 30 days, compared to control (p < 0.05). Regardless of laser activation, the ICG showed the results of collagen maturation closest to the control (p > 0.05). It was concluded that all dyes are biocompatible and that laser activation did not interfere with biocompatibility. In addition, the maturity of collagen was adequate before and after the laser activation. These results demonstrate that the clinical use of dyes is safe even when activated with a laser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Tavares Angelo Cintra
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Cristiane Cantiga-Silva
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Henrique Augusto Banci
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávio Duarte Faria
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Nathália Evelyn da Silva Machado
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Gustavo Sivieri-Araujo
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Renato de Toledo Leonardo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Gliga A, Săndulescu M, Amza O, Stănescu R, Imre M. Dental pathologies of endodontic origin and subsequent bacterial involvement - a literature review. Germs 2023; 13:373-380. [PMID: 38361538 PMCID: PMC10866160 DOI: 10.18683/germs.2023.1407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Dental pathologies of endodontic origin are varied in nature, and include infectious and non-infectious causes. Through this review, we aim to provide a deeper understanding of the role of bacterial involvement and in the pathogenesis of endodontic pathologies, by reviewing the relevant literature on the most common bacterial species involved, and their capacity to organize as biofilms. Furthermore, we focus on the most important recent updates in the management of endodontic infections, from a multidisciplinary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Gliga
- DDS, PhD student, Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 17-23 Calea Plevnei, Bucharest 010221, Romania
| | - Mihai Săndulescu
- DDS, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Implant Prosthetic Therapy, Faculty of Dentistry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 17-23 Calea Plevnei, Bucharest 010221, Romania
| | - Oana Amza
- DDS, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 17-23 Calea Plevnei, Bucharest 010221, Romania
| | - Ruxandra Stănescu
- DDS, PhD, Assistant Lecturer, Department of Implant Prosthetic Therapy, Faculty of Dentistry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 17-23 Calea Plevnei, Bucharest 010221, Romania
| | - Marina Imre
- DDS, PhD, Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 17-23 Calea Plevnei, Bucharest 010221, Romania
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10
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Cena JA, Vasques Castro JAD, Belmok A, Sales LP, Alves de Oliveira L, Stefani CM, Dame-Teixeira N. Unraveling the Endodontic Archaeome: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. J Endod 2023; 49:1432-1444.e4. [PMID: 37544428 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2023.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The controversial issue of whether the Archaea domain plays a role in endodontic infections is the focus of this systematic review with meta-analysis. The aim is to emphasize the significance of minority microbial domains in oral dysbiosis by evaluating the prevalence of archaea in root canals and its association with clinical parameters such as symptomatology and type of endodontic infection. METHODS The search strategy involved researching 6 databases and the gray literature. Publications were accepted in any year or language that identified archaea in samples from endodontic canals. A 2-step selection process narrowed the final choice to 16 articles. The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated using tools from the Joanna Briggs Institute, and the certainty of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. RESULTS The results showed that archaea were present in 20% (95% [confidence interval] CI = 8%-32%) of individuals with endodontic samples analyzed. The samples were about twice as likely to be archaeal-positive if collected from individuals with primary vs. persistent/secondary infection (odds ratio = 2.33; 95% CI = 1.31-4.14; I2 = 0%), or individuals with self-reported vs. symptom-free infections (odds ratio = 2.67; 95% CI = 1.47-4.85; I2 = 0%). Methanogenic archaea were reported in 66% of the included studies. Representative members of phyla Thaumarchaeota and Crenarchaeota were also identified. CONCLUSIONS Archaea are present in about one-fifth of the infected root canals. Recognized biases in experimental approaches for researching archaea must be addressed to understand the prevalence and roles of archaea in endodontic infections, and to determine whether the decontamination process should include the elimination or neutralization of archaea from root canals (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews protocol = CRD42021264308).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Alves Cena
- Department of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | - Aline Belmok
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Loise Pedrosa Sales
- Department of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | - Cristine Miron Stefani
- Department of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Naile Dame-Teixeira
- Department of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil; Oral Biology Division, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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11
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Alhadainy HA, Abdel-Karim AH, Fouad AF. Prevalence of Fusobacterium Species in Endodontic Infections Detected With Molecular Methods: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Endod 2023; 49:1249-1261. [PMID: 37611654 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2023.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endodontic infections are polymicrobial; however, investigating the role of bacterial species is critical because they may influence pathogenesis, the development of symptoms, or the persistence of disease. This systematic review aimed to determine the prevalence of Fusobacterium species and its association with different types of endodontic infections. METHODS MEDLINE (Ovid), PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases were used as electronic databases to retrieve relevant studies. The studies were evaluated for eligibility criteria, and the certainty in evidence and risk of bias were evaluated using critical appraisal tools for prevalence studies from the Joanna Briggs Institute. Forty studies were selected for meta-analysis and statistically analyzed for the relationship between the prevalence of Fusobacterium species and both the presence of symptoms and the type of infections (primary vs secondary/persistent) using meta-regression analysis. RESULTS The prevalence of Fusobacterium spp. in endodontic infections ranged from 3%-100% (mean = 42.51%) in the 40 included studies. Calculated confidence intervals indicated that the presence of Fusobacterium spp. was not statistically associated with the presence of symptoms or with the type of infections (the set of 2 predictors was not significant; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of Fusobacterium infection, which was identified with molecular methods, was not significant for overall regression using both predictors (ie, symptoms [symptomatic vs asymptomatic] and types of infections [primary vs secondary/persistent]).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem A Alhadainy
- Division of Comprehensive Oral Health, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Ashraf F Fouad
- Department of Endodontics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
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12
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Galgano M, Mrenoshki D, Pellegrini F, Capozzi L, Cordisco M, Del Sambro L, Trotta A, Camero M, Tempesta M, Buonavoglia D, Laricchiuta P, Catella C, Pratelli A, Buonavoglia A, Corrente M. Antibacterial and Biofilm Production Inhibition Activity of Thymus vulgaris L. Essential Oil against Salmonella spp. Isolates from Reptiles. Pathogens 2023; 12:804. [PMID: 37375494 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis is an infectious disease affecting both animals and humans. Antimicrobial resistant (AMR) and biofilm-producing Salmonella spp., frequently detected in reptiles (who can then act as asymptomatic carriers for warm-blooded animals), have developed resistance to biocides; this represents a warning for the emergence of biocide/antimicrobial cross-resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil (TEO) in inhibiting bacterial growth and biofilm production of Salmonella spp., which had been isolated from wild reptiles housed in a Zoo in Italy. The resistance profile against different classes of antibiotics showed that all the isolates were susceptible to the tested antibiotics, despite the presence of several AMR genes. All the isolates were also tested with aqueous solutions of TEO at different dilutions (5% to 0.039%). Interestingly, TEO proved effective both in inhibiting bacterial growth at low dilutions, with MIC and MBC values ranging between 0.078% and 0.312%, and in inhibiting biofilm production, with values ranging from 0.039% to 0.156%. TEO demonstrated effective bioactivity against the biofilm producer Salmonella spp., proving to be a valid disinfectant for the prevention of salmonellosis from reptiles, a possible source of infection for humans exposed to the reptiles' environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Galgano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Daniela Mrenoshki
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Francesco Pellegrini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Loredana Capozzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico della Puglia e della Basilicata, Contrada San Pietro Piturno, 70017 Putignano, BA, Italy
| | - Marco Cordisco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Laura Del Sambro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico della Puglia e della Basilicata, Contrada San Pietro Piturno, 70017 Putignano, BA, Italy
| | - Adriana Trotta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Michele Camero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Maria Tempesta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Domenico Buonavoglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | | | - Cristiana Catella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Annamaria Pratelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Alessio Buonavoglia
- Dental School, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Zamboni 33, 40126 Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Marialaura Corrente
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
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13
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Kesim B, Ülger ST, Aslan G, Cudal H, Üstün Y, Küçük MÖ. Amplicon-based next-generation sequencing for comparative analysis of root canal microbiome of teeth with primary and persistent/secondary endodontic infections. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:995-1004. [PMID: 36723715 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-04882-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the root canal microbiome profiles of primary and persistent/secondary infections using high-throughput sequencing with the help of a reliable bioinformatics algorithm. MATERIALS AND METHODS Root canal samples of 10 teeth in the primary endodontic infection (PEI) group and 10 teeth in the persistent/secondary endodontic infection (SEI) group were included resulting in a total of 20 samples. After DNA extraction from the samples, sequencing was performed on the Illumina MiSeq platform. Pair-end Illumina reads were imported to QIIME 2; amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) generated by DADA2 were mapped to GreenGenes database. Weighted UniFrac distances were calculated and principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) was used to compare beta diversity patterns. The multiple response permutation procedure (MRPP), the analysis of similarities (ANOSIM), and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (adonis) were conducted for testing group differences. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis was utilized to identify differentially abundant taxa between the groups. The linear discriminant analysis (LDA) score threshold was set to 4.0. RESULTS Within the Gram-negative facultative anaerobic Gammaproteobacteria class outgroup, two orders (Pasteurellales, Vibrionales) and two families (Pasteurellaceae, Vibrionaceae) were significantly more abundant in the PEI group, whereas Gram-positive bacteria, Actinomycetales order, and Gram-positive anaerobic taxa, one genus (Olsenella) and one species (Olsenella uli), were identified as significantly more abundant in the SEI group. CONCLUSIONS A few taxa were differentially abundant within either the PEI or SEI group. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Reliable bioinformatic tools are needed to define microbial profiles of endodontic infections. Based on a limited number of samples, no distinct variation was determined between the bacterial diversity of initial and recurrent endodontic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertan Kesim
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Nuh Naci Yazgan University, Kayseri, Turkey. .,Kuzey Çevreyolu Erkilet Dere Mah, Nuh Naci Yazgan Üniversitesi Yerleşkesi, Kocasinan, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Seda Tezcan Ülger
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Gönül Aslan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Hamza Cudal
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Nuh Naci Yazgan University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Yakup Üstün
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Öner Küçük
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Nuh Naci Yazgan University, Kayseri, Turkey
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14
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Kurian AH, Sethi S, Aneja K, Gupta A, Virmani S, Abraham D. Elimination of Enterococcus faecalis from root canal system using laser-activated nanoparticles: a systematic review. Lasers Med Sci 2023; 38:81. [PMID: 36856884 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-023-03742-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Elimination of Enterococcus faecalis is vital during root canal treatment. Owing to their antimicrobial properties, laser-activated nanoparticles (NPs) have been used in root canal irrigation in the recent past. The aim of this review is to conduct a qualitative analysis of the published data evaluating the antibacterial efficacy of laser-activated nanoparticles in the elimination of E. faecalis from the root canal system. Considering all the papers published till August 2022, a search of the databases PubMed, SCOPUS, and EBSCOhost was conducted. All the articles that were published in English were included. The review process was guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist. The risk of bias was assessed after the extraction of the data. After screening the distinguished 51 studies according to the inclusion criteria, five in vitro studies were included for the systematic review. A systematic review of the selected studies showed a positive impact on E. faecalis load reduction following irrigation with nanoparticles irradiated using lasers. Laser-activated nanoparticles have shown superior antibacterial efficacy compared to conventional irrigation techniques and may be used as an alternative for root canal disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansy Hanna Kurian
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manav Rachna Dental College, Sector - 43, Delhi, Suraj Kund Badkhal Rd, Faridabad, Haryana, 121004, India.
| | - Simar Sethi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manav Rachna Dental College, Sector - 43, Delhi, Suraj Kund Badkhal Rd, Faridabad, Haryana, 121004, India
| | - Kritika Aneja
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manav Rachna Dental College, Sector - 43, Delhi, Suraj Kund Badkhal Rd, Faridabad, Haryana, 121004, India
| | - Alpa Gupta
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manav Rachna Dental College, Sector - 43, Delhi, Suraj Kund Badkhal Rd, Faridabad, Haryana, 121004, India
| | - Suvidh Virmani
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manav Rachna Dental College, Sector - 43, Delhi, Suraj Kund Badkhal Rd, Faridabad, Haryana, 121004, India
| | - Dax Abraham
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manav Rachna Dental College, Sector - 43, Delhi, Suraj Kund Badkhal Rd, Faridabad, Haryana, 121004, India
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15
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Ordinola-Zapata R, Costalonga M, Nixdorf D, Dietz M, Schuweiler D, Lima BP, Staley C. Taxonomic abundance in primary and secondary root canal infections. Int Endod J 2023; 56:278-288. [PMID: 36334085 PMCID: PMC10100057 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the root canal microbiome composition in cases of primary and secondary apical periodontitis. METHODOLOGY Thirty-nine samples from patients with primary root canal infections obtained before root canal treatment, and 40 samples obtained during root-end resection procedures from previously filled cases with apical periodontitis were evaluated using 16S rRNA next-generation sequencing analysis (NGS). Demographic and clinical factors included age, sex, infection type, percussion sensitivity, and presence of pain. Differences in abundances of genera were evaluated using Kruskal-Wallis test. Alpha and beta diversity indices were calculated using mothur. The Shannon and Chao1 indices were used to measure alpha diversity. The Bray-Curtis dissimilarity was used to measure beta diversity. Differences in community composition were evaluated using analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. RESULTS Significantly fewer operational taxonomic units values were observed from samples from secondary infections (p < .0001). While no significant differences were observed in the Chao 1 index between primary and secondary infections, the Shannon alpha diversity was significantly lower in secondary relative to primary infections (p = .008). Among samples, sex, age (adult vs. older adult), percussion sensitivity, and presence of pain all showed no significant effects on community composition via an analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). However, community composition was significantly different depending on whether the sample was from a primary or secondary infection (R = .051, p = .03). Nine microbial genera comprised the predominant taxa observed among samples (>3.3%) and included Parvimonas, Fusobacterium, Campylobacter, Arachnia, Eubacterium, Prevotella, Peptostreptococcus, Fretibacterirum, and Pseudoramibacter. Significantly greater relative abundances of Prevotella, Peptostreptococcus, Veillonella, Lactucaseibacillus, and Dialister were observed in primary infections. CONCLUSIONS Primary endodontic infections are more diverse than secondary infections. The microbial composition is not associated with the clinical manifestations of apical periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Ordinola-Zapata
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Massimo Costalonga
- Division of Basic Sciences, Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Donald Nixdorf
- Division of TMJ and Orofacial Pain, Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Matthew Dietz
- Division of Basic & Translational Research, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - David Schuweiler
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bruno P Lima
- Division of Basic Sciences, Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Christopher Staley
- Division of Basic & Translational Research, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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16
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Buonavoglia A, Zamparini F, Lanave G, Pellegrini F, Diakoudi G, Spinelli A, Lucente MS, Camero M, Vasinioti VI, Gandolfi MG, Martella V, Prati C. Endodontic Microbial Communities in Apical Periodontitis. J Endod 2023; 49:178-189. [PMID: 36526107 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2022.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Apical periodontitis (AP) represents an inflammatory condition of peri-radicular tissues due to invasion and colonization of bacteria in the root canals. Primary apical periodontitis (PAP) is associated with untreated necrotic root canal and can be efficiently treated with endodontic treatment to remove bacteria. Persistent/secondary apical periodontitis (SAP) is a perpetual periapical lesion due to unsuccessfully treated root canals after an initial apparent healing of the tooth. The aim of the study was evaluating the microbial communities associated with root canals using Nanopore sequencing. METHODS Seventeen samples from the root canals of 15 patients with AP were Polymerase Chain Reaction-amplified for 16s ribosomal DNA gene and sequenced. Information regarding the presence or absence of AP symptoms, PAP and SAP, and periapical index of patients were recorded. RESULTS Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria were the most abundant phyla detected and Phocaeicola, Pseudomonas, Rothia, and Prevotella were the most prominent genera. In samples of patients with AP symptoms, the most frequent detected genera were Cutibacterium, Lactobacillus, Pseudomonas, Dialister, Prevotella, and Staphylococcus. In PAP samples, the most represented genera were Cutibacterium, Lactobacillus, Pseudomonas, and Prevotella, whilst in SAP cases were Cutibacterium, Prevotella, Atopobium, Capnocytophaga, Fusobacterium, Pseudomonas, Solobacterium, and Streptococcus. CONCLUSIONS The results provide additional information on the microbiota of root-canals. These data evidence the complexity of the microbiota and the relationship with many clinical and endodontic conditions. Future studies must evaluate these conditions and identify their role in inducing bone damage and local and systemic disease, aiming to better elucidate the relationship between microbes and endodontic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Buonavoglia
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Dental School, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fausto Zamparini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Dental School, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy.
| | | | - Georgia Diakoudi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Andrea Spinelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Dental School, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Michele Camero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | | | - Maria Giovanna Gandolfi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Dental School, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Carlo Prati
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Dental School, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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17
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Pérez-Carrasco V, Uroz-Torres D, Soriano M, Solana C, Ruiz-Linares M, Garcia-Salcedo JA, Arias-Moliz MT. Microbiome in paired root apices and periapical lesions and its association with clinical signs in persistent apical periodontitis using next-generation sequencing. Int Endod J 2023; 56:622-636. [PMID: 36689323 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
AIM To assess and compare the microbiome of paired root apices and periapical lesions from cases with failed endodontic treatment and to associate the microbiome and bacterial metabolic pathways in both sites with asymptomatic apical periodontitis (AAP) and symptomatic apical periodontitis (SAP), using next-generation sequencing (NGS). METHODOLOGY Matched root apices and periapical lesions of patients with failed root canal treatments were surgically extracted. Specimens were cryopulverized, bacterial DNA was extracted and the V3-V4 hypervariable regions of the 16 S rRNA gene were amplified and sequenced using the Illumina Miseq platform. Diversity and community composition were studied in the paired samples, as well as in AAP and SAP cases. Diversity indices were compared in each case by means of the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank and Mann-Whitney U tests. Differences in the community composition were explored with multivariate statistical analysis and Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size (LEfSe). Bacterial functional study was performed through the Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) analysis. RESULTS Twenty-one paired apices and lesions were successfully sequenced and analysed, identifying a total of 21 phyla and 600 genera. A higher alpha-diversity was observed in the periapical lesions, although no global differences in the community composition between the two sites were found (p = .87), the most prevalent genera being Fusobacterium, Porphyromonas and Streptococcus. Prevotella, Clostridiales_vadinBB60_group, Bosea, Phreatobacter, Afipia and Xanthobacteriaceae_unclassified were enriched in SAP samples, while Pseudopropionibacterium, Campylobacter and Peptoniphilus were significantly more abundant in AAP cases (p < .05). Metabolic pathways involved in the amino acid metabolism or degradation and flagellum assembly were more abundant in SAP samples, whereas glucose metabolism-related pathways were associated with AAP. CONCLUSIONS The bacterial community composition was similar in the apices and periapical lesions. The microbiome was different in AAP and SAP samples, gram-negative bacteria showing higher relative abundances in SAP cases. An association was observed between amino acid degradation and flagellum assembly pathways, and the development of tenderness to percussion or palpation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Pérez-Carrasco
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain.,Microbiology Unit, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - David Uroz-Torres
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain.,Private Practice, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Soriano
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain.,Center for Research in Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almeria, Almería, Spain
| | - Carmen Solana
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain.,Private Practice, Granada, Spain
| | - Matilde Ruiz-Linares
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain.,Department of Stomatology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Garcia-Salcedo
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain.,Microbiology Unit, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Arias-Moliz
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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18
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Effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on the reduction of bacteria and virulence factors in teeth with primary endodontic infection. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 41:103292. [PMID: 36681260 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of supplemental photodynamic therapy for improving the bacterial removal and the levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) by conducting a clinical trial. METHODOLOGY Twenty-four root canals with pulp necrosis and periapical lesion were selected and randomly divided into conventional group using endodontic treatment with chemo-mechanical preparation (CMP) alone (n = 12) and a group using antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) after CMP (n = 12). The samples were collected before and after CMP (conventional group) and after photodynamic therapy (aPDT group). A photosensitizer (0.005% methylene blue) was applied to the root canal for 3 minutes after CMP, whereas aPDT was performed by using a red laser with a power of 30Mw and energy density of 9J/cm2 for 90 s per root canal. Culture technique was performed to determine the bacterial colony forming units. LPS and LTA levels were quantified by using limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. RESULTS All samples showed growth of viable bacteria on Fastidious Anaerobe Agar (FAA), with an average of 5.19 × 105 CFU/ mL. CMP was effective in decreasing viable bacteria (p < 0.05), whereas there was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the samples treated with aPDT compared to those submitted to CMP. LPS and LTA were detected in all initial samples, with mean values of 20.561 EU/mL and 430.91 pg/mL, respectively. Both CMP and aPDT groups significantly decreased the levels of LPS and LTA (p < 0.05), with a statistical difference between the groups regarding aPDT (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Photodynamic therapy as an adjunct to CMP proved to be effective in improving root canal disinfection and reducing the LPS and LTA levels in teeth with primary endodontic infection.
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19
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Abstract
Culture-independent nucleic acid technologies have been extensively applied to the analysis of oral bacterial communities associated with healthy and diseased conditions. These methods have confirmed and substantially expanded the findings from culture studies to reveal the oral microbial inhabitants and candidate pathogens associated with the major oral diseases. Over 1000 bacterial distinct species-level taxa have been identified in the oral cavity and studies using next-generation DNA sequencing approaches indicate that the breadth of bacterial diversity is even much larger. Nucleic acid technologies have also been helpful in profiling bacterial communities and identifying disease-related patterns. This chapter provides an overview of the diversity and taxonomy of oral bacteria associated with health and disease.
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Coaguila‐Llerena H, Ordinola‐Zapata R, Staley C, Dietz M, Chen R, Faria G. Multispecies biofilm removal by a multisonic irrigation system in mandibular molars. Int Endod J 2022; 55:1252-1261. [PMID: 35976101 PMCID: PMC9561058 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the study was to assess biofilm removal efficacy of GentleWave System and passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI). METHODOLOGY Twenty-two human mandibular molars with Vertucci's type II configuration in the mesial root were selected. Teeth were autoclaved, inoculated with dental plaque and incubated in a CDC biofilm reactor for two weeks. The mesial roots were instrumented up to 20.06 file (V-Taper) for the GentleWave group and up to 35.04 file (Vortex Blue) for PUI group. Irrigation was performed using GentleWave and PUI irrigation protocols (n = 11). Dentine debris on paper points samples were obtained for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing (next-generation aequencing-NGS). For qPCR, a non-parametric test (α = 0.05) was used. Next-generation sequencing data were analysed using mothur, with alpha diversity calculated as the Shannon and Chao1 indices and Bray-Curtis dissimilarities were used for beta diversity. Differences in alpha diversity and abundances of genera were evaluated using Kruskal-Wallis test. Differences in community composition were evaluated using analysis of similarity with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. RESULTS Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction results showed that the reduction estimated in percentages for both groups was equivalent (p > .05). NGS analysis showed that both techniques promoted a significant reduction in reads and OTUs number (p < .05). Shannon alpha diversity and Chao1 index showed no differences between pre- or post-treatment samples for both groups (p > .05). Additionally, pre-treatment communities differed from post-treatment samples in both groups regarding bacterial taxa reduction (ANOSIM R = 0.50 and 0.55, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS Bacterial reduction in mesial roots of mandibular molars prepared to 35.04 with PUI was similar to those prepared to 20.06 with a multisonic irrigant activation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán Coaguila‐Llerena
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara School of DentistrySão Paulo State University –UNESPSão PauloBrazil,Division of EndodonticsUniversity of Minnesota School of DentistryMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Ronald Ordinola‐Zapata
- Division of EndodonticsUniversity of Minnesota School of DentistryMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Christopher Staley
- Division of Basic & Translational Research, Department of SurgeryUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Matthew Dietz
- Division of Basic & Translational Research, Department of SurgeryUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Ruoqiong Chen
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of DentistryUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Gisele Faria
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara School of DentistrySão Paulo State University –UNESPSão PauloBrazil
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21
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Saavedra FM, Pelepenko LE, Boyle WS, Zhang A, Staley C, Herzberg MC, Marciano MA, Lima BP. In vitro physicochemical characterization of five root canal sealers and their influence on an ex vivo oral multi-species biofilm community. Int Endod J 2022; 55:772-783. [PMID: 35383959 PMCID: PMC9321831 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the physicochemical properties of five root canal sealers and assess their effect on an ex vivo dental plaque-derived polymicrobial community. METHODOLOGY Dental plaque-derived microbial communities were exposed to the sealers (AH Plus [AHP], GuttaFlow Bioseal [GFB], Endoseal MTA [ESM], Bio-C sealer [BCS] and BioRoot RCS [BRR]) for 3, 6 and 18 h. The sealers' effect on the biofilm biomass and metabolic activity was quantified using crystal violet (CV) staining and MTT assay, respectively. Biofilm community composition and morphology were assessed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), 16S rRNA sequencing and scanning electron microscopy. The ISO6876:2012 specifications were followed to determine the setting time, radiopacity, flowability and solubility. Obturated acrylic teeth were used to assess the sealers' effect on pH. Surface chemical characterization was performed using SEM with coupled energy-dispersive spectroscopy. Data normality was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. One-way anova and Tukey's tests were used to analyze data from setting time, radiopacity, flowability and solubility. Two-way anova and Dunnett's tests were used for the data analysis from CV, MTT and pH. 16S rRNA sequencing data were analyzed for alpha (Shannon index and Chao analysis) and beta diversity (Bray-Curtis dissimilarities). Differences in community composition were evaluated by analysis of similarity (p < .05). RESULTS The sealers significantly influenced microbial community composition and morphology. All sealers complied with ISO6876:2012 requirements for setting time, radiopacity and flowability. Although only AHP effectively reduced the biofilm biomass, all sealers, except BRR, reduced biofilm metabolic activity. CONCLUSION Despite adequate physical properties, none of the sealers tested prevented biofilm growth. Significant changes in community composition were observed. If observed in vivo, these changes could affect intracanal microbial survival, pathogenicity and treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia M. Saavedra
- Department of Restorative DentistrySchool of Dentistry of PiracicabaState University of CampinasPiracicabaBrazil
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological SciencesSchool of DentistryUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Lauter E. Pelepenko
- Department of Restorative DentistrySchool of Dentistry of PiracicabaState University of CampinasPiracicabaBrazil
| | - William S. Boyle
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological SciencesSchool of DentistryUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Anqi Zhang
- Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics (MDRCBB)School of DentistryUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Christopher Staley
- Division of Basic & Translational ResearchDepartment of SurgeryUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Mark C. Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological SciencesSchool of DentistryUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Marina A. Marciano
- Department of Restorative DentistrySchool of Dentistry of PiracicabaState University of CampinasPiracicabaBrazil
| | - Bruno P. Lima
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological SciencesSchool of DentistryUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
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22
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Sun X, Yang Z, Nie Y, Hou B. Microbial Communities in the Extraradicular and Intraradicular Infections Associated With Persistent Apical Periodontitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:798367. [PMID: 35096647 PMCID: PMC8791237 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.798367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms in the complex root canal system and the extraradicular regions, including the periapical lesions and extraradicular biofilm may cause root canal treatment failures. However, few studies described the difference between the intraradicular and extraradicular infections from the same tooth associated with persistent apical periodontitis. This study aimed to characterize the microbiome present in the root canal, extraradicular biofilm, and periapical lesions associated with persistent apical periodontitis. The microbial communities in the root canal, extraradicular biofilm, and periapical lesions were investigated by Illumina high-throughput sequencing using Illumina Hiseq 2500 platform. The dominant phyla in the extraradicular and intraradicular infections associated with persistent apical periodontitis were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria, and the genera Fusobacterium, Morganella, Porphyromonas, Streptococcus, and Bifidobacterium dominated across all samples. Although extraradicular infection sites showed higher OTU richness and β-diversity compared to intraradicular samples, the occurrence of sinus tract rather than the sampling sites demarcated the microbial communities in the infections associated with persistent apical periodontitis. PERMANOVA analysis confirmed that the samples with or without sinus tracts contained significantly different microbial communities. Porphyromonas, Eubacterium, Treponema, and Phocaeicola were found in significantly higher levels with sinus tracts, whilst Microbacterium and Enterococcus were more abundant in samples without sinus tracts. In conclusion, diverse bacteria were detected in both intraradicular and extraradicular infections associated with persistent apical periodontitis, which might be influenced by the occurrence of the sinus tract. The results may provide new insight into the pathogenesis of persistent apical periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Sun
- The Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zi Yang
- The Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Nie
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Benxiang Hou
- The Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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23
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de Castro Kruly P, Alenezi HEM, Manogue M, Devine DA, Teixeira ND, Pimentel Garcia FC, Do T. Residual bacteriome after chemomechanical preparation of root canals in primary and secondary infections. J Endod 2022; 48:855-863. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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24
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Weber MT, Alkhafaji Y, Pioch A, Trips E, Basche S, Dannemann M, Kilistoff A, Hannig C, Sterzenbach T. Quantification of Bacterial DNA from Infected Human Root Canals Using qPCR and DAPI after Disinfection with Established and Novel Irrigation Protocols. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15051911. [PMID: 35269141 PMCID: PMC8912041 DOI: 10.3390/ma15051911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The removal of bacterial infections within the root canal system is still a challenge. Therefore, the cleansing effect of established and new irrigation-protocols (IP) containing silver diamine fluoride (SDF) 3.8% on the whole root canal system was analyzed using quantitative PCR (qPCR) and 4′,6-diamidino-phenylindole-(DAPI)-staining. Extracted human premolars were instrumented up to F2 (ProTaper Gold) under NaCl 0.9% irrigation and incubated with Enterococcus faecalis for 42 days. Subsequently, different ultrasonically agitated IP were applied to the roots: control (no irrigation), 1. NaOCl 3%, EDTA 20%, CHX 2%, 2. NaOCl 3%, EDTA 20%, 3. NaOCl 3%, EDTA 20%, SDF 3.8%, 4. SDF 3.8%, and 5. NaCl 0.9%. One half of the root was investigated fluorescent-microscopically with DAPI. The other half was grinded in a cryogenic mill and the bacterial DNA was quantified with qPCR. The qPCR results showed a statistically significant reduction of bacteria after the application of IP 1, 2, and 3 compared to the control group. While IP 4 lead to a bacterial reduction which was not significant, IP 5 showed no reduction. These data corresponded with DAPI staining. With qPCR a new molecular-biological method for the investigation of the complete root canal system was implemented. The novel IP 3 had an equally good cleansing effect as the already established IP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Theres Weber
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (Y.A.); (A.P.); (S.B.); (C.H.); (T.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-351-458-7456
| | - Yousef Alkhafaji
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (Y.A.); (A.P.); (S.B.); (C.H.); (T.S.)
| | - Anne Pioch
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (Y.A.); (A.P.); (S.B.); (C.H.); (T.S.)
| | - Evelyn Trips
- Coordination Center for Clinical Studies Dresden, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01309 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Sabine Basche
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (Y.A.); (A.P.); (S.B.); (C.H.); (T.S.)
| | - Martin Dannemann
- Faculty of Automotive Engineering, Institute of Energy and Transport Engineering, Westsächsische Hochschule Zwickau, Scheffelstraße 39, 08012 Zwickau, Germany;
| | - Alan Kilistoff
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, 11405 87th Ave NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada;
| | - Christian Hannig
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (Y.A.); (A.P.); (S.B.); (C.H.); (T.S.)
| | - Torsten Sterzenbach
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (Y.A.); (A.P.); (S.B.); (C.H.); (T.S.)
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25
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Wong J, Manoil D, Näsman P, Belibasakis GN, Neelakantan P. Microbiological Aspects of Root Canal Infections and Disinfection Strategies: An Update Review on the Current Knowledge and Challenges. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 2:672887. [PMID: 35048015 PMCID: PMC8757850 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2021.672887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity is the habitat of several hundreds of microbial taxa that have evolved to coexist in multispecies communities in this unique ecosystem. By contrast, the internal tissue of the tooth, i.e., the dental pulp, is a physiologically sterile connective tissue in which any microbial invasion is a pathological sign. It results in inflammation of the pulp tissue and eventually to pulp death and spread of inflammation/infection to the periradicular tissues. Over the past few decades, substantial emphasis has been placed on understanding the pathobiology of root canal infections, including the microbial composition, biofilm biology and host responses to infections. To develop clinically effective treatment regimens as well as preventive therapies, such extensive understanding is necessary. Rather surprisingly, despite the definitive realization that root canal infections are biofilm mediated, clinical strategies have been focused more on preparing canals to radiographically impeccable levels, while much is left desired on the debridement of these complex root canal systems. Hence, solely focusing on "canal shaping" largely misses the point of endodontic treatment as the current understanding of the microbial aetiopathogenesis of apical periodontitis calls for the emphasis to be placed on "canal cleaning" and chemo-mechanical disinfection. In this review, we dissect in great detail, the current knowledge on the root canal microbiome, both in terms of its composition and functional characteristics. We also describe the challenges in root canal disinfection and the novel strategies that attempt to address this challenge. Finally, we provide some critical pointers for areas of future research, which will serve as an important area for consideration in Frontiers in Oral Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Wong
- Discipline of Endodontology, Division of Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniel Manoil
- Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Peggy Näsman
- Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Georgios N Belibasakis
- Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Prasanna Neelakantan
- Discipline of Endodontology, Division of Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Chianca GC, Antunes LAA, Ornellas PO, Neves FPG, Póvoa HCC, Iorio NLPP. Virulence of Lactobacillus spp. misidentified as Enterococcus faecalis from children's carious dentine. Acta Odontol Scand 2022; 80:21-28. [PMID: 34107230 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2021.1934534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to search for Enterococcus faecalis in children's deep carious dentine and characterize their virulence traits.Material and Methods: Eight isolates from 15 carious molars identified by 16S rDNA species-specific PCR as E. faecalis were included. These eight isolates were subject to identification by MALDI-TOF and characterized regarding: (i) bacterial aggregation and biofilm formation on polystyrene and glass, with/without saliva, as single or dual-species (associated to Streptococcus mutans); (ii) environmental pH measurement before and after 24 h incubation; (iii) acidogenicity; (iv) gelatinase production; (v) macrophage adherence; and (vi) toxicity towards Caenorhabditis elegans. Statistical analyses were performed using two-way ANOVA/Tukey or Fisher's exact tests.Results: All isolates initially identified as E. faecalis by PCR were correctly identified as Lactobacillus by MALDI-TOF, being designated as Lactobacillus misidentified as Enterococcus (LME). These isolates produced biofilm in the presence of saliva and in the dual-species assays. Bacterial aggregation was only observed in the dual-species model. After 24 h, environmental pH dropped from 7.5 to 4.5 for seven of eight isolates, and to 4.0 in all dual-species models. LME isolates were acidogenic, none of them produced gelatinase or adhered to macrophages, but all presented toxicity towards C. elegans.Conclusions: No E. faecalis were identified in the children's caries lesions. All LME isolates presented important virulence traits, including biofilm formation and high acidogenicity, which cause enamel demineralization, that might increase the risk of dental caries in children carrying LME. Thus, the correct identification and in-depth virulence characterization of microorganisms isolated from dental caries are important to understand the dynamics of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Ceccon Chianca
- Department of Basic Science, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Estácio de Sá (UNESA), Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lívia Azeredo Alves Antunes
- Department of Specific Formation, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pâmela Oliveira Ornellas
- Department of Specific Formation, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Amaral RR, Braga T, Siqueira JF, Rôças IN, da Costa Rachid CTC, Guimarães Oliveira AG, de Souza Côrtes MI, Love RM. Root Canal Microbiome Associated with Asymptomatic Apical Periodontitis as Determined by High-Throughput Sequencing. J Endod 2022; 48:487-495. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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28
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Siqueira JF, Rôças IN. Present status and future directions - microbiology of endodontic infections. Int Endod J 2021; 55 Suppl 3:512-530. [PMID: 34958494 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Apical periodontitis has a microbial aetiology and is one of the most common inflammatory diseases that affect humans. Fungi, archaea and viruses have been found in association with apical periodontitis, but bacteria are by far the most prevalent and dominant microorganisms in endodontic infections. Bacterial infection of the root canal system only occurs when the pulp is necrotic or was removed for previous treatment. In some specific cases, including acute and chronic abscesses, the bacterial infection may reach the periradicular tissues. Intracanal bacteria are usually observed as sessile multispecies communities (biofilms) attached to the dentinal root canal walls. Infection in the main root canal lumen can spread to other areas of the root canal system. Although more than 500 bacterial species have been detected in endodontic infections, a selected group of 20 to 30 species are most frequently detected and may be considered as the core microbiome. There is a high interindividual variability in the endodontic microbiome in terms of species composition and relative abundance. Obligate anaerobic species are more abundant in the intraradicular bacterial communities of teeth with primary apical periodontitis, while both anaerobes and facultatives dominate the communities in post-treatment apical periodontitis. Bacterial interactions play an essential role in determining the overall virulence of the community, which has been regarded as the unit of pathogenicity of apical periodontitis. This article reviews the microbiologic aspects of endodontic infections and provides perspectives for future research and directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- José F Siqueira
- Department of Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, Iguaçu University (UNIG), Nova Iguaçu, RJ, and Department of Endodontics and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Grande Rio University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Isabela N Rôças
- Department of Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, Iguaçu University (UNIG), Nova Iguaçu, RJ, and Department of Endodontics and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Grande Rio University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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29
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Prevalence of Fungi in Primary Endodontic Infections of a Greek-living Population Through Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction and Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry. J Endod 2021; 48:200-207. [PMID: 34800484 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fungi are considered to be opportunistic pathogens that may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of endodontic infections. The main purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of 2 selected genera of fungi, Candida albicans and Aspergillus spp., using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and to compare the findings with the respective ones obtained by a culture-dependent approach, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF MS). A secondary aim was to assess the presence of other bacteria growing under aerobic conditions. METHODS Microbial samples were obtained from the root canals of 60 teeth associated with pulp necrosis and apical periodontitis. DNA was extracted, and RT-PCR was applied for the detection of C. albicans and Aspergillus spp. pathogenic subtypes. In addition, MALDI-ToF MS was performed to identify microorganisms grown under aerobic conditions. RESULTS Based on RT-PCR, Aspergillus was detected in 8 cases, whereas C. albicans was detected in 4 cases. Using MALDI-ToF MS, no trace of Aspergillus was detected, whereas C. albicans was identified in 2 cases. Significant differences were revealed in the detection potential for Aspergillus spp. between MALDI-ToF MS and RT-PCR (P = .01); conversely, this was not the case for C. albicans (P = .50). After MALDI-ToF MS, 35 samples showed evidence of bacterial growth. The vast majority was colonized by Achromobacter xylosoxidans followed by Lactobacillus spp., Methylobacterium spp., and Enterococcus faecalis. CONCLUSIONS The findings confirm the presence of fungi in primarily infected canals with apical periodontitis as well as some rarely inspected aerobic bacterial species. A. xylosoxidans was prevalent; however, the clinical relevance of its presence needs to be investigated further.
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30
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Siqueira JF, Rôças IN. A critical analysis of research methods and experimental models to study the root canal microbiome. Int Endod J 2021; 55 Suppl 1:46-71. [PMID: 34714548 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Endodontic microbiology deals with the study of the microbial aetiology and pathogenesis of pulpal and periradicular inflammatory diseases. Research in endodontic microbiology started almost 130 years ago and since then has mostly focussed on establishing and confirming the infectious aetiology of apical periodontitis, identifying the microbial species associated with the different types of endodontic infections and determining the efficacy of treatment procedures in eradicating or controlling infection. Diverse analytical methods have been used over the years, each one with their own advantages and limitations. In this review, the main features and applications of the most used technologies are discussed, and advice is provided to improve study designs in order to properly address the scientific questions and avoid setbacks that can compromise the results. Finally, areas of future research are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- José F Siqueira
- Department of Endodontics and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Grande Rio University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, Iguaçu University (UNIG), Nova Iguaçu, Brazil
| | - Isabela N Rôças
- Department of Endodontics and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Grande Rio University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, Iguaçu University (UNIG), Nova Iguaçu, Brazil
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31
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Hou Y, Wang L, Zhang L, Tan X, Huang D, Song D. Potential relationship between clinical symptoms and the root canal microbiomes of root filled teeth based on the next-generation sequencing. Int Endod J 2021; 55:18-29. [PMID: 34592001 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM To determine the microorganism in root canal systems of root filled teeth with periapical disease and their relationship with clinical symptoms using next-generation sequencing. METHODOLOGY The roots of 10 extracted teeth were collected from 10 patients who presented with post-treatment apical periodontitis (PTAP; six with symptoms and four without symptoms). Each root was divided horizontally into two parts (apical and coronal segments) and cryo-pulverized. Microbial communities were detected using 16S rDNA hypervariable V3-V4 region. The diversity, principal coordinate analysis and linear discriminant analysis effect size were performed in the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups (apical and coronal parts respectively). A Mann-Whitney test and an analysis of similarities were applied for intergroup analysis, at a significance level of 5%. RESULTS A total of 23 phyla, 257 genera and 425 species were detected. Firmicutes was the most abundant phylum in all samples. Three phyla (Fusobacteria, Synergistetes and unidentified_Bacteria) and seven genera (Fusobacterium, Porphyromonas, Phocaeicola, Olsenella, Campylobacter, Tannerella and Fretibacterium) were significantly more abundant in the symptomatic patients (p < .05), whereas asymptomatic patients had more Sphingomonas. The species more significantly abundant in the symptomatic samples were Porphyromonas gingivalis, Phocaeicola abscessus, Campylobacter showae, Tannerella forsythia and Olsenella uli (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS A greater microbial diversity was observed in root filled teeth with PTAP compared to earlier reports. Several genera and species in root canal systems might be associated with clinical symptoms of PTAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Liu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuelian Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Dingming Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Dongzhe Song
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
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Korona-Glowniak I, Piatek D, Fornal E, Lukowiak A, Gerasymchuk Y, Kedziora A, Bugla-Płoskonska G, Grywalska E, Bachanek T, Malm A. Patterns of Oral Microbiota in Patients with Apical Periodontitis. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10122707. [PMID: 34205290 PMCID: PMC8234888 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10122707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, microbial diversity of the root canal microbiota related to different endodontic infections was investigated. In total, 45 patients with endo–perio lesions (8 patients), chronic periapical periodontitis (29 patients) and pulp necrosis (8 patients) were recruited. In 19 (42.2%) patients there was secondary infection of root canals. Microbial specimens were collected from root canals of non-vital teeth with or without changes in periapical area visible in X-ray. Then, oral microbiota were detected and identified using the culture method and real-time PCR amplification primers and hydrolysis-probe detection with the 16S rRNA gene as the target. Overall, 1434 species/genes from 41 different genera of 90 various microbial species were retrieved. Of the major reported phyla, Firmicutes (62.9%), Actinobacteria (14.0%), Bacteroidetes (12.1%), Proteobacteria (9.1%) and Fusobacteria (4.2%) were detected. Of the bacterial species, 54.6% were strict anaerobes. Corynebacterium matruchotii (p = 0.039) was present significantly more frequently in chronic periapical periodontitis. Moreover, the higher values of Decayed, Missing and Filled Permanent Teeth index were positively correlated with relative abundance of Actinomyces spp. (p = 0.042), Lactobacillus spp. (p = 0.006), Propionibacterium spp. (p = 0.024) and Rothia spp. (p = 0.002). The multivariate analyses revealed differences in total root canal samples, where components that affected grouping of root samples into four main categories were identified. Anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria predominated in root canals of teeth with pulp necrosis and periapical lesions. Facultative anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria predominated in canals with secondary infections. All detected members of mixed population groups that might serve as keystone species contributed to the entire community in its clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Korona-Glowniak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-814487105
| | - Dominika Piatek
- Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Faculty of Medical Dentistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (D.P.); (T.B.)
| | - Emilia Fornal
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Anna Lukowiak
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Science, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yuriy Gerasymchuk
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Science, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Anna Kedziora
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.K.); (G.B.-P.)
| | - Gabriela Bugla-Płoskonska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.K.); (G.B.-P.)
| | - Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Teresa Bachanek
- Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Faculty of Medical Dentistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (D.P.); (T.B.)
| | - Anna Malm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
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Chuang HH, Hsu JF, Chuang LP, Chiu CH, Huang YL, Li HY, Chen NH, Huang YS, Chuang CW, Huang CG, Lai HC, Lee LA. Different Associations between Tonsil Microbiome, Chronic Tonsillitis, and Intermittent Hypoxemia among Obstructive Sleep Apnea Children of Different Weight Status: A Pilot Case-Control Study. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11060486. [PMID: 34071547 PMCID: PMC8227284 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11060486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The tonsil microbiome is associated with chronic tonsillitis and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children, and the gut microbiome is associated with host weight status. In this study, we hypothesized that weight status may be associated with clinical profiles and the tonsil microbiome in children with OSA. We prospectively enrolled 33 non-healthy-weight (cases) and 33 healthy-weight (controls) pediatric OSA patients matched by the proportion of chronic tonsillitis. Differences in the tonsil microbiome between the non-healthy-weight and healthy-weight subgroups and relationships between the tonsil microbiome and clinical variables were investigated. Non-healthy weight was associated with significant intermittent hypoxemia (oxygen desaturation index, mean blood saturation (SpO2), and minimal SpO2) and higher systolic blood pressure percentile, but was not related to the tonsil microbiome. However, chronic tonsillitis was related to Acidobacteria in the non-healthy-weight subgroup, and oxygen desaturation index was associated with Bacteroidetes in the healthy-weight subgroup. In post hoc analysis, the children with mean SpO2 ≤ 97% had reduced α and β diversities and a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes than those with mean SpO2 > 97%. These preliminary findings are novel and provide insights into future research to understand the pathogenesis of the disease and develop personalized treatments for pediatric OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Hua Chuang
- Department of Family Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei Branch and Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (J.-F.H.); (L.-P.C.); (C.-H.C.); (Y.-L.H.); (H.-Y.L.); (N.-H.C.); (Y.-S.H.)
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
- Obesity Institute, Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | - Jen-Fu Hsu
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (J.-F.H.); (L.-P.C.); (C.-H.C.); (Y.-L.H.); (H.-Y.L.); (N.-H.C.); (Y.-S.H.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Li-Pang Chuang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (J.-F.H.); (L.-P.C.); (C.-H.C.); (Y.-L.H.); (H.-Y.L.); (N.-H.C.); (Y.-S.H.)
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chiu
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (J.-F.H.); (L.-P.C.); (C.-H.C.); (Y.-L.H.); (H.-Y.L.); (N.-H.C.); (Y.-S.H.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Lin Huang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (J.-F.H.); (L.-P.C.); (C.-H.C.); (Y.-L.H.); (H.-Y.L.); (N.-H.C.); (Y.-S.H.)
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Yu Li
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (J.-F.H.); (L.-P.C.); (C.-H.C.); (Y.-L.H.); (H.-Y.L.); (N.-H.C.); (Y.-S.H.)
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Ning-Hung Chen
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (J.-F.H.); (L.-P.C.); (C.-H.C.); (Y.-L.H.); (H.-Y.L.); (N.-H.C.); (Y.-S.H.)
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shu Huang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (J.-F.H.); (L.-P.C.); (C.-H.C.); (Y.-L.H.); (H.-Y.L.); (N.-H.C.); (Y.-S.H.)
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Chuang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (C.-W.C.); (C.-G.H.); (H.-C.L.)
| | - Chung-Guei Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (C.-W.C.); (C.-G.H.); (H.-C.L.)
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chih Lai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (C.-W.C.); (C.-G.H.); (H.-C.L.)
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ang Lee
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (J.-F.H.); (L.-P.C.); (C.-H.C.); (Y.-L.H.); (H.-Y.L.); (N.-H.C.); (Y.-S.H.)
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3328-1200 (ext. 3968)
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Molecular characterization and antibacterial activity of oral antibiotics and copper nanoparticles against endodontic pathogens commonly related to health care-associated infections. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 25:6729-6741. [PMID: 33895915 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-03959-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To carry out molecular characterization and determine the antibacterial activity of oral antibiotics and copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) against endodontic strains isolated from persistent infections. MATERIALS AND METHODS Root canal samples from 24 teeth in different patients with persistent endodontic infections were obtained. The isolated strains were identified by biochemical tests and 16S rDNA sequencing. Genotyping was achieved by molecular methods. The antibacterial activity of antibiotics and copper nanostructures was determined by using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values. Furthermore, a time-kill kinetics assay was evaluated. Nonparametric tests (Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA) were performed (p value <0.05). RESULTS Twenty-one isolated strains were identified. Six isolates of Enterococcus faecalis were grouped into two clusters of three isolates each, two of which were clones. All were clarithromycin-resistant and erythromycin. Eight Pseudomonas putida presented two clusters, two Pseudomonas spp. were not clonal, and all were resistant to the tested antibiotics except tetracycline. Two of five strains of Cutibacterium acnes were clonal, and all were resistant only to metronidazole. The lowest MIC and MBC values were obtained with Cu-NPs. Time-kill kinetics using Cu-NPs showed a significant decrease in all tested species within 4 h and reached 100% in 2 h for C. acnes. CONCLUSION In this study, in relation to health care-associated infections, endodontic strains of each species isolated at least in one patient were polyclonal. In Pseudomonas spp., at least one clone was shared between patients. E. faecalis and C. acnes strains were susceptible to low Cu-NP concentrations, while Pseudomonas spp. strains were resistant. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Assessing and keeping track of the susceptibility of clinical strains to antimicrobial compounds is important for the clinical outcome. Based on our results, Cu-NPs could be an alternative for endodontic treatment, in order to avoid selection of resistant strains.
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Antimicrobial Efficacy of Silver Nanoparticles as Root Canal Irrigant's: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10061152. [PMID: 33801820 PMCID: PMC7999954 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10061152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Removal of microbes is imperative during endodontic therapy. Due to their antimicrobial property, silver nanoparticles have been used for endodontic irrigation of the root canals. The objective of the present study was to provide a qualitative analysis of the published literature assessing silver nanoparticles as root canal irrigants. A search of PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Embase databases was done without any time restriction. Articles published in English were included. Data were extracted and the risk of bias was assessed. Of the 154 studies identified, after screening according to the inclusion criteria, five in vitro studies were included. The results indicate that silver nanoparticles have an anti-microbial effect to varying degrees depending on certain factors. Within the limitations of the present studies that have a moderate to low risk of bias, an antimicrobial effect of silver nanoparticles is observed. Silver nanoparticles have the potential to be used as endodontic irrigants, although their efficacy depends on particle size and the duration of contact which require further investigation.
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Kumar G, Tewari S, Tagg J, Chikindas ML, Popov IV, Tiwari SK. Can Probiotics Emerge as Effective Therapeutic Agents in Apical Periodontitis? A Review. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 13:299-314. [PMID: 33580864 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09750-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Apical periodontitis (AP) is a biofilm-associated disease initiated by the invasion of dental pulp by microorganisms from the oral cavity. Eradication of intracanal microbial infection is an important goal of endodontic treatment, and this is typically accomplished by mechanical instrumentation and application of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine. However, these agents are tissue-irritating at higher concentrations and cytotoxic. Certain probiotics have been found effective in controlling marginal periodontitis, as evidenced by reduction of pathogenic bacterial loads, gains in clinical attachment levels, and reduced bleeding on probing. In vitro studies have shown inhibitory activity of some probiotics against endodontic pathogens. Similarly, in vivo studies in rats have demonstrated a positive immuno-modulatory role of probiotics in AP, as manifested by decreased levels of proinflammatory markers and increased levels of anti-inflammatory markers. A role for probiotics in effecting a reduction of bone resorption has also been reported. This review provides an outline of current research into the probiotic management of AP, with a focus on understanding the mechanisms of their direct antagonistic activity against target pathogens and of their beneficial modulation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kumar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Rohtak, India
| | - Sanjay Tewari
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Rohtak, India
| | - John Tagg
- BLIS Technologies Ltd, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michael Leonidas Chikindas
- Health Promoting Naturals Laboratory, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers State University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.,Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, Gagarin Square 1, Rostov-on-Don, 344002, Russia.,I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bol'shaya Pirogovskaya Str., 19c1, Moscow, 119146, Russia
| | - Igor V Popov
- Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, Gagarin Square 1, Rostov-on-Don, 344002, Russia
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Francisco PA, Fagundes PIDG, Lemes-Junior JC, Lima AR, Passini MRZ, Gomes BPFA. Pathogenic potential of Enterococcus faecalis strains isolated from root canals after unsuccessful endodontic treatment. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 25:5171-5179. [PMID: 33559751 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-03823-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate strains of Enterococcus faecalis isolated from endodontic failures cases for (a) presence of virulence genes, namely, gelatinase production (gelE), surface protein (esp), collagen-binding adhesin (ace), cytolysin activator (cylA), E. faecalis antigen A (efaA) and aggregation substance (asa), all by using PCR; (b) biofilm formation capacity; and (c) activity of gelatinase and β-lactamase. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-five strains of E. faecalis were tested. The DNA extracted from these strains was used for identification of virulence genes by PCR and 1% agarose gel. Biofilm formation was performed on polystyrene microplates by using the violet crystal staining method. For assessment of the gelatinase activity, inoculum of pure cultures was deposited in tubes containing gelatin and a nutrient broth, whereas nitrocefin disks were used to assess the β-lactamase action. RESULTS The virulence genes efaA and cylA were detected in 100% of the strains, whereas gelE was present in 84%, ace in 68%, esp in 56% and asa in 48%. Four strains had no biofilm formation, 17 had poor formation and four had moderate formation. Gelatinase production was observed in three strains and β-lactamase resistance in five strains of E. faecalis. TOPIC Diverse patterns of virulence gene detection were observed among the E. faecalis strains, with predominance of those capable of forming biofilm. A few strains have been found to hydrolyze gelatin proteins, whereas β-lactamase resistance was detected in different isolates. CLINICAL RELEVANCE To understand the influence of virulence factors in E. faecalis on the host heath status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Amanda Francisco
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Endodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Av Limeira 901, Bairro Areiao, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Ivo da Graça Fagundes
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Endodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Av Limeira 901, Bairro Areiao, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Carlos Lemes-Junior
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Endodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Av Limeira 901, Bairro Areiao, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Augusto Rodrigues Lima
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Endodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Av Limeira 901, Bairro Areiao, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maicon Ricardo Zieberg Passini
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Endodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Av Limeira 901, Bairro Areiao, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Brenda P F A Gomes
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Endodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Av Limeira 901, Bairro Areiao, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Sterzenbach T, Pioch A, Dannemann M, Hannig C, Weber MT. Quantification of Bacterial Colonization in Dental Hard Tissues Using Optimized Molecular Biological Methods. Front Genet 2021; 11:599137. [PMID: 33391351 PMCID: PMC7775318 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.599137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections of root canals and the surrounding dental hard tissue are still a challenge due to biofilm formation as well as the complex root canal anatomy. However, current methods for analyzing biofilm formation, bacterial colonization of root canals and dental hard tissue [e.g., scanning electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) or determination of colony forming units (CFU)] are time-consuming and only offer a selective qualitative or semi-quantitative analysis. The aim of the present study is the establishment of optimized molecular biological methods for DNA-isolation and quantification of bacterial colonization via quantitative PCR (qPCR) from dental hard tissue. Root canals of human premolars were colonized with Enterococcus faecalis. For isolation of DNA, teeth were then grinded with a cryo mill. Since the hard tissues dentin and especially enamel belong to the hardest materials in the human organism, the isolation of bacterial DNA from root dentin is very challenging. Therefore, treatment steps for the isolation of DNA from grinded teeth were systematically analyzed to allow improved recovery of bacterial DNA from dental hard tissues. Starting with the disintegration of the peptidoglycan-layer of bacterial cells, different lysozyme solutions were tested for efficacy. Furthermore, incubation times and concentrations of chelating agents such as EDTA were optimized. These solutions are crucial for the disintegration of teeth and hence improve the accessibility of bacterial DNA. The final step was the determination of prior bacterial colonization of each root canal as determined by qPCR and comparing the results to alternative methods such as CFU. As a result of this study, optimized procedures for bacterial DNA-isolation from teeth were established, which result in an increased recovery rate of bacterial DNA. This method allows a non-selective and straightforward procedure to quantify bacterial colonization from dental hard tissue. It can be easily adapted for other study types such as microbiome studies and for comparable tissues like bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Sterzenbach
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anne Pioch
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Dannemann
- Institute of Lightweight Engineering and Polymer Technology (ILK), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Hannig
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marie-Theres Weber
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Arias-Moliz MT, Baca P, Solana C, Toledano M, Medina-Castillo AL, Toledano-Osorio M, Osorio R. Doxycycline-functionalized polymeric nanoparticles inhibit Enterococcus faecalis biofilm formation on dentine. Int Endod J 2020; 54:413-426. [PMID: 33107032 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate in a laboratory setting the antimicrobial properties and the potential to inhibit biofilm formation of novel remineralizing polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) when applied to dentine surfaces and to ascertain the effect of the functionalization of these NPs with zinc, calcium or doxycycline. METHODOLOGY The antimicrobial activity and inhibition of biofilm formation of polymeric NPs were analysed on human dentine blocks that were infected with Enterococcus faecalis before or after application of NPs. LIVE/DEAD ® testing under Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy and bacterial culturing were employed to analyse biofilm biovolume and bacterial viability. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy was also employed to assess biofilm morphology. One-way anova with Welch's correction and post hoc comparison by the Games-Howell test were performed for comparisons between groups. RESULTS The un-functionalized NPs displayed the greatest antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis biofilms as they provided the lowest biovolume (3865.7 ± 2926.97 µm3 ; P < 0.001) and the highest dead/injured cells percentage (79.93 ± 18.40%; P < 0.001), followed by Dox-NPs (biovolume: 19,041.55 ± 17,638.23 µm3 , dead/injured cells: 45.53 ± 26.50%; P < 0.001). Doxycycline-loaded NPs had the largest values of inhibition of biofilm formation with the lowest biofilm biovolume (8517.65 ± 7055.81 µm3 ; P < 0.001) and a high dead/injured bacterial percentage (68.68 ± 12.50%; P < 0.001). Un-functionalized NPs did not reduce biomass growth (P > 0.05), but attained the largest percentage of compromised cells (93 ± 8.23%; P < 0.001), being able to disrupt biofilm formation. It also produced occlusion of dentinal tubules, potentially interfering with bacterial tubule penetration. CONCLUSIONS A new generation of bioactive nano-fillers (doxycycline-functionalized polymeric NPs) had antibacterial activity and occluded dentinal tubules. Incorporating these NPs into endodontic sealers may have the potential to enhance the outcome of root canal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P Baca
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - C Solana
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - M Toledano
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - R Osorio
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Wright PP, Cooper C, Kahler B, Walsh LJ. Multiple assessment methodologies in determining the antibiofilm actions of sodium hypochlorite mixed with clodronate or etidronate in endodontic irrigation. J Microbiol Methods 2020; 180:106107. [PMID: 33227309 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.106107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to use multiple methodologies, including a novel usage of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), to evaluate the antimicrobial actions of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) admixed with clodronate or etidronate in root canal irrigation. The study also examined the usefulness of colony counting as a biofilm assessment methodology. Seven day Enterococcus faecalis biofilms were grown on hydroxyapatite discs. The discs were disinfected with 0.26 M clodronate-5% NaOCl, 0.26 M etidronate-5% NaOCl, 5% NaOCl, or treated with phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Assessments were performed using colony counting, SEM and the XTT reduction assay. The XTT assessment used the same groups but with 2.5% NaOCl. For colony counting, bacteria were removed from the discs by vortex mixing, followed by plating. The discs were subsequently fixed for SEM imagining and evaluators scored the SEM micrographs for remaining bacteria. Antibiofilm actions were assessed with the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's multiple comparison tests. SEM micrographs and the XTT assay revealed no differences between the NaOCl controls and the clodronate or etidronate mixtures with NaOCl (P > 0.05). It was concluded that the chelator mixtures with NaOCl had antibiofilm actions comparable to NaOCl. Furthermore, vortex mixing incompletely removed biofilm from HA discs in the PBS controls and hence colony counting using E. faecalis biofilms on hydroxyapatite discs could not be used for intergroup comparisons involving PBS. Additionally, colony counting could not be used for comparisons between the NaOCl treatment groups because the removal of bacteria from the substrate by vortex mixing was affected by the irrigant type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia P Wright
- University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, 288 Herston Rd, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia.
| | - Crystal Cooper
- Central Analytical Research Facility (CARF), Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, 4000, Australia
| | - Bill Kahler
- University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, 288 Herston Rd, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Laurence J Walsh
- University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, 288 Herston Rd, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
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Moraes LC, Lang PM, Arcanjo RA, Rampelotto PH, Fatturi-Parolo CC, Ferreira MBC, Montagner F. Microbial ecology and predicted metabolic pathways in various oral environments from patients with acute endodontic infections. Int Endod J 2020; 53:1603-1617. [PMID: 33448446 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIM To assess in a cross-sectional clinical study the effect of antibiotics on the diversity, structure and metabolic pathways of bacterial communities in various oral environments in patients with acute primary infections. METHODOLOGY Samples of saliva (SA), supragingival biofilm (SB) and from the pulp cavity (PC) were collected from teeth with acute primary infections and then grouped according to previous use of antibiotics (NoAtb = no antibiotics [n = 6]; Atb = antibiotics [n = 6]). DNA sequencing was conducted using MiSeq (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA). The V1-V3 hyper-variable region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified. A custom Mothur pipeline was used for 16S rRNA processing. Subsequent analyses of the sequence dataset were performed in R (using vegan, phyloseq and ggplot2 packages) or QIIME. RESULTS Twelve patients aged from 22 to 56 years were recruited. Participants in the Atb group had taken the beta-lactamics amoxicillin (5/6) or cephalexin (1/6) for 2-3 days. A total of 332 bacterial taxa (OTUs) were identified, belonging to 120 genera, 60 families and nine phyla. Firmicutes (41%) and Bacteroidetes (38%) were the most abundant phyla in all samples. Taxa clustered significantly by oral site (PCoA analysis; P < 0.05, ANOSIM). Use of antibiotics had little effect on this clustering. However, SA, SB and PC had different degrees of richness, diversity and evenness. The greatest diversity was observed in SB samples and the least diversity was observed in PC samples. Metabolic prediction identified 163 pathways and previous use of antibiotics had a major effect on the estimated functional clustering in SA and PC samples. CONCLUSION The ecological niche had a strong influence on the bacterial content of samples from various oral sites. Previous exposure to antibiotics may exert an effect on the phylogenetic composition of SA. Metabolic pathways appear to be modulated by antimicrobial agents in SA and PC samples. The dynamics of host/microbial interactions in the apical region and the functional ecology of the infected pulp cavity should be revisited.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Moraes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Odontologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - P M Lang
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Odontologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Curso de Odontologia, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões, Erechim, Brazil
| | - R A Arcanjo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - P H Rampelotto
- Laboratório Experimental de Hepatologia e Gastroenterologia (LEHG), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratório de Pesquisa em Resistência Bacteriana (LABRESIS), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - C C Fatturi-Parolo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Odontologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - M B C Ferreira
- Departamento de Odontologia Conservadora, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - F Montagner
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Odontologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Curso de Odontologia, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões, Erechim, Brazil
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Park OJ, Jeong MH, Lee EH, Cho MR, Hwang J, Cho S, Yun CH, Han SH, Kim SY. A Pilot Study of Chronological Microbiota Changes in a Rat Apical Periodontitis Model. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8081174. [PMID: 32748824 PMCID: PMC7464309 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Apical periodontitis caused by microbial infection in the dental pulp is characterized by inflammation, destruction of the pulpal and periradicular tissues, and alveolar bone resorption. We analyzed the chronological changes in microbiota using a pyrosequencing-based approach combined with radiologic and histopathologic changes in a rat apical periodontitis model. During the three-week observation, the pulp and periapical area showed a typical progress of apical periodontitis. A total of 27 phyla, 645 genera, and 1276 species were identified. The root apex had a lower bacterial species diversity than the pulp chamber. Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria were dominant phyla in both the pulp chamber and root apex. Remarkably, bacterial communities showed a tendency to change in the root apex based on the disease progression. At the genus level, Escherichia, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Rodentibacter, and Bacteroidetes were dominant genera in the pulp chamber. The most abundant genera in the root apex were Bradyrhizobium, Halomonas, and Escherichia. The species Azospirillum oryzae increased in the pulp chamber, whereas the species Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Halomonas stevensii were highly observed in the root apex as the disease progressed. The experimental rat model of apical periodontitis demonstrated a relationship between the microbiota and the apical periodontitis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ok-Jin Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Moon-Hee Jeong
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea; (M.-H.J.); (E.-H.L.); (M.-R.C.)
| | - Eun-Hye Lee
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea; (M.-H.J.); (E.-H.L.); (M.-R.C.)
| | - Mi-Ran Cho
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea; (M.-H.J.); (E.-H.L.); (M.-R.C.)
| | - Jaehong Hwang
- Department of Nuclear and Quantum Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (J.H.); (S.C.)
| | - Seungryong Cho
- Department of Nuclear and Quantum Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (J.H.); (S.C.)
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
- Correspondence: (S.H.H.); (S.-Y.K.); Tel.: +82-2-880-2312 (S.H.H.); +82-2-2072-2652 (S.-Y.K.)
| | - Sun-Young Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea; (M.-H.J.); (E.-H.L.); (M.-R.C.)
- Correspondence: (S.H.H.); (S.-Y.K.); Tel.: +82-2-880-2312 (S.H.H.); +82-2-2072-2652 (S.-Y.K.)
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The apical root canal system microbial communities determined by next-generation sequencing. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10932. [PMID: 32616783 PMCID: PMC7331743 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67828-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the microbial communities of endodontic infections at their apical portion by 16S rRNA Illumina sequencing and delineate the core microbiome of root canal infections and that of their associated clinical symptomatology. Samples were collected from fifteen subjects presenting one tooth with a root canal infection, and their associated symptoms were recorded. Samples were collected from the apical third of roots using a #10 K file and then amplified using multiple displacement amplification and PCR-amplified with universal primers. Amplicons were sequenced (V3–V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene) using MiSeq (Illumina, CA). The microbial composition of the samples was determined using QIIME and HOMINGS. Data were analyzed using t tests and ANOVA. A total of 1,038,656 good quality sequences were obtained, and OTUs were assigned to 10 bacterial phyla, led by Bacteroidetes (51.2%) and Firmicutes (27.1%), and 94 genera were represented primarily by Prevotella (17.9%) and Bacteroidaceae G-1 (14.3%). Symptomatic teeth were associated with higher levels of Porphyromonas (p < 0.05) and Prevotella. P. endodontalis and P. oris were present in both cores. The present study demonstrated the complexity of the root canal microbiome and the “common denominators” of root canal infections and identified taxa whose virulence properties should be further explored. The polymicrobial etiology of endodontic infections has long been established. However, few studies have focused on expanding the breadth and depth of coverage of microbiome-infected root canals at their apical portion.
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Next-Generation Sequencing to Assess Potentially Active Bacteria in Endodontic Infections. J Endod 2020; 46:1105-1112. [PMID: 32497654 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Because active bacteria present a higher abundance of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) than DNA (rRNA gene), the rRNA/DNA ratio of next-generation sequencing (NGS) data was measured to search for active bacteria in endodontic infections. METHODS Paired complementary DNA and DNA samples from 5 root canals of teeth with apical periodontitis were subjected to polymerase chain reaction with bar-coded primers amplifying the 16S rRNA gene hypervariable regions V4-V5. High-throughput sequencing was performed using MiSeq (Illumina, San Deigo, CA), and data were analyzed using Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology and Human Oral Microbiome Database. Statistical analysis was performed for relative abundance of bacteria in the DNA- and rRNA-based NGS data using the Mann-Whitney test, whereas differences in the diversity and richness indexes were assessed using a nonparametric 2-sample t test (P < .05). For bacterial taxa detected in both approaches, the rRNA/DNA ratios were calculated by dividing the average abundance of individual species in the respective analysis. RESULTS Although no significant difference was found in the indexes of bacterial richness and diversity, the relative abundance of bacterial members varied in both analyses. Comparing rRNA with DNA data, there was a significant decrease in the relative abundance of Firmicutes (P < .05). The bacterial taxa Bacteroidales [G-2] bacterium HMT 274, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Tannerella forsythia, Alloprevotella tannerae, Prevotella intermedia, Pseudoramibacter alactolyticus, Olsenella sp. HMT 809, Olsenella sp. HMT 939, Olsenella uli, and Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. animalis were both dominant (DNA ≥ 1%) and active (rRNA/DNA ≥ 1). CONCLUSIONS The integrated DNA- and rRNA-based NGS strategy was particularly important to disclose the activity of as-yet-uncultivated or difficult-to-culture bacteria in endodontic infections.
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Kazemtabrizi A, Haddadi A, Shavandi M, Harzandi N. Metagenomic investigation of bacteria associated with dental lesions: a cross-sectional study. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2020; 25:e240-e251. [PMID: 32040467 PMCID: PMC7103443 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.23326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental caries is considered as one of the most significant global health problem over the world. Dental caries initiates from bacterial shifts within the supragingival biofilm, then a polymicrobial biofilm is formed on the surface of tooth, and finally various bacterial species aggregate in a complex-organized manner. The exploiting variability in 16S rRNA gene sequence has been considered as a cost-efficient high-throughput characterization approach in human oral microbiome investigations. The aim of this study is to characterize bacterial species associated with superficial dental biofilm, underlying carious dentine and root caries lesion by16S rRNA gene-based metagenomic analysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Herein, the bacterial communities in carious dentin lesion, biofilm and root canal samples of 30 subjects (aged 4-76 years) admitted to a clinic in Tehran during 2017 were investigated using a culture independent approach. Total genomic DNA of each tissue was subjected to metagenomic identification of bacteria using a nested PCR assay and 16S rRNA library construction method. RESULTS 31 samples collected from 30 consenting patients (29 samples from 29 patients ant two biofilm samples from one patient). Bioinformatics analyses of a-800bp sequences of the second step of Nested-PCR revealed presence of 156 bacterial isolates in carious (n=45), biofilm (n=81) and root canal (n=30) specimens. Prevotella spp., Lactobacillus vaginalis, and streptococcus spp. showed higher prevalence in carious dentin, root and biofilm samples, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Exploring the dental microbiota and comparing them in health or diseased conditions is critical step in the determination of human general health. The method applied in this study could identify bacteria related to the three dental lesions. However, due to lack of data for comparison in Genbank or because of the sequence similarity lower than 98% for most identified bacteria, the use of more powerful approaches like NGS platforms or typing of multiple loci (MLST) in future studies is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kazemtabrizi
- Department of Microbiology, Karaj Branch Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
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Manoil D, Al‐Manei K, Belibasakis GN. A Systematic Review of the Root Canal Microbiota Associated with Apical Periodontitis: Lessons from Next‐Generation Sequencing. Proteomics Clin Appl 2020; 14:e1900060. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201900060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Manoil
- Division of Oral DiseasesDepartment of Dental MedicineKarolinska Institute Huddinge 14152 Sweden
| | - Khaled Al‐Manei
- Division of Oral DiseasesDepartment of Dental MedicineKarolinska Institute Huddinge 14152 Sweden
- Division of EndodonticsDepartment of Restorative Dental ScienceCollege of DentistryKing Saud University Riyadh 11545 Saudi Arabia
| | - Georgios N. Belibasakis
- Division of Oral DiseasesDepartment of Dental MedicineKarolinska Institute Huddinge 14152 Sweden
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Kwak Y, Choi J, Kim K, Shin SJ, Kim S, Kim E. The 5-Year Survival Rate of Nonsurgical Endodontic Treatment: A Population-based Cohort Study in Korea. J Endod 2019; 45:1192-1199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Stevens RH, Zhang H, Sedgley C, Bergman A, Manda AR. The prevalence and impact of lysogeny among oral isolates of Enterococcus faecalis. J Oral Microbiol 2019; 11:1643207. [PMID: 31489125 PMCID: PMC6711143 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2019.1643207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial phenotypic properties are frequently influenced by the uptake of extrachromosomal genetic elements, such as plasmids and bacteriophage genomes. Such modifications can result in enhanced pathogenicity due to toxin production, increased toxin release, altered antigenicity, and resistance to antibiotics. In the case of bacteriophages, the phage genome can stably integrate into the bacterial chromosome as a prophage, to produce a lysogenic cell. Oral enterococcal strains have been isolated from subgingival plaque and the root canals of endodontically-treated teeth that have failed to heal. Previously, we isolated a bacteriophage, phage ɸEf11, induced from a lysogenic Enterococcus faecalis strain recovered from the root canal of a failed endodontic case. PCR analysis using phage ɸEf11-specific oligonucleotide primers, disclosed that lysogens containing ɸEf11 prophages were commonly found among oral E. faecalis strains, being detected in 19 of 61 (31%) strains examined. Furthermore, in comparison to an isogenic cured strain, cultures of a lysogen harboring an ɸEf11 prophage exhibited altered phenotypic characteristics, such as increased persistence at high density, enhanced biofilm formation, and resistance to a bacteriophage lytic enzyme. From these results we conclude that lysogeny is common among oral E. faecalis strains, and that it alters properties of the lysogenic cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy H Stevens
- Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hongming Zhang
- Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christine Sedgley
- Department of Endodontology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Adam Bergman
- Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anil Reddy Manda
- Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Saliva and Serum Immune Responses in Apical Periodontitis. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8060889. [PMID: 31234349 PMCID: PMC6617293 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8060889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Apical periodontitis is an inflammatory reaction at the apex of an infected tooth. Its microbiota resembles that of marginal periodontitis and may induce local and systemic antibodies binding to bacteria- and host-derived epitopes. Our aim was to investigate the features of the adaptive immune response in apical periodontitis. The present Parogene cohort (n = 453) comprises patients with cardiac symptoms. Clinical and radiographic oral examination was performed to diagnose apical and marginal periodontitis. A three-category endodontic lesion score was designed. Antibodies binding to the bacteria- and host-derived epitopes were determined from saliva and serum, and bacterial compositions were examined from saliva and subgingival samples. The significant ORs (95% CI) for the highest endodontic scores were observed for saliva IgA and IgG to bacterial antigens (2.90 (1.01-8.33) and 4.91 (2.48-9.71)/log10 unit), saliva cross-reacting IgG (2.10 (1.48-2.97)), serum IgG to bacterial antigens (4.66 (1.22-10.1)), and Gram-negative subgingival species (1.98 (1.16-3.37)). In a subgroup without marginal periodontitis, only saliva IgG against bacterial antigens associated with untreated apical periodontitis (4.77 (1.05-21.7)). Apical periodontitis associates with versatile adaptive immune responses against both bacterial- and host-derived epitopes independently of marginal periodontitis. Saliva immunoglobulins could be useful biomarkers of oral infections including apical periodontitis-a putative risk factor for systemic diseases.
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Dual Rinse® HEDP increases the surface tension of NaOCl but may increase its dentin disinfection efficacy. Odontology 2019; 107:521-529. [DOI: 10.1007/s10266-019-00436-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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