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da Cruz Nizer WS, Adams ME, Allison KN, Montgomery MC, Mosher H, Cassol E, Overhage J. Oxidative stress responses in biofilms. Biofilm 2024; 7:100203. [PMID: 38827632 PMCID: PMC11139773 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2024.100203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxidizing agents are low-molecular-weight molecules that oxidize other substances by accepting electrons from them. They include reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anions (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals (HO-), and reactive chlorine species (RCS) including sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and its active ingredient hypochlorous acid (HOCl), and chloramines. Bacteria encounter oxidizing agents in many different environments and from diverse sources. Among them, they can be produced endogenously by aerobic respiration or exogenously by the use of disinfectants and cleaning agents, as well as by the mammalian immune system. Furthermore, human activities like industrial effluent pollution, agricultural runoff, and environmental activities like volcanic eruptions and photosynthesis are also sources of oxidants. Despite their antimicrobial effects, bacteria have developed many mechanisms to resist the damage caused by these toxic molecules. Previous research has demonstrated that growing as a biofilm particularly enhances bacterial survival against oxidizing agents. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on the resistance mechanisms employed by bacterial biofilms against ROS and RCS, focussing on the most important mechanisms, including the formation of biofilms in response to oxidative stressors, the biofilm matrix as a protective barrier, the importance of detoxifying enzymes, and increased protection within multi-species biofilm communities. Understanding the complexity of bacterial responses against oxidative stress will provide valuable insights for potential therapeutic interventions and biofilm control strategies in diverse bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madison Elisabeth Adams
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, K1S 5B6, ON, Canada
| | - Kira Noelle Allison
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, K1S 5B6, ON, Canada
| | | | - Hailey Mosher
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, K1S 5B6, ON, Canada
| | - Edana Cassol
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, K1S 5B6, ON, Canada
| | - Joerg Overhage
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, K1S 5B6, ON, Canada
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Zancan RF, Ponce JB, Dionisio TJ, Oliveira RCD, Silva RAD, Duque JA, Duarte MAH. Profile of host cell responses to exposure to stressed bacteria in planktonic; dislodged, and intact biofilm mode. Braz Dent J 2021; 32:10-20. [PMID: 34755784 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202104503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The host defense response to microbial challenge emerging from the root canal system leads to apical periodontitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of inflammatory cytokines and Nitric Oxide (NO) by macrophages after interaction with Enterococcus faecalis in the: plankton and dislodged biofilm mode; intact biofilm mode stimulated by calcium hydroxide (CH), CH and chlorhexidine (CHX) or Triple Antibiotic Paste (TAP). For this purpose, culture of macrophages from monocytes in human peripheral blood (N=8) were exposed to the different modes of bacteria for 24 hours. Subsequently, the cytokines, such as, Tumor Necrotic Factor- alfa (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10; and NO were quantified by Luminex xMAP and Greiss reaction, respectively. In addition to the potential therapeutic effects of the intracanal medication, their antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm were also tested in vitro by confocal microscopy. The experiments` data were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test with the Dunn post hoc test (α < 0.05). Bacteria in dislodged biofilm mode were shown to be more aggressive to the immune system than bacteria in plankton mode and negative control, inducing greater expression of NO and TNF-α. Relative to bacteria in intact biofilm mode, the weakest antimicrobial activity occurred in Group CH. In Groups CH/CHX and TAP the percentage of dead bacteria was significantly increased to the same extent. Interestingly, the biofilm itself did not induce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines - except for NO - while the biofilm treated with TAP and CH based pastes enhanced the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α; and IL-1 β, respectively. In contrast, the levels of a potent anti-inflammatory (IL-10) were increased in Group TAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Fernandes Zancan
- Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials and Endodontics
| | - José Burgos Ponce
- Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil - Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology and Radiology
| | - Thiago José Dionisio
- Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil - Department of Biological Sciences
| | - Rodrigo Cardoso de Oliveira
- Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health
| | - Rafaela Alves da Silva
- Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health
| | - Jussaro Alves Duque
- Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials and Endodontics
| | - Marco Antonio Hungaro Duarte
- Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials and Endodontics
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Brêda Mascarenhas LA, Machado BAS, Rodrigues LDAP, Saraiva Hodel KV, Bandeira Santos AÁ, Freitas Neves PR, da Silva Andrade LPC, Soares MB, de Andrade JB, Badaró R. Potential application of novel technology developed for instant decontamination of personal protective equipment before the doffing step. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250854. [PMID: 34086691 PMCID: PMC8177472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) has been considered the most effective way to avoid the contamination of healthcare workers by different microorganisms, including SARS-CoV-2. A spray disinfection technology (chamber) was developed, and its efficacy in instant decontamination of previously contaminated surfaces was evaluated in two exposure times. Seven test microorganisms were prepared and inoculated on the surface of seven types of PPE (respirator mask, face shield, shoe, glove, cap, safety glasses and lab coat). The tests were performed on previously contaminated PPE using a manikin with a motion device for exposure to the chamber with biocidal agent (sodium hypochlorite) for 10 and 30s. In 96.93% of the experimental conditions analyzed, the percentage reduction was >99% (the number of viable cells found on the surface ranged from 4.3x106 to <10 CFU/mL). The samples of E. faecalis collected from the glove showed the lowest percentages reduction, with 86.000 and 86.500% for exposure times of 10 and 30 s, respectively. The log10 reduction values varied between 0.85 log10 (E. faecalis at 30 s in glove surface) and 9.69 log10 (E. coli at 10 and 30 s in lab coat surface). In general, E. coli, S. aureus, C. freundii, P. mirabilis, C. albicans and C. parapsilosis showed susceptibility to the biocidal agent under the tested conditions, with >99% reduction after 10 and 30s, while E. faecalis and P. aeruginosa showed a lower susceptibility. The 30s exposure time was more effective for the inactivation of the tested microorganisms. The results show that the spray disinfection technology has the potential for instant decontamination of PPE, which can contribute to an additional barrier for infection control of healthcare workers in the hospital environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Alberto Brêda Mascarenhas
- SENAI CIMATEC, SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Bruna Aparecida Souza Machado
- SENAI CIMATEC, SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- SENAI CIMATEC, National Service of Industrial Learning–SENAI, Computational Modeling and Industrial Technology, University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Leticia de Alencar Pereira Rodrigues
- SENAI CIMATEC, SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Katharine Valéria Saraiva Hodel
- SENAI CIMATEC, SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Alex Álisson Bandeira Santos
- SENAI CIMATEC, National Service of Industrial Learning–SENAI, Computational Modeling and Industrial Technology, University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto Freitas Neves
- SENAI CIMATEC, National Service of Industrial Learning–SENAI, Computational Modeling and Industrial Technology, University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Leone Peter Correia da Silva Andrade
- SENAI CIMATEC, SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Milena Botelho Soares
- SENAI CIMATEC, SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Jailson Bittencourt de Andrade
- SENAI CIMATEC, SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Roberto Badaró
- SENAI CIMATEC, SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Khider D, Rossi-Fedele G, Fitzsimmons T, Vasilev K, Zilm PS. Disruption of Enterococcus Faecalis biofilms using individual and plasma polymer encapsulated D-amino acids. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 25:3305-3313. [PMID: 33140160 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03663-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim was to assess the anti-biofilm ability of previously unverified individual D-amino acids (DAAs), to produce plasma polymer encapsulated DAAs (PPEDAAs), to measure the shell thickness and subsequent release of DAAs, and to assess the effects of PPEDAAs on Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Microtitre tray assays were used to evaluate the effect of individual DAAs (D-leucine, D-methionine, D-tryptophan, and D-tyrosine) on E. faecalis biofilms of different maturity. A mixture and individual DAAs were encapsulated with a plasma polymer for 10, 20, 40, and 60 min. The shell thickness of PPEDAAs was analyzed by ultra-high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. The release of DAAs from the PPEDAAs encapsulated for 60 min was measured over 7 days using high-performance liquid chromatography. Static biofilms were used to assess the effect of PPEDAAs on E. faecalis biofilms. RESULTS Individual DAAs reduced biofilm formation to various degrees, according to the DAA and the experimental times. The shell thicknesses of the PPEDAAs ranged between 31 and 76 nm and increased with encapsulation time. Diffusion of DAAs from the PPEDAAs occurred over 60 min for encapsulated D-leucine, D-methionine, and D-tyrosine and up to 7 days for D-tryptophan. PPEDAAs disrupted biofilms at every experimental time. CONCLUSIONS PPEDAAs of various shell thickness can be produced with the proposed methodology, DAAs are subsequently released, and the anti-biofilm activity remains unaltered. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Individual DAAs and PPEDAAs have anti-biofilm ability and can be considered as part of a biological strategy in endodontics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunia Khider
- Adelaide Dental School, University of Adelaide, AHMS L10 North Terrace corner George Street, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Giampiero Rossi-Fedele
- Adelaide Dental School, University of Adelaide, AHMS L10 North Terrace corner George Street, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia.
| | - Tracy Fitzsimmons
- Adelaide Dental School, University of Adelaide, AHMS L10 North Terrace corner George Street, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Krasimir Vasilev
- School of Engineering, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter S Zilm
- Adelaide Dental School, University of Adelaide, AHMS L10 North Terrace corner George Street, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
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Chan W, Chowdhury NR, Sharma G, Zilm P, Rossi-Fedele G. Comparison of the Biocidal Efficacy of Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate and Calcium Hydroxide as Intracanal Medicaments over a 7-Day Contact Time: An Ex Vivo Study. J Endod 2020; 46:1273-1278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2020.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation Efficacy in the Vapor Lock Removal: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. ScientificWorldJournal 2019; 2019:6765349. [PMID: 30992694 PMCID: PMC6434262 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6765349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation (PUI) represents one of the most used systems to improve the endodontic irrigants activity. PUI acts increasing the reaction rate of NaOCl, with an increase of dentinal debris and smear layer removal. There is a stronger shear stress and a vapor lock reduction. Aim of this systematic review was to figure out the effects of the PUI on the vapor lock removal, during irrigation. Literature research has been carried out by two reviewers, consulting online databases such as PubMed, EBSCO, and Google Scholar, using keywords like Vapor Lock, Vapour Lock, and Vapor Lock Endodontic. The articles list has been screened based on titles and abstracts, applying eligibility and inclusion criteria. The three articles were eligible for quantitative and statistical analysis, by using RevManager Software Version 5.3. Results show statistical heterogeneity (P=0.08; I2 index=61%) in the vapor lock elimination between the use of PUI and PPI, with an overall Odds Ratio=0.08, CI=95% [0.03;0.25]. PUI resulted to be a useful technique to improve NaOCl activity for vapor lock removal, despite PPI alone using a needle.
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Zancan RF, Canali LCF, Tartari T, Andrade FBD, Vivan RR, Duarte MAH. Do different strains of E. faecalis have the same behavior towards intracanal medications in in vitro research? Braz Oral Res 2018; 32:e46. [PMID: 29846391 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2018.vol32.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial action of different endodontic pastes against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, isolated from the urinary tract, and compare the action with E. faecalis ATCC 4083, isolated from the root canal. For this purpose, dentin blocks were infected for 21 days with both bacteria at different time-intervals to ensure there would be no cross contamination. After this period, blocks were immersed in the test medications for 7 days, according to the following groups: CH/S, CH/P, CH/CMCP, CH/CHX, CH/DAP and TAP. Images of the samples were captured with a confocal microscope and the percentage of live cells was computed by means of the Bioimage program. The ATCC 29212 strain was shown to be more resistant to CH/SS, Calen, CH/DAP, and TAP than the ATCC 4083 strain. The antimicrobial action of the medications against each strain were divergent concerning the order of susceptibility. The authors concluded that the strains behaved in a different manner: in general, those extracted from the urinary tract were more resistant to the tested medications. Therefore, when E. faecalis must be used for in vitro research in endodontics, we suggest the use of ATCC 4083 strain to obtain results that are closer to the clinical reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Fernandes Zancan
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Bauru Dental School, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Lyz Cristina Furquim Canali
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Bauru Dental School, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Talita Tartari
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Bauru Dental School, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Ricci Vivan
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Bauru Dental School, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil
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