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DevaThambi TJR, Aswath N. Evaluation of Lingual Foramen in the South Indian Population Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2024; 16:S1140-S1146. [PMID: 38882797 PMCID: PMC11174210 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_21_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Surgical procedures in the anterior mandibular region require a profound understanding of the complex anatomical structures to ensure patient safety. The lingual foramen (LF) and its intra-osseous canal are pivotal structures, supplying vascular and neural support to the mental region. The prevalence of LF is widely recognized, with variations among populations. Methods The study involved 650 adult participants. Data were collected using high-resolution cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), and statistical analysis was conducted, establishing inter-rater agreement. Results The population had a varied age distribution, with males comprising 53.23% and females comprising 46.77%. The median lingual canal was found in the Supra and Infra spinosum (65.38%). Most participants had lateral lingual canals (60.92%). The most prevalent lingual foramina was 4 (30.62%). The study found no significant associations between gender and LF diameter, distribution in different travel directions, or LF locations. However, males had a slightly larger diameter. Conclusion The findings provide valuable insights into LF variations based on anatomical locations, and there were no statistically significant differences in measurements across different age groups. This knowledge contributes to the evolving field of oral and maxillofacial surgery, ensuring better patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jones Raja DevaThambi
- Ph.D Research Scholar, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nalini Aswath
- Professor and Head, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Xu W, Wang B, Jia L, Ge S, Shao J. Three-dimensional analysis of mandibular and mental canals corroborating with teeth and mental foramen by cone beam computed tomography. J Oral Rehabil 2023; 50:1456-1464. [PMID: 37702213 DOI: 10.1111/joor.13583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to analyse the 3D patterns of the mandibular and mental canals (MDC and MC) referring to the surrounding prominent surgical landmarks such as teeth and mental foramen by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). METHODS CBCT scans of 354 patients aged 18-67 years with mandibular first premolar to second molar were included and reconstructed 3-dimensionally (3D) by mimics. The parameters of MDC and MC were measured referring to teeth and mental foramen. RESULTS From the first premolars to the second molars, the mandibular canals showed a trend of gradually closer to the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) of the adjacent teeth and farther away from the buccal cortical plate. The distance of the MDC with the root apexes (RA) was relatively constant from the first premolar to the first molar, but became much closer to the second molar. About 10.8% of the second molars had MDC-RA distances of shorter than 2 mm, and 1.34% even had the MDC superior to the RA. Moreover, the Type III of MC presented in 66.0% of the subjects and had a relatively longer length. Besides, the existence of Type I MC may be related to the MDC featuring with close distances to the RA and CEJ of the adjacent teeth. CONCLUSION Dentists and surgeons should know the patterns of mandibular and mental canals. A better understanding of the MDC and MC and their relationship to local anatomical landmarks may facilitate the planning of surgeries and alert potential nerve injuries in the operative procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenke Xu
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - Lu Jia
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaohua Ge
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - Jinlong Shao
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, China
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Oliveira-Santos N, Jacobs R, Picoli FF, Lahoud P, Niclaes L, Groppo FC. Automated segmentation of the mandibular canal and its anterior loop by deep learning. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10819. [PMID: 37402784 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37798-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate mandibular canal (MC) detection is crucial to avoid nerve injury during surgical procedures. Moreover, the anatomic complexity of the interforaminal region requires a precise delineation of anatomical variations such as the anterior loop (AL). Therefore, CBCT-based presurgical planning is recommended, even though anatomical variations and lack of MC cortication make canal delineation challenging. To overcome these limitations, artificial intelligence (AI) may aid presurgical MC delineation. In the present study, we aim to train and validate an AI-driven tool capable of performing accurate segmentation of the MC even in the presence of anatomical variation such as AL. Results achieved high accuracy metrics, with 0.997 of global accuracy for both MC with and without AL. The anterior and middle sections of the MC, where most surgical interventions are performed, presented the most accurate segmentation compared to the posterior section. The AI-driven tool provided accurate segmentation of the mandibular canal, even in the presence of anatomical variation such as an anterior loop. Thus, the presently validated dedicated AI tool may aid clinicians in automating the segmentation of neurovascular canals and their anatomical variations. It may significantly contribute to presurgical planning for dental implant placement, especially in the interforaminal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolly Oliveira-Santos
- OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, UZ Campus St Rafael, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Reinhilde Jacobs
- OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, UZ Campus St Rafael, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Fernando Fortes Picoli
- OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, UZ Campus St Rafael, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Stomatology and Oral Radiology, Dental School, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Pierre Lahoud
- OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, UZ Campus St Rafael, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liselot Niclaes
- OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, UZ Campus St Rafael, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Francisco Carlos Groppo
- Department of Biosciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Shan S, Zhong S, Li J, Wang T. Systematic review and meta-analysis of mandibular canal variations on cone beam computed tomography. Oral Radiol 2022; 38:445-451. [PMID: 35503592 DOI: 10.1007/s11282-022-00610-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the mandibular canal (MC) variations and their anatomical incidences using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). DESIGNS Related articles on the anatomical variations of the MC using CBCT were searched through PubMed, Cochrane, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) to identify all relevant articles eligible for inclusion. Data extracted included incidences of the anatomical variations of the MC including the accessory mental foramen (AMF), retromolar foramen (RMF), mandibular lingual foramina (MLF), and the bifid mandibular canal (BMC). RESULTS In total, 16 descriptive cross-sectional studies (one low quality and fifteen high quality) were included in the meta-analysis analyzing 8862 MC. The meta-analysis performed with a random-effects model showed that the incidence of AMF was 9.54% (95% CI 6.39-12.69%), the incidence of RMF was 23.64% (95% CI 14.44-32.84%). MLF was found in almost all adults studied, and the incidence of BMC was about 38.0%. CONCLUSIONS The foramina and canals branched from the MC presented significant anatomical variations among individuals. CBCT-based study on the anatomical variations of the MC could provide guidance for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Shan
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Zhong Yang Road 30, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangze Zhong
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Zhong Yang Road 30, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialing Li
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Zhong Yang Road 30, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiemei Wang
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Zhong Yang Road 30, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
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Chen CY, Tseng CH, Hsu HJ, Chen YK. Multiple variations of bilateral mandibular canals: A case report using cone-beam computed tomography. J Dent Sci 2022; 17:1841-1843. [PMID: 36299345 PMCID: PMC9588813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2022.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Hadilou M, Gholami L, Ghojazadeh M, Emadi N. Prevalence and extension of the anterior loop of the mental nerve in different populations and CBCT imaging settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Imaging Sci Dent 2022; 52:141-153. [PMID: 35799963 PMCID: PMC9226233 DOI: 10.5624/isd.20220001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Materials and Methods Results Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Hadilou
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Gholami
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Morteza Ghojazadeh
- Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Naghmeh Emadi
- Dental Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Aljarbou F, Riyahi AM, Altamimi A, Alabdulsalam A, Jabhan N, Aldosimani M, Alamri HM. Anatomy of the accessory mental foramen in a Saudi subpopulation: A multicenter CBCT study. Saudi Dent J 2021; 33:1012-1017. [PMID: 34938044 PMCID: PMC8665173 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The aim of this is to evaluate the prevalence and location of the accessory mental foramen (AMF) in a Saudi population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methodology CBCT data were retrieved from two dental facilities at two universities located in two different cities and filtered over a period of four years. The scans were aligned when the AMF was noticed, and then the size of both the AMF and mental foramen (MF), its location, and the distance from the AMF to the MF were recorded. The AMF measurements were compared between males and females and between the two sides of the mandible. Results In total, 603 CBCT scans were investigated. The percentage of scans with an AMF was 9.95% (n = 60), and AMFs were almost equally distributed on both sides. Only four cases (0.66%) of a second AMF were detected among the scans. The MFs on both sides were significantly larger in males than in females (P > 0.05), but they showed no differences in the sizes of the AMFs. The AMFs were most commonly located inferior and posterior to the MF. The distance between the MF and AMF ranged from 2.32 to 5 mm. Conclusions The prevalence of the AMF in this Saudi population was 9.95%, and it was significantly more prevalent in males than in females. Its proximity to the MF makes it clinically important to conduct proper detailed planning prior to performing any procedure that might risk the vital structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahd Aljarbou
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Division of Endodontics, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M Riyahi
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Division of Endodontics, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Mazen Aldosimani
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Radiology Division, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadi M Alamri
- Conservative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
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Barbosa DAF, Mesquita LR, Borges MMC, Mendonça DSD, Carvalho FSRD, Kurita LM, Silva PGDB, Rodrigues TR, Vasconcelos TV, Neto FH, Costa FWG. Mental Foramen and Anterior Loop Anatomic Characteristics: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cross-sectional Imaging Studies. J Endod 2021; 47:1829-1843.e1. [PMID: 34425149 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The present study aimed to review the epidemiologic, topographic, and morphometric aspects of the mental foramen (MF) and anterior loop (AL) on cone-beam computed tomographic imaging studies. METHODS An International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO)-registered systematic review (CRD42018112991) was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Two reviewers independently performed data extraction from observational studies that evaluated MF and AL on 7 electronic databases. MedCalc (MedCalc Software bv, Ostend, Belgium) software was used to perform a meta-analysis with a 95% confidence level. RESULTS Of 1545 articles, 66 met the inclusion criteria, totaling 14,233 patients from 5 continents, with a total of 6655 females and 5884 males (some studies did not report sex), with an age range between 8 and 89 years. The most prevalent shapes of MF were oval (48.72%) and circular (44.36%), and the most frequent horizontal positions were between premolars (43.66%) and in line with the long axis of the second premolar (43.12%). CONCLUSIONS Based on the articles that assessed AL, the mean prevalence was 43.18%, with most studies reporting bilateral localization as the most prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Francisco Haiter Neto
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Division of Oral Radiology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Detection of the Accessory Mental Foramina on Human Mandibles Using Cone-beam Computed Tomography: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Endod 2021; 47:1215-1228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2021.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Evaluation of Mental Foramen with Cone Beam Computed Tomography: A Systematic Review of Literature. Radiol Res Pract 2021; 2021:8897275. [PMID: 33505723 PMCID: PMC7806401 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8897275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this systematic review is to assess whether the anatomy of mental foramen is precisely evaluable with cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) before implantation in humans. Methods A systematic review was carried out to evaluate the anatomy of mental foramen (size, position, symmetry, anterior loop, and accessory mental foramen or multiple mental foramina). According to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, an electronic search of three databases (Medline, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library) was undertaken until June 2020 and was supplemented by manual searching. Two reviewers will independently perform the processes of study inclusion, data extraction, and quality assessment. Systematic reviews, studies about children, and case reports were excluded. Only studies using CBCT to do preoperative evaluation were selected. Results From 728 potentially eligible articles, 72 were included in the qualitative analysis and quantitative synthesis. This systematic review provided an assessment of the anatomy of the mental foramen. The mental foramen was located mostly between the two premolars (between 50.4% and 61.95%) or apically to the second premolar (from 50.3% to 57.9%). The mean diameter of the mental foramen was bigger in males than in females; the difference between them could reach 0.62 mm. The anterior loop seemed to be longer in males (between 0.87 ± 1.81 and 7.25 ± 2.02 mm) than in females (between 0.81 ± 1.18 and 6.52 ± 1.63 mm) and with the presence of teeth (from 0.91 ± 1.18 to 2.55 ± 1.28 for dentate people and from 0.25 ± 0.61 to 2.40 ± 0.88 mm for edentate population). The anterior loop and the accessory mental foramina were detected more frequently with CBCT than panoramic X-ray: only between 0.0 and 48.6% AMFs detected with CBCT were also seen with panoramic images. Clinical Significance. The mental foramen (MF) is an important landmark for local anesthesia and surgical and implantology procedures. Its location, morphology, and anatomical variations need to be considered to avoid mental nerve injury. The aim of this review is to evaluate the mental foramen using CBCT through a systematic literature review to improve knowledge of this complex area for the clinician.
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Mishra SK, Nahar R, Gaddale R, Chowdhary R. Identification of anterior loop in different populations to avoid nerve injury during surgical procedures-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Maxillofac Surg 2020; 25:159-174. [PMID: 33118108 DOI: 10.1007/s10006-020-00915-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Exact recognition of the anterior loop is very important to avert any injury to the neurovascular bundle during surgical procedures. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the prevalence and length of the anterior loop in different populations. A comprehensive search of Medline/Pubmed and Cochrane database was done. The focused question was the presence of anterior loop (including loop length) of the inferior alveolar nerve in mental foramen region in CBCT images of the various subjects. Articles related to the presence of anterior loop (including loop length) were only included. Initial literature search resulted in 3024 papers, after removing duplicate articles, 2821 articles were left. Two thousand seven hundred eighty-four articles were further excluded by the reviewers after screening the abstracts which resulted in 37 studies. Hand searching resulted in 2 additional papers. Seven full-text articles were excluded for not fulfilling the inclusion criteria. Finally, 32 articles were included in the review. Two thousand five hundred three subjects with anterior loop were found, which approximates 38% with 48.4% bilateral, 27.8% right side, and 23.8% left side. The loop distribution in males and females was also found to be different. There was highly significant (P < 0.001; I2 = 98.81%) heterogeneity found in the included studies. Variations were found in the prevalence, length, gender, and side distribution of anterior loop in various populations. This systematic review highly recommends not relying on any average values and the clinician should compulsorily make use of imaging modalities available in each and every case, wherever surgical procedure is to be performed near mental foramen region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar Mishra
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peoples College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Rajvi Nahar
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peoples College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Reetika Gaddale
- Department of Periodontology, AME'S Dental College and Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka, India
| | - Ramesh Chowdhary
- Department of Prosthodontics, Rajarajeswari Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Mainkar A, Zhu Q, Safavi K. Incidence of Altered Sensation after Mandibular Premolar and Molar Periapical Surgery. J Endod 2020; 46:29-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Aytugar E, Özeren C, Lacin N, Veli I, Çene E. Cone-beam computed tomographic evaluation of accessory mental foramen in a Turkish population. Anat Sci Int 2019; 94:257-265. [DOI: 10.1007/s12565-019-00481-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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