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Ayankojo AG, Reut J, Syritski V. Electrochemically Synthesized MIP Sensors: Applications in Healthcare Diagnostics. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:71. [PMID: 38391990 PMCID: PMC10886925 DOI: 10.3390/bios14020071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Early-stage detection and diagnosis of diseases is essential to the prompt commencement of treatment regimens, curbing the spread of the disease, and improving human health. Thus, the accurate detection of disease biomarkers through the development of robust, sensitive, and selective diagnostic tools has remained cutting-edge scientific research for decades. Due to their merits of being selective, stable, simple, and having a low preparation cost, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are increasingly becoming artificial substitutes for natural receptors in the design of state-of-the-art sensing devices. While there are different MIP preparation approaches, electrochemical synthesis presents a unique and outstanding method for chemical sensing applications, allowing the direct formation of the polymer on the transducer as well as simplicity in tuning the film properties, thus accelerating the trend in the design of commercial MIP-based sensors. This review evaluates recent achievements in the applications of electrosynthesized MIP sensors for clinical analysis of disease biomarkers, identifying major trends and highlighting interesting perspectives on the realization of commercial MIP-endowed testing devices for rapid determination of prevailing diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vitali Syritski
- Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia; (A.G.A.); (J.R.)
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Wang Q, Mu Y, Ji S, Liu Y, Lou Y, Wei S, Dong X, Zhang B. Case Report: Complete pathological remission of human chorionic gonadotrophin-producing gallbladder carcinoma with multiple liver metastases after treatment with chemotherapy plus an immune checkpoint inhibitor. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1173520. [PMID: 37841278 PMCID: PMC10570427 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1173520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) producing human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) is an extremely rare and highly invasive tumor with a poor prognosis. This unfavorable clinical outcome is partly due to the aggressive nature of the tumor and its insensitivity to chemotherapy. Case presentation We herein report a case of primary GBC producing HCG with liver metastases in a 58-year-old woman. The patient presented with a markedly elevated β-HCG level and a mass in the gallbladder with multiple liver metastases. A definitive diagnosis was obtained after a needle biopsy of the liver metastases, showing poorly differentiated carcinoma with large-scale necrosis and strong positivity of immunostaining for HCG in tumor cells. The patient received chemotherapy (gemcitabine plus capecitabine) combined with carrellizumab, an immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI). Pathological complete response was achieved after eight courses of combined therapy, which was confirmed by pathological analysis of resected specimens. After surgery, two courses of chemotherapy plus ICIs were adopted again. Complete response remained for approximately 1 year up to the present. Tumor tissue was collected to perform immunostaining of PD-L1, whole-exome sequencing, and RNA-seq. Low-TMB (1.51 mut/Mb), MSS, and high PD-L1 expression (TPS ≥ 50%) were observed in the tumor. Besides, the dominant types of infiltrating immune cells were macrophage and CD4+ T cells. Compared to other gallbladder adenocarcinoma without HCG, the proportion of M1 macrophage was at a higher level and the gene sets of MYC targets v1 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling were highly expressed in our case. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of complete remission of HCG-producing gallbladder carcinoma with liver metastases after chemotherapy combined with an immune checkpoint inhibitor. Furthermore, this is also the first report that described the tumor genetic feature and tumor immune microenvironment atlas of HCG-producing GBC. Conclusion chemotherapy plus an immune checkpoint inhibitor may provide a potentially curative option for gallbladder carcinoma with HCG production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Wang
- Department of Surgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China
| | - Yunchuan Mu
- Department of Surgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China
| | - Shunxian Ji
- Department of Pathology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Surgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China
| | - Yanbo Lou
- Department of Surgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China
| | - Shumei Wei
- Department of Pathology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Dong
- Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Pokharel K, Gilbar PJ, Mansfield SK, Nair LM, So A. Elevated beta human chorionic gonadotropin in a non-pregnant female diagnosed with anal squamous cell carcinoma. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2019; 26:1266-1269. [PMID: 31840564 DOI: 10.1177/1078155219893428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Elevated serum beta human chorionic gonadotrophin (β-hCG) in a female normally indicates pregnancy or possibly, gestational trophoblastic disease or ovarian germ cell tumours. Expression of β-hCG has been demonstrated in cervical and endometrial carcinoma and other non-germ cell tumours of the ovary, vulva, breast, prostate, lung, colon, oral/facial tissue and stomach. CASE REPORT We report a 43-year-old premenopausal woman with p16 positive squamous cell anal cancer. Pre-treatment urinary screening was positive for β-hCG (218 IU/L), which was confirmed on serum and expressed in the tumour. Pelvic ultrasound ruled out pregnancy. Cervical cytology detected human papilloma virus p16 infection and a potential squamous intraepithelial lesion. Management and outcome: She received definitive chemoradiation (Mitomycin/5-fluorouracil) for six weeks. β-hCG, taken four weeks post completion, had returned to normal levels (<2 IU/L). DISCUSSION Cases of elevated serum β-hCG are documented in different cancers including breast, gastric, lung, ovarian and renal cell. In our case, the elevated β-hCG is probably ectopic excretion by the squamous cell carcinoma tumour in the anus. While this has never been reported previously in the anus, it is likely due to the documented risk of development of precancerous as well as cancerous anal and cervical lesions through human papilloma virus infection. Raised levels of β-hCG have been reported in cervical cancers. Other possible causes of β-hCG elevation were excluded. Following treatment, her β-hCG level returned to normal strengthening the hypothesis that β-hCG elevation was due to the anal carcinoma. In conclusion, unexplained ectopic secretion of β-hCG may be the first sign of a primary malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khageshwor Pokharel
- Cancer Care Services, Toowoomba Hospital, Toowoomba, Australia.,Rural Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia.,Private Practice Clinics, St Andrew's Hospital, Toowoomba, Australia
| | - Peter J Gilbar
- Cancer Care Services, Toowoomba Hospital, Toowoomba, Australia.,Rural Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia
| | - Scott K Mansfield
- Private Practice Clinics, St Andrew's Hospital, Toowoomba, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Toowoomba Hospital, Toowoomba, Australia
| | - Lekshmi M Nair
- ICON Cancer Centre, St Andrew's Hospital, Toowoomba, Australia
| | - Albertina So
- Sullivan and Nicolaides Pathology, Toowoomba Laboratory, Toowoomba, Australia
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Dąbrowski M, Zimińska A, Kalecki J, Cieplak M, Lisowski W, Maksym R, Shao S, D'Souza F, Kuhn A, Sharma PS. Facile Fabrication of Surface-Imprinted Macroporous Films for Chemosensing of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Hormone. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:9265-9276. [PMID: 30714713 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b17951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present an improved approach for the preparation of highly selective and homogeneous molecular cavities in molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) via the combination of surface imprinting and semi-covalent imprinting. Toward that, first, a colloidal crystal mold was prepared via the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique. Then, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) template protein was immobilized on the colloidal crystal mold. Later, hCG derivatization with electroactive functional monomers via amide chemistry was performed. In a final step, optimized potentiostatic polymerization of 2,3'-bithiophene enabled depositing an MIP film as the macroporous structure. This synergistic strategy resulted in the formation of molecularly imprinted cavities exclusively on the internal surface of the macropores, which were accessible after dissolution of silica molds. The recognition of hCG by the macroporous MIP film was transduced with the help of electric transducers, namely, extended-gate field-effect transistors (EG-FET) and capacitive impedimetry (CI). These readout strategies offered the ability to create chemosensors for the label-free determination of the hCG hormone. Other than the simple confirmation of pregnancy, hCG assay is a common tool for the diagnosis and follow-up of ectopic pregnancy or trophoblast tumors. Concentration measurements with these EG-FET and CI-based devices allowed real-time measurements of hCG in the range of 0.8-50 and 0.17-2.0 fM, respectively, in 10 mM carbonate buffer (pH = 10). Moreover, the selectivity of chemosensors with respect to protein interferences was very high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Dąbrowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52 , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zimińska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52 , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
- Department of Biomaterials Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy with Laboratory Medicine Division , Medical University of Warsaw , Banacha 1 , 02-097 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Jakub Kalecki
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52 , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Maciej Cieplak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52 , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Wojciech Lisowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52 , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Radosław Maksym
- Department of Reproductive Health, Center of Postgraduate Medical Education , St. Sophia Hospital , Zelazna 90 , 01-004 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Shuai Shao
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Texas , 1155 Union Circle No. 305070 , Denton , Texas 76203-5017 , United States
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Texas , 1155 Union Circle No. 305070 , Denton , Texas 76203-5017 , United States
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP , 16 Avenue Pey Berland , 33607 Pessac , France
| | - Piyush S Sharma
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52 , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
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