Treatment of Pulp Canal Obliteration Using a Dynamic Navigation System: Two Case Reports

Advancements in guided surgical endodontics: A scoping review of case report and case series and research implications

This scoping review examined current case series and reports on guided surgical endodontic applications in order to provide a critical platform for future research. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) extension for scoping reviews guidelines were followed. A search on PubMed and Scopus yielded 611 articles, with 17 case reports and 1 series meeting inclusion criteria. Overall, guided surgery addressed anatomical complexities, with 15 articles employing static protocols and 3 dynamic. Results showed minimal iatrogenic errors and reduced chair time, with no postoperative issues reported. Within the cases described, guided endodontic surgery exhibited satisfactory results in management of anatomical complex cases. Cost-effectiveness, the need for adequate follow-up, procedure's reproducibility and accuracy, and objective measurement of the reduction in operative times and iatrogenic errors are some of the limitations in the current reports that need to be considered for planning of future experimental and cohort studies.

Comparing accuracy in guided endodontics: dynamic real-time navigation, static guides, and manual approaches for access cavity preparation - an in vitro study using 3D printed teeth

OBJECTIVES

To assess root canal localization accuracy using a dynamic approach, surgical guides and freehand technique in vitro.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Access cavities were prepared for 4 different 3D printed tooth types by 4 operators (n = 144). Deviations from the planning in angle and bur positioning were compared and operating time as well as tooth substance loss were evaluated (Kruskal-Wallis Test, ANOVA). Operating method, tooth type, and operator effects were analyzed (partial eta-squared statistic).

RESULTS

Angle deviation varied significantly between the operating methods (p < .0001): freehand (9.53 ± 6.36°), dynamic (2.82 ± 1.8°) and static navigation (1.12 ± 0.85°). The highest effect size was calculated for operating method (ηP²=0.524), followed by tooth type (0.364), and operator (0.08). Regarding deviation of bur base and tip localization no significant difference was found between the methods. Operating method mainly influenced both parameters (ηP²=0.471, 0.379) with minor effects of tooth type (0.157) and operator. Freehand technique caused most substance loss (p < .001), dynamic navigation least (p < .0001). Operating time was the shortest for freehand followed by static and dynamic navigation.

CONCLUSIONS

Guided endodontic access may aid in precise root canal localization and save tooth structure.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Although guided endodontic access preparation may require more time compared to the freehand technique, the guided navigation is more accurate and saves tooth structure.

The Use of Dynamic Navigation Systems as a Component of Digital Dentistry

The development of dynamic navigation system (DNS) has facilitated the development of modern digital medicine. In the field of dentistry, the cutting-edge technology is garnering widespread recognition. Based on the principles of 3-dimensional visualization, virtual design, and precise motion tracking, DNS is mainly composed of a computer, a tracking system, specialized tracer instruments, and navigation software. DNS employs a workflow that begins with preoperative data acquisition and imaging data reconstruction, followed by surgical instrument calibration and spatial registration, culminating in real-time guided operations. Currently, the system has been applied in a broad spectrum of dental procedures, encompassing dental implants, oral and maxillofacial surgery (such as tooth extraction, the treatment of maxillofacial fractures, tumors, and foreign bodies, orthognathic surgery, and temporomandibular joint ankylosis surgery), intraosseous anesthesia, and endodontic treatment (including root canal therapy and endodontic surgery). These applications benefit from its enhancements in direct visualization, treatment precision, efficiency, safety, and procedural adaptability. However, the adoption of DNS is not without substantial upfront costs, required comprehensive training, additional preparatory time, and increased radiation exposure. Despite challenges, the ongoing advancements in DNS are poised to broaden its utility and substantially strengthen digital dentistry.

Limitations and Management of Dynamic Navigation System for Locating Calcified Canals Failure

Nonsurgical endodontic teeth treatment with severe pulp canal obliteration poses challenges, primarily locating canals. By combining 3-dimensional reconstruction and spatial location registration, the dynamic navigation technique uses an optical tracking system to guide the clinician to drill in real time according to the predesigned path until access to the canal is established. Several in vitro studies and case reports have shown that calcified canal location with dynamic navigation system (DNS) is more accurate and efficient, yet the technique has limitations. In 4 cases with 7 teeth, this work presents manipulation process and clinical outcomes of DNS helping in calcified canal location. We performed handpiece adaptation and elucidated the failure to locate the canals with DNS in 2 teeth, resulting in canal geometry alteration and canal path deviation. Subsequently, the more experienced endodontist located the canals by combining cone-beam computed tomographic imaging and dental operating microscopy. All patients were completely asymptomatic after treatment. At the 1-year follow-up visit, the bone healing of periapical lesions progressed well according to the periapical radiography or cone-beam computed tomographic imaging. These findings indicate that DNS is a promising technique for locating calcified canals; however, it needs to be refined before clinical use.

Expert consensus on digital guided therapy for endodontic diseases

Digital guided therapy (DGT) has been advocated as a contemporary computer-aided technique for treating endodontic diseases in recent decades. The concept of DGT for endodontic diseases is categorized into static guided endodontics (SGE), necessitating a meticulously designed template, and dynamic guided endodontics (DGE), which utilizes an optical triangulation tracking system. Based on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images superimposed with or without oral scan (OS) data, a virtual template is crafted through software and subsequently translated into a 3-dimensional (3D) printing for SGE, while the system guides the drilling path with a real-time navigation in DGE. DGT was reported to resolve a series of challenging endodontic cases, including teeth with pulp obliteration, teeth with anatomical abnormalities, teeth requiring retreatment, posterior teeth needing endodontic microsurgery, and tooth autotransplantation. Case reports and basic researches all demonstrate that DGT stand as a precise, time-saving, and minimally invasive approach in contrast to conventional freehand method. This expert consensus mainly introduces the case selection, general workflow, evaluation, and impact factor of DGT, which could provide an alternative working strategy in endodontic treatment.

EDTA Combined with C-Pilot Files and Microultrasound for Root Canal Calcification: Dredging Effect and Safety Analysis

Objective

This paper discussed the dredging effect and safety of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) combined with C-pilot files and microultrasound (mUS) on root canal calcification.

Methods

From October 2021 to January 2022, 132 patients with calcified root canals treated in our hospital were selected as the research subjects. Among them, 64 cases who received EDTA combined with C-pilot Files and mUS plus ultrasonic instruments to dredge calcified root canals were regarded as the research group (RG), and another 68 cases given ultrasonic instruments plus C-pilot files were regarded as the control group (CG). The root canal dredging time was recorded, and the dredging success rate and total success rate of different tooth positions and calcification sites were compared between groups. The clinical efficacy was assessed 6 months after treatment. Pain severity was evaluated by the Pain Intensity Numerical Rating Scale (PI-NRS) before (T0), during (T1), and after treatment (T2). Finally, the incidence of adverse reactions within one week after treatment was counted.

Results

RG was observed with statistically higher success rates of root canal dredging in different tooth positions and calcified sites than CG (P < 0.05). Besides, the total effective rate of treatment was 92.19% in RG, which was also higher compared with CG, while the root canal dredging time in RG was shorter than that in CG (P < 0.05). Increased NRS scores were found in both groups at T1, and the score in RG was significantly lower compared with that in CG. At T2, both groups showed a lower PI-NRS score than T1 but higher than T0, and the score at T2 was also lower in RG as compared to CG (P < 0.05). Moreover, the reduced incidence of adverse reactions were observed in RG compared with CG (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

EDTA combined with C-pilot files and mUS can effectively improve the dredging success rate of root canals obstructed by calcification, shorten the dredging time, and improve patient comfort, which is an effective method for clinical dredging of calcification obstructed root canals.