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McMillan HP, Lundy FT, Dunne OM, McLoughlin KJ, About I, Curtis TM, El Karim I. Immunological isolation and characterization of neuronal progenitors from human dental pulp: A laboratory-based investigation. Int Endod J 2024; 57:1136-1146. [PMID: 38713428 DOI: 10.1111/iej.14077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) contain a population of stem cells with a broad range of differentiation potentials, as well as more lineage-committed progenitors. Such heterogeneity is a significant obstacle to experimental and clinical applications. The aim of this study is to isolate and characterize a homogenous neuronal progenitor cell population from human DPSCs. METHODOLOGY Polysialylated-neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM+) neural progenitors were isolated from the dental pulp of three independent donors using magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) technology. Immunofluorescent staining with a panel of neural and non-neural markers was used to characterize the magnetically isolated PSA-NCAM+ fraction. PSA-NCAM+ cells were then cultured in Neurobasal A supplemented with neurotrophic factors: dibutyryl cyclic-AMP, neurotrophin-3, B27 and N2 supplements to induce neuronal differentiation. Both PSA-NCAM+ and differentiated PSA-NCAM+ cells were used in Ca2+ imaging studies to assess the functionality of P2X3 receptors as well as membrane depolarization. RESULTS PSA-NCAM+ neural progenitors were isolated from a heterogeneous population of hDPSCs using magnetic-activated cell sorting and anti-PSA-NCAM MicroBeads. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that immunomagnetic sorting significantly increased the purity of PSA-NCAM+ cells. Immunofluorescent staining revealed expression of pan-neuronal and mature neuronal markers, PGP9.5 and MAP2, respectively, as well as weak expression of the mature sensory markers, peripherin and islet1. ATP-induced response was mediated predominately by P2X3 receptors in both undifferentiated and differentiated cells, with a greater magnitude observed in the latter. In addition, membrane depolarizations were also detected in cells before and after differentiation when loaded with fast-voltage-responding fluorescent molecule, FluoVolt™ in response to potassium chloride. Interestingly, only differentiated PSA-NCAM+ cells were capable of spontaneous membrane oscillations. CONCLUSIONS In summary, DPSCs contain a population of neuronal progenitors with enhanced neural differentiation and functional neural-like properties that can be effectively isolated with magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley P McMillan
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Fionnuala T Lundy
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Orla M Dunne
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Kiran John McLoughlin
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Imad About
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Institute of Movement Sciences, Marseille, France
| | - T M Curtis
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Ikhlas El Karim
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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Wairooy VW, Bagio DA, Margono A, Amelia I. In vitro Analysis of DSPP and BSP Expression: Comparing the Odontogenic Influence of Bio-C Repair and Biodentine in hDPSCs. Eur J Dent 2024. [PMID: 39029909 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1786984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study compared the ability of BIO-C Repair (BC) and Biodentine (BD) in relation to odontogenic differentiation by evaluating the dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) and bone sialoprotein (BSP) expression and mineral deposition of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS BC and BD were pulverized and sterilized (ISO 10993-5:2009). The hDPSCs were the result of primary cultures that were 80% confluent (having gone through the stem cell marker tests CD90 98%, CD105 99.7%, CD73 94%, and LinNeg 0.5%) and reached P2-3 by means of serum starvation for 24 hours. This study involved seven groups, in which the hDPSCs were cultured on osteogenic media with the addition of either BD (Septodont, United States) at concentrations of 1:1, 1:2, or 1:5; BC (Angelus, Brazil) at concentrations of 1:1, 1:2, or 1:5; or the negative control (Dulbecco's modified eagle medium + osteogenic media). The hDPSC differentiation was determined via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays of DSPP and BSP expression performed on days 7 and 14 and alizarin red staining performed on day 21. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance, followed by Tamhane's post hoc test, to compare the differences between groups. The t-test dependent was also used to identify differences between groups. RESULTS BC and BD at 1:1 concentration, there was a statistically significant difference in DSPP and BSP expression. However, at concentrations of 1:2 and 1:5, there was no significant difference observed in either duration of observation (p > 0.05). The highest DSPP and BSP concentrations after 7 and 14 days of observation were observed with BD and BC at 1:5 concentration (6.6-6.71 and 13.20-13.47 ng/mL). CONCLUSION The study shows that BC is as effective as BD in enhancing DSPP and BSP expression and mineral deposition in hDPSCs. The 1:5 concentration of BC showed the highest levels of DSPP and BSP expression and mineral deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Widita Wairooy
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dini Asrianti Bagio
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Anggraini Margono
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ingrid Amelia
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Shi X, Hu X, Jiang N, Mao J. Regenerative endodontic therapy: From laboratory bench to clinical practice. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00267-4. [PMID: 38969092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maintaining the vitality and functionality of dental pulp is paramount for tooth integrity, longevity, and homeostasis. Aiming to treat irreversible pulpitis and necrosis, there has been a paradigm shift from conventional root canal treatment towards regenerative endodontic therapy. AIM OF REVIEW This extensive and multipart review presents crucial laboratory and practical issues related to pulp-dentin complex regeneration aimed towards advancing clinical translation of regenerative endodontic therapy and enhancing human life quality. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW In this multipart review paper, we first present a panorama of emerging potential tissue engineering strategies for pulp-dentin complex regeneration from cell transplantation and cell homing perspectives, emphasizing the critical regenerative components of stem cells, biomaterials, and conducive microenvironments. Then, this review provides details about current clinically practiced pulp regenerative/reparative approaches, including direct pulp capping and root revascularization, with a specific focus on the remaining hurdles and bright prospects in developing such therapies. Next, special attention was devoted to discussing the innovative biomimetic perspectives opened in establishing functional tissues by employing exosomes and cell aggregates, which will benefit the clinical translation of dental pulp engineering protocols. Finally, we summarize careful consideration that should be given to basic research and clinical applications of regenerative endodontics. In particular, this review article highlights significant challenges associated with residual infection and inflammation and identifies future insightful directions in creating antibacterial and immunomodulatory microenvironments so that clinicians and researchers can comprehensively understand crucial clinical aspects of regenerative endodontic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Shi
- Center of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaohan Hu
- Outpatient Department Office, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Nan Jiang
- Central Laboratory, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Jing Mao
- Center of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China.
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Zhang Y, Liu J, de Souza Araujo I, Bahammam L, Munn L, Huang G. Neovascularization by DPSC-ECs in a Tube Model for Pulp Regeneration Study. J Dent Res 2024; 103:652-661. [PMID: 38716736 PMCID: PMC11122093 DOI: 10.1177/00220345241236392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The process of neovascularization during cell-based pulp regeneration is difficult to study. Here we developed a tube model that simulates root canal space and allows direct visualization of the vascularization process in vitro. Endothelial-like cells (ECs) derived from guiding human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) into expressing endothelial cell markers CD144, vWF, VEGFR1, and VEGFR2 were used. Human microvascular endothelial cells (hMVECs) were used as a positive control. DPSC-ECs formed tubules on Matrigel similar to hMVECs. Cells were mixed in fibrinogen/thrombin or mouse blood and seeded into wells of 96-well plates or injected into a tapered plastic tube (14 mm in length and 1 or 2 mm diameter of the apex opening) with the larger end sealed with MTA to simulate root canal space. Cells/gels in wells or tubes were incubated for various times in vitro and observed under the microscope for morphological changes. Samples were then fixed and processed for histological analysis to determine vessel formation. Vessel-like networks were observed in culture from 1 to 3 d after cell seeding. Cells/gels in 96-well plates were maintained up to 25 d. Histologically, both hMVECs and DPSC-ECs in 96-well plates or tubes showed intracellular vacuole formation. Some cells showed merged large vacuoles indicating the lumenization. Tubular structures were also observed resembling blood vessels. Cells appeared healthy throughout the tube except some samples (1 mm apical diameter) in the coronal third. Histological analysis also showed pulp-like soft tissue throughout the tube samples with vascular-like structures. hMVECs formed larger vascular lumen size than DPSC-ECs while the latter tended to have more lumen and tubular structure counts. We conclude that DPSC-ECs can form vascular structures and sustained in the 3-dimensional fibrin gel system in vitro. The tube model appears to be a proper and simple system simulating the root canal space for vascular formation and pulp regeneration studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Zhang
- Departments of Bioscience Research and Endodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - J. Liu
- Departments of Bioscience Research and Endodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - I.J. de Souza Araujo
- Departments of Bioscience Research and Endodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - L. Bahammam
- Departments of Bioscience Research and Endodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia*
| | - L.L. Munn
- Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - G.T.J. Huang
- Departments of Bioscience Research and Endodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Han Y, Xu J, Chopra H, Zhang Z, Dubey N, Dissanayaka WL, Nör JE, Bottino MC. Injectable Tissue-Specific Hydrogel System for Pulp-Dentin Regeneration. J Dent Res 2024; 103:398-408. [PMID: 38410924 DOI: 10.1177/00220345241226649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The quest for finding a suitable scaffold system that supports cell survival and function and, ultimately, the regeneration of the pulp-dentin complex remains challenging. Herein, we hypothesized that dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) encapsulated in a collagen-based hydrogel with varying stiffness would regenerate functional dental pulp and dentin when concentrically injected into the tooth slices. Collagen hydrogels with concentrations of 3 mg/mL (Col3) and 10 mg/mL (Col10) were prepared, and their stiffness and microstructure were assessed using a rheometer and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. DPSCs were then encapsulated in the hydrogels, and their viability and differentiation capacity toward endothelial and odontogenic lineages were evaluated using live/dead assay and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. For in vivo experiments, DPSC-encapsulated collagen hydrogels with different stiffness, with or without growth factors, were injected into pulp chambers of dentin tooth slices and implanted subcutaneously in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Specifically, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF [50 ng/mL]) was loaded into Col3 and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP2 [50 ng/mL]) into Col10. Pulp-dentin regeneration was evaluated by histological and immunofluorescence staining. Data were analyzed using 1-way or 2-way analysis of variance accordingly (α = 0.05). Rheology and microscopy data revealed that Col10 had a stiffness of 8,142 Pa with a more condensed and less porous structure, whereas Col3 had a stiffness of 735 Pa with a loose microstructure. Furthermore, both Col3 and Col10 supported DPSCs' survival. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed Col3 promoted significantly higher von Willebrand factor (VWF) and CD31 expression after 7 and 14 d under endothelial differentiation conditions (P < 0.05), whereas Col10 enhanced the expression of dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), and collagen 1 (Col1) after 7, 14, and 21 d of odontogenic differentiation (P < 0.05). Hematoxylin and eosin and immunofluorescence (CD31 and vWF) staining revealed Col10+Col3+DPSCs+GFs enhanced pulp-dentin tissue regeneration. In conclusion, the collagen-based concentric construct modified by growth factors guided the specific lineage differentiation of DPSCs and promoted pulp-dentin tissue regeneration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Han
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - J Xu
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - H Chopra
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Z Zhang
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - N Dubey
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - W L Dissanayaka
- Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - J E Nör
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M C Bottino
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Anna B, Craig D, Gordon L, Eric S. Current Trends in Regenerative Endodontics: A Web-based Survey. J Endod 2024; 50:181-188. [PMID: 38013150 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2023.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to ascertain the current trends in regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) among clinicians, including case selection criteria and clinical protocols. METHODS An online questionnaire consisting of provider demographics, case selection criteria for REPs, and clinical protocols was made available to members of the American Association of Endodontists and members of the Endolit website. Data were analyzed using the Fisher exact test. RESULTS Two hundred seventy-two responses were analyzed (64.6% were men and 34.7% were women). Of those, 44.5% of respondents practiced in the United States, and 55.5% practiced outside of the Unites States. Most respondents (85.4%) reported performing REPs in their practice, and 92.2% were using sodium hypochlorite as one of their disinfecting irrigants. Calcium hydroxide was the most commonly used intracanal medicament (68.4%), and the majority of respondents use a blood clot alone as the scaffold (73.5%). Most (93%) of the providers reported using a bioceramic material for coronal capping. Practitioners outside the United States were found to be more likely to use adjunctive irrigation activation (P = .003). Younger practitioners preferred REPs over apexification (P = .01). Practitioners outside the United States were more likely to perform an REP in 1 visit (P = .006). Men were found to be more likely to always instrument the canal walls (P = .031). Women were found to be more likely to use manual irrigant activation, whereas men were more likely to use sonic activation (P = .043). CONCLUSIONS There is significant heterogeneity within REPs regarding case selection and clinical protocol. Notable differences were observed from the reported findings of REPs from 5 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowers Anna
- Department of Endodontics, University of the Pacific, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, California
| | - Dunlap Craig
- Department of Endodontics, University of the Pacific, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, California.
| | - Lai Gordon
- Department of Endodontics, University of the Pacific, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, California
| | - Salmon Eric
- Outcome Assessment Liaison, University of the Pacific, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, California
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Iohara K, Tominaga M, Watanabe H, Nakashima M. Periapical bacterial disinfection is critical for dental pulp regenerative cell therapy in apical periodontitis in dogs. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:17. [PMID: 38229184 PMCID: PMC10792888 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03628-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Application of pulp regenerative cell therapy for mature teeth with periapical lesions is a critical clinical challenge. The bacterial infection in inaccessible location within the root canal system and in the periapical lesions could cause resistance and impediment, leading to limitations in successful therapy. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the effect of residual bacteria on the outcome of pulp regeneration in mature teeth with apical periodontitis in dogs. METHODS Periapical lesions were induced in 32 root canals of 4 dogs in two different models in severities, model A and model B. Model A (moderate infection): the canal exposed to the oral cavity for 2 weeks and then closed for 2 weeks. Model B (severe infection): the canal exposed to the oral cavity for 2 months and then closed for 5 months. All root canals were irrigated with 6% sodium hypochlorite, and 3% EDTA and further with 0.015% levofloxacin-containing nanobubbles, which was also used as an intracanal medicament. The aseptic conditions were examined by bacterial anaerobic culture and/or PCR analyses. The root canal treatment was repeated several times, and allogeneic dental pulp stem cells were transplanted into the root canals. The radiographic evaluation of periapical lesions was performed by cone-beam computed tomography before the first treatment, just after cell transplantation, and after 2 months and 6 months in both model A, model B, respectively. The animals were then sacrificed and the jaw blocks were harvested for histological and histobacteriological evaluations of pulp regeneration and periapical tissue healing. Furthermore, the DiI-labelled DPSCs were transplanted into the root canals after complete disinfection (n = 4) or without root canal treatment (n = 4) in the apical periodontitis model (model A) in one dog, and cell localization was compared 72 h after transplantation. RESULTS In 8 out of 12 canals from model A, and 10 out of 15 canals from model B, pulp regeneration with good vascularization, innervation, and a significant reduction in the radiolucent area of the periapical lesions were observed. However, in the other 4 canals and 5 canals from model A and model B, respectively, no pulp tissue was regenerated, and inflammation in the periapical tissue, and external resorption or healed external resorption were detected. The presence of residual bacteria in the periapical tissues and severe inflammation were significantly associated with inhibition of regenerated pulp tissue in these 9 unsuccessful canals (P < 0.05, each) (OR = 0.075, each) analyzed by multiple logistic regression analysis. For cellular kinetics, transplanted cells remained in the disinfected root canals, while they were not detected in the infected root canals, suggesting their migration through the apical foramen under the influence of inflammation. CONCLUSIONS A true pulp-dentin complex was regenerated in the root canal by the pulp regenerative therapy in mature teeth with apical lesions. The successful pulp regeneration was negatively associated both with residual bacteria and inflammation in the periapical tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Iohara
- Section of Regenerative Dental Medicine, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Research Institute, Geroscience Research Center, 7-430 Morioka, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan.
| | - Michiyo Tominaga
- Section of Regenerative Dental Medicine, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Research Institute, Geroscience Research Center, 7-430 Morioka, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
| | - Hideto Watanabe
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Misako Nakashima
- Section of Regenerative Dental Medicine, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Research Institute, Geroscience Research Center, 7-430 Morioka, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
- Air Water Group, Aeras Bio Inc., Kobe, Hyogo, 650-047, Japan
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Basabrain MS, Zhong J, Liu J, Zhang Y, Abdalla MM, Zhang C. Interactions of Neuronally Induced Stem Cells from Apical Papilla Spheres, Stems Cells from Apical Papilla, and Human Umbilical Vascular Endothelial Cells on Vasculogenesis and Neurogenesis. J Endod 2024; 50:64-73.e4. [PMID: 37866800 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2023.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stem cell-based dental pulp regeneration has been extensively studied, mainly focusing on exploiting dental stem cells' osteogenic and angiogenic potentials. Dental stem cells' neurogenic role is often overlooked. Stem cells from apical papilla (SCAPs), originating from the neural crest and capable of sphere formation, display potent neurogenic capacity. This study aimed to investigate the interactions of neuronally induced stem cells from apical papilla (iSCAP) spheres, SCAPs, and human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) on vasculogenesis and neurogenesis. METHODS SCAPs were isolated and characterized using flow cytometry and multilineage differentiation assays. SCAP monolayer culture and spheres were neuronally induced by a small molecule neural induction medium, and the neural gene expression and neurite formation at days 0, 3, and 7 were evaluated by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and using phase-contrast light and fluorescence microscopy. Direct coculture or pulp-on-chip was used to investigate iSCAP sphere interaction with SCAPs and HUVECs. RT-qPCR, fluorescence microscopy, and immunostaining with β-tubulin III, alpha-smooth muscle actin, and CD31 were used to study neural gene expression, neurite formation, and neurovascular cell interactions. RESULTS Neural induction medium with small molecules rapidly induced SCAP differentiation toward neural-like cells. Gene expression of Nestin, β-tubulin III, microtubule-associated protein 2, neuron-specific enolase, and NeuN was higher in iSCAP spheres than in iSCAPs. iSCAP spheres formed more and longer neurites compared with iSCAPs. iSCAP sphere, HUVEC, and SCAP direct coculture significantly enhanced vessel formation along with up-regulated VEGF (P < .001) and multiple neural markers, such as Nestin (P < .01), microtubule-associated protein 2 (P < .001), S100 (P < .001), and NG2 (P < .001). iSCAP spheres, SCAPs, and HUVECs cultured in a pulp-on-chip system promoted endothelial and neural cell migration toward each other and alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive and CD31-positive cells assembling for the vascular constitution. CONCLUSIONS iSCAP-formed spheres interact with SCAPs and HUVECs, promoting vasculogenesis and neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S Basabrain
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China; Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jialin Zhong
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Junqing Liu
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Mohamed Mahmoud Abdalla
- Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China; Dental Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Medicine Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Chengfei Zhang
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China.
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Lee M, Lee YS, Shon WJ, Park JC. Physiologic dentin regeneration: its past, present, and future perspectives. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1313927. [PMID: 38148896 PMCID: PMC10750396 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1313927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Regenerative dentistry has rapidly progressed since the advancement of stem cell biology and material science. However, more emphasis has been placed on the success of tissue formation than on how well the newly generated tissue retains the original structure and function. Once dentin is lost, tertiary dentinogenesis can be induced by new odontoblastic differentiation or re-activation of existing odontoblasts. The characteristic morphology of odontoblasts generates the tubular nature of dentin, which is a reservoir of fluid, ions, and a number of growth factors, and protects the inner pulp tissue. Therefore, understanding the dynamic but delicate process of new dentin formation by odontoblasts, or odontoblast-like cells, following dentinal defects is crucial. In this regard, various efforts have been conducted to identify novel molecules and materials that can promote the regeneration of dentin with strength and longevity. In this review, we focus on recent progress in dentin regeneration research with biological molecules identified, and discuss its potential in future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungjin Lee
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Seon Lee
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Jun Shon
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Cheol Park
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology-Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Astudillo-Ortiz E, Babo PS, Sunde PT, Galler KM, Gomez-Florit M, Gomes ME. Endodontic Tissue Regeneration: A Review for Tissue Engineers and Dentists. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2023; 29:491-513. [PMID: 37051704 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2022.0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The paradigm shift in the endodontic field from replacement toward regenerative therapies has witnessed the ever-growing research in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine targeting pulp-dentin complex in the past few years. Abundant literature on the subject that has been produced, however, is scattered over diverse areas of knowledge. Moreover, the terminology and concepts are not always consensual, reflecting the range of research fields addressing this subject, from endodontics to biology, genetics, and engineering, among others. This fact triggered some misinterpretations, mainly when the denominations of different approaches were used as synonyms. The evaluation of results is not precise, leading to biased conjectures. Therefore, this literature review aims to conceptualize the commonly used terminology, summarize the main research areas on pulp regeneration, identify future trends, and ultimately clarify whether we are really on the edge of a paradigm shift in contemporary endodontics toward pulp regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Astudillo-Ortiz
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Pedro S Babo
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Pia T Sunde
- Department of Endodontics, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kerstin M Galler
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Manuela E Gomes
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
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Sui BD, Zheng CX, Zhao WM, Xuan K, Li B, Jin Y. Mesenchymal condensation in tooth development and regeneration: a focus on translational aspects of organogenesis. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:1899-1964. [PMID: 36656056 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00019.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The teeth are vertebrate-specific, highly specialized organs performing fundamental functions of mastication and speech, the maintenance of which is crucial for orofacial homeostasis and is further linked to systemic health and human psychosocial well-being. However, with limited ability for self-repair, the teeth can often be impaired by traumatic, inflammatory, and progressive insults, leading to high prevalence of tooth loss and defects worldwide. Regenerative medicine holds the promise to achieve physiological restoration of lost or damaged organs, and in particular an evolving framework of developmental engineering has pioneered functional tooth regeneration by harnessing the odontogenic program. As a key event of tooth morphogenesis, mesenchymal condensation dictates dental tissue formation and patterning through cellular self-organization and signaling interaction with the epithelium, which provides a representative to decipher organogenetic mechanisms and can be leveraged for regenerative purposes. In this review, we summarize how mesenchymal condensation spatiotemporally assembles from dental stem cells (DSCs) and sequentially mediates tooth development. We highlight condensation-mimetic engineering efforts and mechanisms based on ex vivo aggregation of DSCs, which have achieved functionally robust and physiologically relevant tooth regeneration after implantation in animals and in humans. The discussion of this aspect will add to the knowledge of development-inspired tissue engineering strategies and will offer benefits to propel clinical organ regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Dong Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chen-Xi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wan-Min Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kun Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Xi'an Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Al Turkestani N, Zhang Z, Nör JE. Semaphorin 4D Induces Vasculogenic Differentiation of Dental Pulp Stem Cells. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:160. [PMID: 37504226 PMCID: PMC10378119 DOI: 10.3390/dj11070160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to evaluate the effect of Semaphorin 4D (SEMA4D) signaling through Plexin B1 on the vasculogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells. We assessed the protein expression of SEMA4D and Plexin B1 in dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) from permanent human teeth and stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous (SHED) teeth using Western blots. Their expression in human dental pulp tissues and DPSC-engineered dental pulps was determined using immunofluorescence. We then exposed dental pulp stem cells to recombinant human SEMA4D (rhSEMA4D), evaluated the expression of endothelial cell differentiation markers, and assessed the vasculogenic potential of rhSEMA4D using an in vitro sprouting assay. Lastly, Plexin B1 was silenced to ascertain its role in SEMA4D-mediated vasculogenic differentiation. We found that SEMA4D and Plexin B1 are expressed in DPSC, SHED, and human dental pulp tissues. rhSEMA4D (25-100 ng/mL) induced the expression of endothelial markers, i.e., vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2, cluster of differentiation (CD)-31, and tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin-like and EGF-like domains (Tie)-2, in dental pulp stem cells and promoted capillary-like sprouting in vitro (p < 0.05). Furthermore, Plexin B1 silencing abrogated the vasculogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells and significantly inhibited capillary sprouting upon exposure to rhSEMA4D. Collectively, these data provide evidence that SEMA4D induces vasculogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells through Plexin B1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najla Al Turkestani
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (N.A.T.); (Z.Z.)
- Department of Restorative and Aesthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhaocheng Zhang
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (N.A.T.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Jacques Eduardo Nör
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (N.A.T.); (Z.Z.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Yang Y, Kim OS, Liu G, Lee BN, Liu D, Fu W, Zhu S, Kang JS, Kim B, Kim O. Effects of Red LED Irradiation in Enhancing the Mineralization of Human Dental Pulp Cells In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119767. [PMID: 37298716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dentin regeneration is the preferred method used to preserve dental pulp vitality after pulp exposure due to caries. Red light-emitting diode irradiation (LEDI), which is based on photobiomodulation (PBM), has been used to promote hard-tissue regeneration. However, the underlying mechanism still needs elucidation. This study aimed to explore the mechanism involved in red LEDI affecting dentin regeneration. Alizarin red S (ARS) staining revealed that red LEDI induced mineralization of human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) in vitro. We further distinguished the cell proliferation (0-6 d), differentiation (6-12 d), and mineralization (12-18 d) of HDPCs in vitro and treated cells either with or without red LEDI in each stage. The results showed that red LEDI treatment in the mineralization stage, but not the proliferation or differentiation stages, increased mineralized nodule formation around HDPCs. Western blot also indicated that red LEDI treatment in the mineralization stage, but not the proliferation or differentiation stages, upregulated the expression of dentin matrix marker proteins (dentin sialophosphoprotein, DSPP; dentin matrix protein 1, DMP1; osteopontin, OPN) and an intracellular secretory vesicle marker protein (lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1, LAMP1). Therefore, the red LEDI might enhance the matrix vesicle secretion of HDPCs. On the molecular level, red LEDI enhanced mineralization by activating the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways (ERK and P38). ERK and P38 inhibition reduced mineralized nodule formation and the expression of relevant marker proteins. In summary, red LEDI enhanced the mineralization of HDPCs by functioning to produce a positive effect in the mineralization stage in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Dental Implant Center, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Su Kim
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Hard-Tissue Biointerface Research Center, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Guo Liu
- Department of Endodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Bin-Na Lee
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Danyang Liu
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Wenqi Fu
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Siyu Zhu
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Seok Kang
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Byunggook Kim
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Okjoon Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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Wang Z, Chen C, Zhang J, He J, Zhang L, Wu J, Tian Z. Epithelium-derived SCUBE3 promotes polarized odontoblastic differentiation of dental mesenchymal stem cells and pulp regeneration. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:130. [PMID: 37189178 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03353-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Signal peptide-CUB-EGF domain-containing protein 3 (SCUBE3), a secreted multifunctional glycoprotein whose transcript expression is restricted to the tooth germ epithelium during the development of embryonic mouse teeth, has been demonstrated to play a crucial role in the regulation of tooth development. Based on this, we hypothesized that epithelium-derived SCUBE3 contributes to bio-function in dental mesenchymal cells (Mes) via epithelium-mesenchyme interactions. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining and a co-culture system were used to reveal the temporospatial expression of the SCUBE3 protein during mouse tooth germ development. In addition, human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) were used as a Mes model to study the proliferation, migration, odontoblastic differentiation capacity, and mechanism of rhSCUBE3. Novel pulp-dentin-like organoid models were constructed to further confirm the odontoblast induction function of SCUBE3. Finally, semi-orthotopic animal experiments were performed to explore the clinical application of rhSCUBE3. Data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance and t-tests. RESULTS The epithelium-derived SCUBE3 translocated to the mesenchyme via a paracrine pathway during mouse embryonic development, and the differentiating odontoblasts in postnatal tooth germ subsequently secreted the SCUBE3 protein via an autocrine mechanism. In hDPSCs, exogenous SCUBE3 promoted cell proliferation and migration via TGF-β signalling and accelerated odontoblastic differentiation via BMP2 signalling. In the semi-orthotopic animal experiments, we found that SCUBE3 pre-treatment-induced polarized odontoblast-like cells attached to the dental walls and had better angiogenesis performance. CONCLUSION SCUBE3 protein expression is transferred from the epithelium to mesenchyme during embryonic development. The function of epithelium-derived SCUBE3 in Mes, including proliferation, migration, and polarized odontoblastic differentiation, and their mechanisms are elaborated for the first time. These findings shed light on exogenous SCUBE3 application in clinic dental pulp regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijie Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou Road North, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Hospital of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, No. 143 Dalian Road, Huichuan District, Zunyi, 563000, China
- Special Key Laboratory of Oral Disease Research of Higher Education Institution of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, China
| | - Chuying Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou Road North, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiayi Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou Road North, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiangdie He
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou Road North, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou Road North, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jiayuan Wu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, No. 143 Dalian Road, Huichuan District, Zunyi, 563000, China.
- Special Key Laboratory of Oral Disease Research of Higher Education Institution of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, China.
| | - Zhihui Tian
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou Road North, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China.
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Li G, Xu Z, Yang M, Ning Y, Ye L, Jiang H, Du Y. Topographic Cues of a PLGA Scaffold Promote Odontogenic Differentiation of Dental Pulp Stem Cells through the YAP/β-Catenin Signaling Axis. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:1598-1607. [PMID: 36861954 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c01497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The underlying mechanism of how topographic cues of artificial scaffolds regulate cell function remains poorly understood. Yes-associated protein (YAP) and β-catenin signaling have both been reported to play important roles in mechano-transduction and dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) differentiation. We investigated the effects of YAP and β-catenin in spontaneous odontogenic differentiation of DPSCs induced by topographic cues of a poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) membrane. METHODS The topographic cues and function of a fabricated PLGA scaffold were explored via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), alizarin red staining (ARS), reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and pulp capping. Immunohistochemistry (IF), RT-PCR, and western blotting (WB) were used to observe the activation of YAP and β-catenin when DPSCs were cultured on the scaffolds. Further, YAP was inhibited or overexpressed on either side of the PLGA membrane, and YAP, β-catenin, and odontogenic marker expression were analyzed using IF, ARS, and WB. RESULTS The closed side of the PLGA scaffold promoted spontaneous odontogenic differentiation and nuclear translocation of YAP and β-catenin in vitro and in vivo compared to the open side. The YAP antagonist verteporfin inhibited β-catenin expression, nuclear translocation, and odontogenic differentiation on the closed side, but the effects were rescued by LiCl. YAP overexpressing DPSCs on the open side activated β-catenin signaling and promoted odontogenic differentiation. CONCLUSION The topographic cue of our PLGA scaffold promotes odontogenic differentiation of DPSCs and pulp tissue through the YAP/β-catenin signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixian Li
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, 56 Ling Yuan Xi Road, Guangzhou 510055, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiqing Xu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, 56 Ling Yuan Xi Road, Guangzhou 510055, Guangdong, China
| | - Maobin Yang
- Regenerative Health Research Laboratory, Department of Endodontology, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Yang Ning
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, 56 Ling Yuan Xi Road, Guangzhou 510055, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Ye
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, 56 Ling Yuan Xi Road, Guangzhou 510055, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongwei Jiang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, 56 Ling Yuan Xi Road, Guangzhou 510055, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Du
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, 56 Ling Yuan Xi Road, Guangzhou 510055, Guangdong, China
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Zheng L, Liu Y, Jiang L, Wang X, Chen Y, Li L, Song M, Zhang H, Zhang YS, Zhang X. Injectable decellularized dental pulp matrix-functionalized hydrogel microspheres for endodontic regeneration. Acta Biomater 2023; 156:37-48. [PMID: 36455855 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The sufficient imitation of tissue structures and components represents an effective and promising approach for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. Dental pulp disease is one of the most common oral diseases, although functional pulp regeneration remains challenging. Herein, we propose a strategy that employs hydrogel microspheres incorporated with decellularized dental pulp matrix-derived bioactive factors to simulate a pulp-specific three-dimensional (3D) microenvironment. The dental pulp microenvironment-specific microspheres constructed by this regenerative strategy exhibited favorable plasticity, biocompatibility, and biological performances. Human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) cultured on the constructed microspheres exhibited enhanced pulp-formation ability in vitro. Furthermore, the hDPSCs-microcarriers achieved the regeneration of pulp-like tissue and new dentin in a semi-orthotopic model in vivo. Mechanistically, the decellularized pulp matrix-derived bioactive factors mediated the multi-directional differentiation of hDPSCs to regenerate the pulp tissue by eliciting the secretion of crucial bioactive cues. Our findings demonstrated that a 3D dental pulp-specific microenvironment facilitated by hydrogel microspheres and dental pulp-specific bioactive factors regenerated the pulp-dentin complex and could be served as a promising treatment option for dental pulp disease. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Injectable bioscaffolds are increasingly used for regenerative endodontic treatment. Despite their success related to their ability to load stem cells, bioactive factors, and injectability, conventional bulk bioscaffolds have drawbacks such as ischemic necrosis in the central region. Various studies have shown that ischemic necrosis in the central region can be corrected by injectable hydrogel microspheres. Unfortunately, pristine microspheres or microspheres without dental pulp-specific bioactive factor would oftentimes fail to regulate stem cells fates in dental pulp multi-directional differentiation. Our present study reported the biofabrication of dental pulp-derived decellularized matrix functionalized gelatin microspheres, which contained dental pulp-specific bioactive factors and have the potential application in endodontic regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Zheng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, PR China; Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401174, PR China
| | - Yaxian Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, PR China; Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401174, PR China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, PR China; Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401174, PR China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, PR China; Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401174, PR China
| | - Yuqin Chen
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401174, PR China; Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, PR China
| | - Lan Li
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401174, PR China; Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, PR China
| | - Mingyu Song
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401174, PR China; Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, PR China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, PR China; Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401174, PR China.
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Ximu Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, PR China; Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401174, PR China.
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Shi Y, Wang Y, Shan Z, Gao Z. Decellularized rat submandibular gland as an alternative scaffold for dental pulp regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1148532. [PMID: 37152652 PMCID: PMC10160494 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1148532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Decellularized extracellular matrix has been recognized as an optimal scaffold for dental pulp regeneration. However, the limited amount of native dental pulp tissue restricts its clinical applications. The submandibular gland shares some basic extracellular matrix components and characteristics with dental pulp. However, whether decellularized submandibular gland extracellular matrix (DSMG) can be used as an alternative scaffold for dental pulp regenerative medicine is unclear. Methods: Thus, we successfully decellularized the whole rat submandibular gland and human dental pulp, and then conducted in vitro and in vivo studies to compare the properties of these two scaffolds for dental pulp regeneration. Results: Our results showed that extracellular matrix of the submandibular gland had great similarities in structure and composition with that of dental pulp. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the DSMG could support adhesion and proliferation of dental pulp stem cells in vitro. In vivo findings revealed that implanted cell-seeded DSMG formed a vascularized dental pulp-like tissue and expressed markers involved in dentinogenesis and angiogenesis. Discussion: In summary, we introduced a novel accessible biological scaffold and validated its effectiveness as an extracellular matrix-based tissue engineering scaffold for dental pulp regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zhenhua Gao
- *Correspondence: Zhenhua Gao, ; Zhaochen Shan,
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Ibarretxe G. Bioactive Materials for Next-Generation Dentistry. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:bioengineering9120782. [PMID: 36550988 PMCID: PMC9774274 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9120782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Teeth were some of the first organs whose function was effectively restored by inert refilling materials that have become widely known to the general public; amalgams, polymeric resin composites, and gutta-percha are some such examples [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaskon Ibarretxe
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
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The Four Pillars for Successful Regenerative Therapy in Endodontics: Stem Cells, Biomaterials, Growth Factors, and Their Synergistic Interactions. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:1580842. [PMID: 36193253 PMCID: PMC9526564 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1580842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Endodontics has made significant progress in regenerative approaches in recent years, thanks to advances in biologically based procedures or regenerative endodontic therapy (RET). In recent years, our profession has witnessed a clear conceptual shift in this therapy. RET was initially based on a blood clot induced by apical bleeding without harvesting the patient’s cells or cell-free RET. Later, the RET encompassed the three principles of tissue engineering, stromal/stem cells, scaffolds, and growth factors, aiming for the regeneration of a functional dentin pulp complex. The regenerated dental pulp will recover the protective mechanisms including innate immunity, tertiary dentin formation, and pain sensitivity. This comprehensive review covers the basic knowledge and practical information for translational applications of stem cell-based RET and tissue engineering procedures for the regeneration of dental pulp. It will also provide overall information on the emerging technologies in biological and synthetic matrices, biomaterials, and signaling molecules, recent advances in stem cell therapy, and updated experimental results. This review brings useful and timely clinical evidence for practitioners to understand the challenges faced for a successful cell-based RET and the importance of preserving or reestablishing tooth vitality. The clinical translation of these current bioengineering approaches will undoubtedly be beneficial to the future practice of endodontics.
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Sugiaman VK, Djuanda R, Pranata N, Naliani S, Demolsky WL. Tissue Engineering with Stem Cell from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth (SHED) and Collagen Matrix, Regulated by Growth Factor in Regenerating the Dental Pulp. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183712. [PMID: 36145860 PMCID: PMC9503223 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining dental pulp vitality and preventing tooth loss are two challenges in endodontic treatment. A tooth lacking a viable pulp loses its defense mechanism and regenerative ability, making it more vulnerable to severe damage and eventually necessitating extraction. The tissue engineering approach has drawn attention as an alternative therapy as it can regenerate dentin-pulp complex structures and functions. Stem cells or progenitor cells, extracellular matrix, and signaling molecules are triad components of this approach. Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) are a promising, noninvasive source of stem cells for tissue regeneration. Not only can SHEDs regenerate dentin-pulp tissues (comprised of fibroblasts, odontoblasts, endothelial cells, and nerve cells), but SHEDs also possess immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive properties. The collagen matrix is a material of choice to provide structural and microenvironmental support for SHED-to-dentin pulp tissue differentiation. Growth factors regulate cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation into specific phenotypes via signal-transduction pathways. This review provides current concepts and applications of the tissue engineering approach, especially SHEDs, in endodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinna K Sugiaman
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Maranatha Christian University, Bandung 40164, Indonesia
| | - Rudy Djuanda
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontic, Faculty of Dentistry, Maranatha Christian University, Bandung 40164, Indonesia
| | - Natallia Pranata
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Maranatha Christian University, Bandung 40164, Indonesia
| | - Silvia Naliani
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Maranatha Christian University, Bandung 40164, Indonesia
| | - Wayan L Demolsky
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Maranatha Christian University, Bandung 40164, Indonesia
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21
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Ye S, Wei B, Zeng L. Advances on Hydrogels for Oral Science Research. Gels 2022; 8:gels8050302. [PMID: 35621600 PMCID: PMC9140480 DOI: 10.3390/gels8050302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are biocompatible polymer systems, which have become a hotspot in biomedical research. As hydrogels mimic the structure of natural extracellular matrices, they are considered as good scaffold materials in the tissue engineering area for repairing dental pulp and periodontal damages. Combined with different kinds of stem cells and growth factors, various hydrogel complexes have played an optimistic role in endodontic and periodontal tissue engineering studies. Further, hydrogels exhibit biological effects in response to external stimuli, which results in hydrogels having a promising application in local drug delivery. This review summarized the advances of hydrogels in oral science research, in the hopes of providing a reference for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjia Ye
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China;
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Bin Wei
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai 200011, China
- Department of Stomatology Special Consultation Clinic, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
- Correspondence: (B.W.); (L.Z.)
| | - Li Zeng
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China;
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai 200011, China
- Correspondence: (B.W.); (L.Z.)
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22
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Lu J, Kahler B. Regenerative endodontic procedures for two traumatized mature anterior teeth with transverse root fractures. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:124. [PMID: 35413867 PMCID: PMC9004023 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02152-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) are an alternative treatment in immature traumatized teeth with necrotic pulp/apical periodontitis. However, this procedure has been infrequently reported in multiple transverse root fractures of mature teeth. This case report describes management of a patient with multiple horizontal root fractures in 2 maxillary central incisors that were successfully treated with REPs. Case presentation A 17-year-old girl had a history of traumatic injury to mature teeth 11 and tooth 21 resulting in multiple transverse root fractures. Clinical examination showed that both teeth responded to electric and thermal pulp sensibility tests with prolonged severe pain and were tender to percussion and palpation. Periapical radiographic examination showed both teeth were fully developed and had multiple transverse fractures in the mid-root. The pulp diagnosis was consistent with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. REPs were initiated with only the coronal fragments treated to preserve pulp vitality in the apical fragment for potential pulp tissue regeneration. After REPs, clinical signs/symptoms subsided, and the two teeth were followed for 48 months when cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging was also undertaken. At the last review, the case demonstrated root fractures healing with calcified tissue and pulp calcification in the apical fragments. Both teeth were stable and in function. Conclusions REPs have the potential to be used to treat traumatized and symptomatic mature permanent teeth that have sustained transverse root fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bill Kahler
- School of Dentistry, University of Queensland, 288 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, 4006, Australia.
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23
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Lee YS, Park YH, Seo YM, Lee HK, Park JC. Tubular dentin formation by TGF-β/BMP signaling in dental epithelial cells. Oral Dis 2022; 29:1644-1656. [PMID: 35199415 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to identify formation of tubular dentin induced by Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling pathway in dental epithelial cells. METHODS We collected conditioned medium (CM) of rTGF-β1/rBMP-2 treated HAT-7 and treated to MDPC-23 cells. The expression levels of odontoblast differentiation markers, KLF4, DMP1, and DSP were evaluated by real-time PCR and western blot analysis. To evaluate whether CM of rTGF-β1/rBMP-2 induces tubular dentin formation, we made a beagle dog tooth defect model. RESULTS Here, we show that Cpne7 is regulated by Smad4-dependent TGF-β1/BMP2 signaling pathway in dental epithelial cells. CM of rTGF-β1/rBMP-2 treated HAT-7, or rCPNE7 raises the expression levels of KLF4, DMP1, and DSP in MDPC-23 cells. When rTGF-β1 or rBMP-2 is directly treated to MDPC-23 cells, however, expression levels of Cpne7-regulated genes remain unchanged. In a beagle dog defect model, application of rTGF-β1/BMP2 treated CM resulted in tubular tertiary dentin mixed with osteodentin at cavity-prepared sites, while rTGF-β1 group exhibited homogenous osteodentin. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, Smad4-dependent TGF-β1/BMP2 signaling regulates Cpne7 in dental epithelial cells, and CPNE7 protein secreted from pre-ameloblasts mediates odontoblast differentiation via epithelial-mesenchymal interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Seon Lee
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology-Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanakro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeoung-Hyun Park
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology-Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanakro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Regenerative Dental Medicine R and D Center, Hysensbio Co., Ltd, Seoul, South Korea
| | - You-Mi Seo
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology-Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanakro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Lee
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology-Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanakro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Cheol Park
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology-Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanakro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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24
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Li J, Zhai Y, Rao N, Yuan X, Yang J, Li J, Yu S, Zhao Y, Ge L. TGF-β2 and TGF-β1 differentially regulate the odontogenic and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Arch Oral Biol 2022; 135:105357. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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25
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Vital Pulp Therapy in Aesthetic Zone-Identifying the Biomaterial That Reduces the Risk of Tooth Discolouration. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14206026. [PMID: 34683617 PMCID: PMC8539990 DOI: 10.3390/ma14206026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Calcium silicate-based cements are biocompatible materials for vital pulp therapy. However, they discolour the tooth tissue, which is important for the aesthetics of the anterior teeth. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of calcium silicate-based cements on tooth discolouration. The study included 70 extracted bovine incisors. The crown of the tooth was cut off from the root, 2 mm below the cement-enamel junction. The pulp tissue was removed via a cervical cut with a barbed broach. The teeth were randomly divided into five experimental, one positive, and one negative control groups. The evaluated materials included Biodentine, Ortho MTA, Retro MTA, MTA Plus, MTA Repair HP, and in the positive group, ProRoot MTA. A VITA Easyshade Compact 5.0 spectrophotometer was used before the application, after 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months. The significance levels were set at p < 0.05. All materials significantly changed the teeth colour (p < 0.05). However, Ortho MTA, ProRoot MTA, MTA Plus, and Biodentine (ΔE > 6) caused maximum colour change after 6 months. While the ProRoot MTA, Ortho MTA, and MTA Plus caused grey discolouration, Biodentine darkened the shade of the base colour. Thus, Retro MTA and MTA Repair HP can be safely used in the aesthetic dentition zone. According to these clinical results, the possibility of using Biodentine, due to its lack of gray discoloration, can be considered.
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26
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Wu M, Liu X, Li Z, Huang X, Guo H, Guo X, Yang X, Li B, Xuan K, Jin Y. SHED aggregate exosomes shuttled miR-26a promote angiogenesis in pulp regeneration via TGF-β/SMAD2/3 signalling. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e13074. [PMID: 34101281 PMCID: PMC8249784 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pulp regeneration brings big challenges for clinicians, and vascularization is considered as its determining factor. We previously accomplished pulp regeneration with autologous stem cells from deciduous teeth (SHED) aggregates implantation in teenager patients, however, the underlying mechanism needs to be clarified for regenerating pulp in adults. Serving as an important effector of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), exosomes have been reported to promote angiogenesis and tissue regeneration effectively. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of SHED aggregate-derived exosomes (SA-Exo) in the angiogenesis of pulp regeneration. MATERIALS AND METHODS We extracted exosomes from SHED aggregates and utilized them in the pulp regeneration animal model. The pro-angiogenetic effects of SA-Exo on SHED and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were evaluated. The related mechanisms were further investigated. RESULTS We firstly found that SA-Exo significantly improved pulp tissue regeneration and angiogenesis in vivo. Next, we found that SA-Exo promoted SHED endothelial differentiation and enhanced the angiogenic ability of HUVECs, as indicated by the in vitro tube formation assay. Mechanistically, miR-26a, which is enriched in SA-Exo, improved angiogenesis both in SHED and HUVECs via regulating TGF-β/SMAD2/3 signalling. CONCLUSIONS In summary, these data reveal that SA-Exo shuttled miR-26a promotes angiogenesis via TGF-β/SMAD2/3 signalling contributing to SHED aggregate-based pulp tissue regeneration. These novel insights into SA-Exo may facilitate the development of new strategies for pulp regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuemei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zihan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoyao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaohe Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoxue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kun Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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27
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Lin LM, Huang GTJ, Sigurdsson A, Kahler B. Clinical cell-based versus cell-free regenerative endodontics: clarification of concept and term. Int Endod J 2021; 54:887-901. [PMID: 33389773 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There is no consensus on the true meaning of clinical regenerative endodontics, and there is confusion over the concept and the term. Commonly used terms include revitalization and revascularization. The clinical methods for endodontic revitalization procedures and the tissue engineering concept differ depending on whether there is exogenous delivery of cells - called cell therapy, or not. Here, in this review, the difference is clarified by emphasizing the correct terminology: cell-free versus cell-based regenerative endodontic therapy (CF-RET versus CB-RET). The revitalization procedures practised clinically do not fit into the modern tissue engineering concepts of pulp regeneration but can be categorized as CF-RET. The modern tissue engineering concept in pulp regeneration is a CB-RET, which so far is at the clinical trial stage. However, histological examination of teeth following regenerative endodontic treatments reveals healing with repair derived from stem cells that originate from the periodontal, bone and other tissues. The aim of regenerative endodontics is regeneration of the pulp-dentine complex. This review discusses why CF-RET is unlikely to regenerate a pulp-dentine complex with current protocols. The American Association of Endodontists and the European Society of Endodontology have not yet recommended autologous stem cell transplantation (CB-RERT) which aspires for regeneration. Therefore, an understanding of the concept, term, difficulties and differences in current protocols is important for the clinician. However, rather than being discouraged that ideal regeneration has not been achieved to date, repair can be an acceptable outcome in clinical regenerative endodontics as it has also been accepted in medicine. Repair should also be considered in the context that resolution of the clinical signs/symptoms of pulp necrosis/apical periodontitis is generally reliably obtained in clinical regenerative endodontics.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Lin
- College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - G T-J Huang
- Department of Bioscience Research, College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - A Sigurdsson
- College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - B Kahler
- School of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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