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Bhat R, Shetty S, Rai P, Kumar BK, Shetty P. Revolutionizing the diagnosis of irreversible pulpitis - Current strategies and future directions. J Oral Biosci 2024; 66:272-280. [PMID: 38508491 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulpitis primarily arises from the pulp space infection by oral microbiota. Vital pulp therapy is a minimally invasive approach that relies on assessing the severity of pulpal inflammation to facilitate repair. However, the current evaluation methods prescribed by the American Association of Endodontics are subjective, leading to ambiguity in assessment. Therefore, this review aims to explore molecular strategies for evaluating the severity of pulpal inflammation to accurately predict the success of pulp vitality preservation in clinical settings. METHODOLOGY This review was conducted by searching relevant keywords, such as irreversible pulpitis, pulpitis biomarkers, molecular diagnosis, inflammation, and genomic strategies, in databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus to address the subjective nature of diagnosis. The data included in this review were collected up to April 2023. The literature search revealed well-documented limitations in clinically assessing the pulp inflammatory. Molecular approaches that aid in clinical differentiation between irreversible and reversible pulpitis may potentially enhance favorable outcomes in vital pulp therapy. Non-invasive diagnostic methods for pulpal assessment would also be valuable for determining whether the inflamed pulp is reversible, irreversible, or necrotic. CONCLUSION The present review examines the various molecular diagnostic approaches that have revolutionized the medical field and are considered the most promising empirical methodologies for the proactive detection of pulpal diseases. It also provides comprehensive insights into the current diagnostic methods, associated challenges, next-generation strategies, and future directions for diagnosing the severity of pulp inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raksha Bhat
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences (ABSMIDS), Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India.
| | - Shishir Shetty
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences (ABSMIDS), Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India.
| | - Praveen Rai
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbial Genomics, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India.
| | - Ballamoole Krishna Kumar
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbial Genomics, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India.
| | - Preethesh Shetty
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences (ABSMIDS), Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India.
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2
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Innate Immune Sensing of Nucleic Acid in Endodontic Infection. Int Endod J 2022; 55:1335-1346. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.13831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Li Y, Li S, Li R, Xu H. LncRNA PVT1 upregulates FBN1 by sponging miR-30b-5p to aggravate pulpitis. Mol Cell Toxicol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-022-00264-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chen Y, Pethö A, Ganapathy A, George A. DPP promotes odontogenic differentiation of DPSCs through NF-κB signaling. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22076. [PMID: 34764323 PMCID: PMC8586344 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01359-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dentin phosphophoryn synthesized and processed predominantly by the odontoblasts, functions as both structural and signaling protein. Mechanistic studies revealed that DPP stimulation of DPSCs positively impacted the differentiation of DPSCs into functional odontoblasts. Results show that NF-κB signaling and transcriptional activation of genes involved in odontoblast differentiation were influenced by DPP signaling. Specifically, RelA/p65 subunit of NF-κB was identified as being responsible for the initiation of the differentiation cascade. Confocal imaging demonstrated the nuclear translocation of p65 with DPP stimulation. Moreover, direct binding of nuclear NF-κB p65 subunit to the promoter elements of Runx2, Osx, OCN, MMP1, MMP3, BMP4 and PTX3 were identified by ChIP analysis. Pharmacological inhibition of the NF-κB pathway using TPCA-1, a selective inhibitor of IKK-2 and JSH-23, an inhibitor that prevents nuclear translocation and DNA binding of p65 showed impairment in the differentiation process. Functional studies using Alizarin-Red staining showed robust mineral deposits with DPP stimulation and sparse deposition with defective odontoblast differentiation in the presence of inhibitors. In vivo expression of NF-κB targets such as OSX, OCN, PTX3 and p65 in odontoblasts and dental pulp cells from DSPP null mouse was lower when compared with the wild-type. Overall, the results suggest an important role for DPP-mediated NF-κB activation in the transcriptional regulation of early odontogenic markers that promote differentiation of DPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Chen
- Brodie Tooth Development Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Laboratory, Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Adrienn Pethö
- Brodie Tooth Development Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Laboratory, Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Amudha Ganapathy
- Brodie Tooth Development Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Laboratory, Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Anne George
- Brodie Tooth Development Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Laboratory, Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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Zhang P, Cui Z, Li S. The protective effects of S14G-humanin (HNG) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- induced inflammatory response in human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) mediated by the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. Bioengineered 2021; 12:7552-7562. [PMID: 34605740 PMCID: PMC8806744 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1979914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulpitis is reported in large populations of patients and significantly impacts their normal life quality. It is reported that the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in Gram-negative bacteria induces severe inflammation in dental pulp tissues. S14G-humanin is a derivative of humanin and has been recently confirmed to possess promising anti-inflammatory properties. The current study aims to explore the possibility of treating pulpitis with S14G-humanin. LPS-stimulated dental pulp cells (DPCs) were utilized to simulate an inflammatory state in the progression of pulpitis. We found the elevated expressions and production of interleukin- 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), upregulated Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) and activated oxidative stress in LPS-treated DPCs were all reversed by treatment with 50 and 100 μM S14G-humanin. In addition, the LPS-induced elevated expression levels of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (Myd88), and activation of the IκBα/NF-κB signaling pathway in hDPCs were significantly repressed by treatment with S14G-humanin. Conclusively, we found that S14G-humanin protected LPS-treated hDPCs by inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Heji Hospital Affiliated of Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhiqiang Cui
- Department of Stomatology, Heji Hospital Affiliated of Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Stomatology, Heji Hospital Affiliated of Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, China
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Pentraxin 3 promotes the osteoblastic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:224914. [PMID: 32436939 PMCID: PMC7284320 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20201165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoblast cells are responsible for synthesizing new bone tissue, and determining how to control osteoblastic differentiation is vital to the treatment of osteoporosis. In the present study, we show that pentraxin 3 (PTX3) signaling is involved in the regulation of osteoblastic differentiation in MC3T3-E1 cells. Our data reveal that PTX3 is abundantly expressed in MC3T3-E1 cells and that its expression is inducible by the introduction of osteogenic induction medium (OIM). Overexpression of PTX3 was observed to significantly increase the expression of four osteoblast signature genes, including Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OCN) and osterix (OSX), suggesting that the overexpression of PTX3 promotes osteoblastic differentiation. The relative level of gene expression between OIM and OIM plus overexpressed PTX3 was evaluated using the Affymetrix Gene Chip® mouse gene microarray. PTX3-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened. Gene ontology (GO) functional and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed, and the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway was primarily involved in the osteogenic differentiation of PTX3. Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) were also constructed, and the molecular complex detection (MCODE) plugin calculated modules of PPI networks. Moreover, we show that the effect of PTX3 is mediated by its induction of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Mechanistically, we show that the action of PTX3 requires the activation of PI3K and Akt, and deactivation of PI3K by its inhibitor LY294002 weakens the PTX3-mediated induction of osteoblast signature genes, ALP and matrix mineralization. The present study revealed a new role played by PTX3 and suggest a potential mechanism governing the osteoblastic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells.
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Qiu C, Han Y, Zhang H, Liu T, Hou H, Luo D, Yu M, Bian K, Zhao Y, Xiao X. Perspectives on long pentraxin 3 and rheumatoid arthritis: several potential breakthrough points relying on study foundation of the past. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:1886-1898. [PMID: 33746606 PMCID: PMC7976587 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.54787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease which is mainly characterized by synovitis and results in a severe burden for both the individual and society. To date, the underlying mechanisms of RA are still poorly understood. Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is a typical long pentraxin protein which has been highly conserved during evolution. Meanwhile, functions as well as properties of PTX3 have been extensively studied. Several studies identified that PTX3 plays a predominate role in infection, inflammation, immunity and tumor. Interestingly, PTX3 has also been verified to be closely associated with development of RA. We therefore accomplished an elaboration of the relationships between PTX3 and RA. Herein, we mainly focus on the associated cell types and cognate cytokines involved in RA, in combination with PTX3. This review infers the insight into the interaction of PTX3 in RA and aims to provide novel clues for potential therapeutic target of RA in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Qiu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250014, Shandong, P. R. China.,Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, P. R. China.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Yichao Han
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250014, Shandong, P. R. China.,Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250014, Shandong, P. R. China.,Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Tianyi Liu
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Haodong Hou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250014, Shandong, P. R. China.,Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Dan Luo
- College of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Mingzhi Yu
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Manufacturing, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Kai Bian
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250014, Shandong, P. R. China.,Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Yunpeng Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Xing Xiao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250014, Shandong, P. R. China
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Chen M, Zeng J, Yang Y, Wu B. Diagnostic biomarker candidates for pulpitis revealed by bioinformatics analysis of merged microarray gene expression datasets. BMC Oral Health 2020; 20:279. [PMID: 33046027 PMCID: PMC7552454 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-020-01266-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pulpitis is an inflammatory disease, the grade of which is classified according to the level of inflammation. Traditional methods of evaluating the status of dental pulp tissue in clinical practice have limitations. The rapid and accurate diagnosis of pulpitis is essential for determining the appropriate treatment. By integrating different datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, we analysed a merged expression matrix of pulpitis, aiming to identify biological pathways and diagnostic biomarkers of pulpitis. Methods By integrating two datasets (GSE77459 and GSE92681) in the GEO database using the sva and limma packages of R, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of pulpitis were identified. Then, the DEGs were analysed to identify biological pathways of dental pulp inflammation with Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). Protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks and modules were constructed to identify hub genes with the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING) and Cytoscape. Results A total of 470 DEGs comprising 394 upregulated and 76 downregulated genes were found in pulpitis tissue. GO analysis revealed that the DEGs were enriched in biological processes related to inflammation, and the enriched pathways in the KEGG pathway analysis were cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, chemokine signalling pathway and NF-κB signalling pathway. The GSEA results provided further functional annotations, including complement system, IL6/JAK/STAT3 signalling pathway and inflammatory response pathways. According to the degrees of nodes in the PPI network, 10 hub genes were identified, and 8 diagnostic biomarker candidates were screened: PTPRC, CD86, CCL2, IL6, TLR8, MMP9, CXCL8 and ICAM1. Conclusions With bioinformatics analysis of merged datasets, biomarker candidates of pulpitis were screened and the findings may be as reference to develop a new method of pulpitis diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junkai Zeng
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yeqing Yang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Buling Wu
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China. .,Shenzhen Stomatology Hospital (Pingshan), Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 510515, P.R. China.
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Kim Y, Park JY, Park HJ, Kim MK, Kim YI, Kim HJ, Bae SK, Bae MK. Pentraxin-3 Modulates Osteogenic/Odontogenic Differentiation and Migration of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225778. [PMID: 31744201 PMCID: PMC6887979 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pentraxin-3 (PTX3) is recognized as a modulator of inflammation and a mediator of tissue repair. In this study, we characterized the role of PTX3 on some biological functions of human dental pulp stem cells (HDPSCs). The expression level of PTX3 significantly increased during osteogenic/odontogenic differentiation of HDPSCs, whereas the knockdown of PTX3 decreased this differentiation. Silencing of PTX3 in HDPSCs inhibited their migration and C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) expression. Our present study indicates that PTX3 is involved in osteogenic/odontogenic differentiation and migration of HDPSCs, and may contribute to the therapeutic potential of HDPSCs for regeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea; (Y.K.); (J.-Y.P.); (H.-J.P.); (M.-K.K.); (H.J.K.)
| | - Joo-Yeon Park
- Department of Oral Physiology, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea; (Y.K.); (J.-Y.P.); (H.-J.P.); (M.-K.K.); (H.J.K.)
| | - Hyun-Joo Park
- Department of Oral Physiology, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea; (Y.K.); (J.-Y.P.); (H.-J.P.); (M.-K.K.); (H.J.K.)
| | - Mi-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea; (Y.K.); (J.-Y.P.); (H.-J.P.); (M.-K.K.); (H.J.K.)
| | - Yong-Il Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea;
| | - Hyung Joon Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea; (Y.K.); (J.-Y.P.); (H.-J.P.); (M.-K.K.); (H.J.K.)
| | - Soo-Kyung Bae
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea
| | - Moon-Kyoung Bae
- Department of Oral Physiology, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea; (Y.K.); (J.-Y.P.); (H.-J.P.); (M.-K.K.); (H.J.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-51-510-8239
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