Visual estimation of postpartum blood loss during a simulation training: A prospective study

Calculation methods for intraoperative blood loss: a literature review

Intraoperative bleeding is a common issue in various surgical procedures, and the extent of bleeding significantly impacts the safety, efficacy, and prognosis of surgery. Therefore, accurate assessment of intraoperative blood loss and timely intervention are essential for the smooth progression of surgery and favorable clinical outcomes. Currently, clinical methods for estimating blood loss are generally classified into two main categories: visual and calculation methods. Calculation methods are further delineated into weighing techniques and concentration-based approaches. Although the visual method is criticized for its subjectivity and inaccuracy, it remains the most widely used approach in clinical practice for assessing intraoperative blood loss. This article reviews different methods for assessing blood loss during surgery and compares their respective advantages and disadvantages, aiming to provide surgeons with a more reliable foundation for intraoperative blood loss evaluation.

Assessment of Structural and Process Readiness for Postpartum Haemorrhage Care in Uganda and Ghana: A Mixed Methods Study

OBJECTIVE

To determine structural and process readiness for postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) care at referral-level facilities in Ghana and Uganda to identify opportunities for strengthening.

DESIGN

Mixed-methods cross-sectional study.

SETTING

Three districts in Ghana and two in Uganda.

POPULATION OR SAMPLE

Nine hospitals in Ghana and seven in Uganda; all hospitals had theoretical capacity for caesarean section and blood transfusion.

METHODS

We deployed a modular quantitative health facility assessment to explore structural readiness (drugs, equipment, staff) complemented by in-depth interviews with maternity health service providers to understand process readiness (knowledge, attitudes, and practices as related to World Health Organization [WHO] guidance on PPH care).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Availability of essential structural components needed to support key PPH processes of care.

RESULTS

In both countries, there was generally good structural readiness for PPH care. However, key common gaps included inadequate staffing (especially specialist physicians), and unavailability of blood for transfusion. Interviews highlighted particularly good process readiness in the provision of uterotonics, recognising and responding to retained placenta, and repairing tears. However, there were clear gaps in the utilisation of tranexamic acid and uterine balloon tamponade.

CONCLUSIONS

We have identified good structural and process readiness across both Ghanaian and Ugandan health facilities to support PPH responses. However, some key missed opportunities-to align with current WHO guidance on providing bundles of interventions for PPH care-could be strengthened with minimal investment but promising impact.

Two Postpartum Blood Collection Devices: The Brass-V Drape and MaternaWell Tray-As Experienced by Birth Attendants and Birthing Women-A Questionnaire-Based Randomised Study

Background

Postpartum haemorrhage is the leading cause of preventable maternal mortality worldwide. Early identification and prompt management of postpartum haemorrhage improve outcomes. Objective assessment of postpartum blood loss is an important step in identifying postpartum haemorrhage. The Brass-V drape and MaternaWell tray have been designed for routine measurement of postpartum blood loss. The perceived utility and acceptability of these devices to the parturients and birth attendants still begged exploring.

Objective

To assess the perceived usefulness and ease of use of a Brass-V drape versus a MaternaWell tray for the collection of postpartum blood loss.

Methods

We conducted a prospective parallel randomised trial, employing a questionnaire to assess the experiences of birth attendants and birthing women who used these devices. The study was conducted at site B midwife obstetric unit in Khayelitsha Cape Town. Pregnant women presenting in early labour were approached for voluntary participation. After informed consent was obtained, participants were randomly assigned to the Brass-V drape or the MaternaWell tray, which the birth attendant placed after the birth of the baby.

Results

There were 63 participants, of which 33 were assigned to the MaternaWell tray and 30 to the Brass-V drape. Birth attendants indicated a desire to use the MaternaWell tray (30 (90%)) or Brass-V drape (26 (87%)) in future deliveries. The parturients were also in favour of the future use of MaternaWell tray (33 (100%)) and Brass-V drape (28 (93%)). Ease of measurement favoured the Brass V-drape, and ease of placement favoured the MaternaWell tray. Five (8%) participants experienced postpartum haemorrhage, two with the MaternaWell tray and three with the Brass-V drape. One parturient required hospital transfer.

Conclusion

The responses of the birth attendants and parturients were positive. The MaternaWell tray has the benefit of reuse and lower cost and is an acceptable alternative to the Brass-V drape. Both devices aid in the early recognition of postpartum haemorrhage.

A Single-Centre Retrospective Analysis of Pregnancies with Placenta Accreta Spectrum (PAS): From One-Step Surgery towards Two-Step Surgical Approach

Background: Placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) can be the cause of major morbidity and its optimal management is still controversial. The aim of this study was to compare the traditional one-step surgery with a two-step surgical approach in which the placenta is left in situ and the second final operation is delayed to minimise blood loss. Methods: We conducted a single-centre retrospective cohort study including all patients managed for PAS between 2007 and 2023. The number of units of red blood cells (RBCs) needed during surgery was the primary outcome used to compare these two approaches. Results: A total of 43 cases were included in this analysis. Twenty of these were managed with the delayed two-step surgical approach, whereas 23 received one-step surgery. The median estimated blood loss during surgery was 2000 mL and 2800 mL for two-step and one-step surgery, respectively (p = 0.095). In the two-step surgical approach, the median number of RBC units transfused during surgery was significantly lower (p = 0.049) and the odds ratio for needing more than four units of RBCs was 0.28 (95%-CI: 0.08-0.98, p = 0.043). A longer interval between the caesarean section and the second operation showed a trend toward lower blood loss (p = 0.065) and was associated with a significantly lower number of RBC units needed during surgery (p = 0.019). Conclusions: Two-step surgery for the treatment of PAS was safe in our cohort and could lead to a reduction in blood transfusion. Leaving the placenta in situ and delaying the final operation represents a possible alternative to traditional caesarean hysterectomy.

Hemoglobin loss method calculates blood loss during pancreaticoduodenectomy and predicts bleeding-related risk factors

BACKGROUND

The common clinical method to evaluate blood loss during pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is visual inspection, but most scholars believe that this method is extremely subjective and inaccurate. Currently, there is no accurate, objective method to evaluate the amount of blood loss in PD patients.

AIM

The hemoglobin (Hb) loss method was used to analyze the amount of blood loss during PD, which was compared with the blood loss estimated by traditional visual methods. The risk factors for bleeding were also predicted at the same time.

METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 341 patients who underwent PD in Shandong Provincial Hospital from March 2017 to February 2019. According to different surgical methods, they were divided into an open PD (OPD) group and a laparoscopic PD (LPD) group. The differences and correlations between the intraoperative estimation of blood loss (IEBL) obtained by visual inspection and the intraoperative calculation of blood loss (ICBL) obtained using the Hb loss method were analyzed. ICBL, IEBL and perioperative calculation of blood loss (PCBL) were compared between the two groups, and single-factor regression analysis was performed.

RESULTS

There was no statistically significant difference in the preoperative general patient information between the two groups (P > 0.05). PD had an ICBL of 743.2 (393.0, 1173.1) mL and an IEBL of 100.0 (50.0, 300.0) mL (P < 0.001). There was also a certain correlation between the two (r = 0.312, P < 0.001). Single-factor analysis of ICBL showed that a history of diabetes [95% confidence interval (CI): 53.82-549.62; P = 0.017] was an independent risk factor for ICBL. In addition, the single-factor analysis of PCBL showed that body mass index (BMI) (95%CI: 0.62-76.75; P = 0.046) and preoperative total bilirubin > 200 μmol/L (95%CI: 7.09-644.26; P = 0.045) were independent risk factors for PCBL. The ICBLs of the LPD group and OPD group were 767.7 (435.4, 1249.0) mL and 663.8 (347.7, 1138.2) mL, respectively (P > 0.05). The IEBL of the LPD group 200.0 (50.0, 200.0) mL was slightly greater than that of the OPD group 100.0 (50.0, 300.0) mL (P > 0.05). PCBL was greater in the LPD group than the OPD group [1061.6 (612.3, 1632.3) mL vs 806.1 (375.9, 1347.6) mL] (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The ICBL in patients who underwent PD was greater than the IEBL, but there is a certain correlation between the two. The Hb loss method can be used to evaluate intraoperative blood loss. A history of diabetes, preoperative bilirubin > 200 μmol/L and high BMI increase the patient's risk of bleeding.

Blood loss estimation during posterior spinal fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

PURPOSE

Blood loss (BL) during posterior spinal fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) may be estimated using a variety of unproven techniques. Patient care and research on BL are likely impacted by a lack of standardization. A novel FDA-approved blood volume (BV) analysis system (BVA-100 Blood Volume Analyzer) allows rapid processing with > 97% accuracy. The purpose of this study was to investigate common methods for BL estimation.

METHODS

BV assessment was performed with the BVA-100. After obtaining a baseline sample of 5 mL of blood, 1 mL of I-131-labeled albumin was injected intravenously over 1 min. Five milliliter blood samples were then collected at 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 min post-injection. Intravenous fluid was minimized to maintain euvolemia. Salvaged blood was not administered during surgery. BL was estimated using several common techniques and compared to the BV measurements provided by the BVA-100 (BVABL).

RESULTS

Thirty AIS patients were prospectively enrolled with major curves of 54° and underwent fusions of 10 levels. BL based on the BVA-100 (BVABL) was 519.2 [IQR 322.9, 886.2] mL. Previously published formulas all failed to approximate BVABL. Multiplying the cell saver volume return by 3 (CS3) approximates BVABL well with a Spearman correlation coefficient and ICC of 0.80 and 0.72, respectively. An extrapolated cell salvage-based estimator also showed high intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Spearman coefficients with less bias than CS3.

CONCLUSION

Published formulaic approaches do not approximate true blood loss. Multiplying the cell saver volume by 3 or using the cell salvage-based estimator had the highest correlation coefficient and ICC.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Prospective cohort Level 2.

Measurement of postpartum blood loss using a new two-set liquid collection bag for vaginal delivery: A prospective, randomized, case control study

BACKGROUND

Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a major obstetric complication, and the real-time measurement of blood loss is important in the management and treatment of PPH. We designed a new two-set liquid collection bag (TSLCB) for measuring postpartum blood loss in vaginal delivery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the TSLCB in separating the blood from the amniotic fluid during vaginal delivery and in determining the accuracy of the measured postpartum blood loss.

METHODS

A prospective, randomized, case control study was conducted in the Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, from March 2018 to April 2018. Sixty single pregnant women with spontaneous labor at 37-41 weeks without maternal complications were randomly divided into the experimental and control groups. The TSLCB was used to evaluate separately the amount of blood and amniotic fluid. For the control group, visual estimation and traditional plastic blood-collecting consumables were used to estimate the amount of postpartum blood loss. The measured blood loss between the two groups was compared, and the association of the measured blood loss with various clinical lab indices and vital signs was investigated.

RESULTS

The TSLCB (the experimental group) improved the detection of the measured blood loss compared with visual estimation and the traditional method (the control group) (P < .05). In the experimental group, correlation analysis showed that the measured blood loss at delivery and within 24 h of delivery was significantly associated with the decreased hemoglobin level, red blood cell count, and hematocrit level of patients (r = -0.574, -0.455, -0.437; r = 0.-595, -0.368, -0.374; P < .05). In the control group, only the measured blood loss within 24 h of delivery was associated with the decreased hemoglobin level (r = -0.395, P < .05). No blood transfusion and plasma expanders were required in the treatment of PPH for both groups.

CONCLUSIONS

The TSLCB can be used to accurately measure the postpartum blood loss in vaginal delivery by medical personnel.

Assessment of a multiprofessional training programme by in situ simulation in the maternity units of the Pays de Loire regional perinatal network

INTRODUCTION

Initially dispensed in specialized simulation centers, simulation training has recently begun to take place directly in healthcare facilities, that is, in situ. The objective of this study is to assess the effect of training by in situ simulation in obstetrics.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The training program, dispensed over a 2-day period, took place in maternity units of the members of the Pays de la Loire perinatal network, Réseau Sécurité Naissance (Network Safety Birth). All participants received a learner satisfaction questionnaire to complete (5-point Likert-like scales). Then, at least 6 months later, each maternity ward received a general questionnaire to assess the effect of the training, as well as a second questionnaire specific to each institution, about the areas for improvement proposed by the teaching team after debriefings.

RESULTS

The 14 establishments included in our study returned 375 satisfaction questionnaires. In all, 91.1 % were very satisfied and reported that the training met their expectations, and 99.7 % thought the program would have an impact on their professional practice. More than 94 % of the learners wanted more simulation sessions. Among the 14 facilities, 9 (64.3 %) returned their evaluation questionnaires. In 44.4 % of cases, they reported improvement in team cohesion and in team communication, while the others reported these elements remained stable. All maternity units reported that the training had a positive impact on their team, and that they would be interested in new training program with in situ simulation.

DISCUSSION

Most participants clearly appreciated this training. In situ simulation training also led to the identification of areas for improvements, many of them accomplished, through the drafting of protocols or material modifications aimed at improving staff practices and therefore global patient care. There are many ways by which these training programs can be made sustainable, including the development of a new training program of in situ simulation or the creation of onsite simulation sessions on demand or by the professionals at each institution.

CONCLUSION

This survey demonstrated the enthusiasm of healthcare professionals about in situ simulation. Moreover, overall improvement in team communication and cohesion was reported in the medium term (evaluation at more than 6 months). The interest of continuing these training sessions appears undeniable.

Simulation for intrapartum care: from training to novel device innovation

Improving maternal and perinatal care is a global priority. Simulation training and novel applications of simulation for intrapartum care may help to reduce preventable deaths worldwide. Evaluation studies have published details of the effectiveness of simulation training for obstetric emergencies, exploring clinical and non-clinical factors as well as the impact on patient outcomes (both maternal and neonatal). This review summarized the many uses of simulation in obstetric emergencies from training to assessment. It also described the adaption of training in low-resource settings and the evidence behind the equipment recommended to support simulation training. The review also discussed novel applications for simulation such as its use in the development of a new device for assisted vaginal birth and its potential role in Cesarean section training. This study analyzed the financial implications of simulation training and how this may impact the delivery of such training packages, considering that simulation should be developed and utilized as a key tool in the development of safe intrapartum care in both emergency and non-emergency settings, in innovation and product development.