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Fitzpatrick SG. Reactive and Nonreactive White Lesions of the Oral Mucosa. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2023; 35:237-246. [PMID: 37019506 DOI: 10.1016/j.coms.2022.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
White lesions in the oral cavity may be diverse in etiology and may present with significant clinical and sometimes histologic overlap between categories, making accurate diagnosis difficult at times. Although white lesions of immune and infectious etiology are covered in another article, this article discusses the differential diagnosis between developmental, reactive, idiopathic, premalignant, and malignant white lesions focusing on clinical features of each category.
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McParland H, Warnakulasuriya S. Lichenoid morphology could be an early feature of oral proliferative verrucous leukoplakia. J Oral Pathol Med 2021; 50:229-235. [PMID: 33185900 DOI: 10.1111/jop.13129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recognition and differentiation of early forms of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) could be a challenge to both clinicians and pathologists. OBJECTIVE To report on a retrospective study that was carried out on 51 cases of PVL that were initially diagnosed as frictional keratosis, oral leukoplakia or oral lichen planus. A secondary objective is to report on the outcome of malignant transformation during follow-up. METHODS Records of patients seen at an oral medicine clinic with the final clinical diagnosis of PVL were audited for early clinical and histopathologic features in their biopsy at first presentation, and for subsequent malignant transformation. RESULTS Fifty-one patients (25 men and 26 women) with a mean age 51 years (men) and 53 years (women) at initial presentation were studied. 28% men and 11.5% women were current smokers. Initial clinical diagnoses were frictional keratoses (n = 4), Leukoplakia (n = 17) and lichen planus (n = 30). Epithelial dysplasia was reported in the initial biopsy in 12 cases and lichen planus/lichenoid features in 22 cases (22/51; 43%). Malignant transformation occurred in 11/51 patients (21.5%). CONCLUSION Lichen planus or lichenoid lesions could be the initial presentation of many PVL cases that later develop multiple leukoplakic lesions with a final diagnosis of PVL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen McParland
- Department of Oral Medicine, Guy's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Saman Warnakulasuriya
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Cancer, London, UK
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3
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Thompson LDR, Fitzpatrick SG, Müller S, Eisenberg E, Upadhyaya JD, Lingen MW, Vigneswaran N, Woo SB, Bhattacharyya I, Bilodeau EA, Carlos R, Islam MN, Leon ME, Lewis JS, Magliocca KR, Mani H, Mehrad M, Purgina B, Richardson M, Wenig BM, Cohen DM. Proliferative Verrucous Leukoplakia: An Expert Consensus Guideline for Standardized Assessment and Reporting. Head Neck Pathol 2021; 15:572-587. [PMID: 33415517 PMCID: PMC8134585 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-020-01262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The many diverse terms used to describe the wide spectrum of changes seen in proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) have resulted in disparate clinical management. The objective of this study was to produce an expert consensus guideline for standardized assessment and reporting by pathologists diagnosing PVL related lesions. 299 biopsies from 84 PVL patients from six institutions were selected from patients who had multifocal oral leukoplakic lesions identified over several years (a minimum follow-up period of 36 months). The lesions demonstrated the spectrum of histologic features described in PVL, and in some cases, patients developed oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). An expert working group of oral and maxillofacial and head and neck pathologists reviewed microscopic features in a rigorous fashion, in combination with review of clinical photographs when available. The working group then selected 43 single slide biopsy cases for whole slide digital imaging (WSI) review by members of the consensus conference. The digital images were then reviewed in two surveys separated by a washout period of at least 90 days. Five non-PVL histologic mimics were included as controls. Cases were re-evaluated during a consensus conference with 19 members reporting on the cases. The best inter-observer diagnostic agreement relative to PVL lesions were classified as "corrugated ortho(para)hyperkeratotic lesion, not reactive" and "SCC" (chi-square p = 0.015). There was less than moderate agreement (kappa < 0.60) for lesions in the "Bulky hyperkeratotic epithelial proliferation, not reactive" category. There was ≥ moderate agreement (> 0.41 kappa) for 35 of 48 cases. This expert consensus guideline has been developed with support and endorsement from the leadership of the American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and the North American Society of Head and Neck Pathologists to recommend the use of standardized histopathologic criteria and descriptive terminology to indicate three categories of lesions within PVL: (1) "corrugated ortho(para)hyperkeratotic lesion, not reactive;" (2) "bulky hyperkeratotic epithelial proliferation, not reactive;" and (3) "suspicious for," or "squamous cell carcinoma." Classification of PVL lesions based on a combination of clinical findings and these histologic descriptive categories is encouraged in order to standardize reporting, aid in future research and potentially guide clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lester D. R. Thompson
- Department of Pathology, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Woodland Hills Medical Center, 5601 De Soto Avenue Woodland Hills, CA 91364 Woodland Hills, USA
| | - Sarah G. Fitzpatrick
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Susan Müller
- Atlanta Oral Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Decatur, GA USA
| | - Ellen Eisenberg
- Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT USA
| | - Jasbir D. Upadhyaya
- Section of Diagnostic Sciences, Department of Applied Dental Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Dental Medicine, Alton, IL USA
| | - Mark W. Lingen
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Nadarajah Vigneswaran
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas School of Dentistry at Houston, Houston, TX USA
| | - Sook-Bin Woo
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA USA
| | - Indraneel Bhattacharyya
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Bilodeau
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Roman Carlos
- Centro Clínico de Cabeza y Cuello, Patología División, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Mohammed N. Islam
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Marino E. Leon
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - James S. Lewis
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Kelly R. Magliocca
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Haresh Mani
- Department of Pathology, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA USA
| | - Mitra Mehrad
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Bibianna Purgina
- Department of Pathology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario Canada
| | - Mary Richardson
- Department of Pathology, MUSC Health-University Medical Center, Charleston, SC USA
| | - Bruce M. Wenig
- Department of Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Donald M. Cohen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL USA
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Upadhyaya JD, Fitzpatrick SG, Islam MN, Bhattacharyya I, Narayana N, Cohen DM. Marginal linear gingival leukoplakia progressing to "ring around the collar"-An ominous sign of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia. J Periodontol 2020; 92:273-285. [PMID: 32725623 DOI: 10.1002/jper.19-0621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potentially malignant lesions of the gingiva may frequently present as well-demarcated white lesions confined to the marginal gingiva. These lesions often become thick and verrucoid and spread along the marginal gingiva to encircle the tooth. Some cases of marginal gingival leukoplakia, over time, progress to extensively involve the gingiva fulfilling the criteria for proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL). The objective of this study is to raise awareness of this pattern of leukoplakia by reporting a series of cases of marginal gingival leukoplakia. METHODS An Institutional Review Board approved retrospective search of University of Florida and University of Nebraska Medical Center oral biopsy services was performed for all gingival biopsies. Inclusion criteria included cases exhibiting marginal gingival leukoplakia, and with accompanying clinical images. RESULTS A total of 30 cases of marginal gingival leukoplakia were included. All cases presented as well-demarcated leukoplakias, either on the buccal or lingual gingival margin, or circumferentially forming a "ring around the collar" of single or multiple teeth. Eight patients had recurrent lesions and 12 had multifocal involvement. Six of the 12 patients with multifocal involvement presented with a "ring around the collar." The histopathologic diagnoses were representative of benign lesions in seven cases, premalignant in 13, and malignant or suggestive of malignancy in 10 cases. Seven patients had carcinoma at the time of first biopsy, whereas 6 cases showed progression at time of follow-up. CONCLUSION This study aims to raise awareness that marginal gingival leukoplakia may represent potentially malignant lesions, and if circumferential and/or thick, may be the first manifestation of PVL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasbir D Upadhyaya
- Department of Applied Dental Medicine, Section of Diagnostic Sciences, Southern Illinois University School of Dental Medicine, Alton, IL
| | - Sarah G Fitzpatrick
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL
| | - Mohammed N Islam
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL
| | - Indraneel Bhattacharyya
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL
| | - Nagamani Narayana
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Dentistry, Lincoln, NE
| | - Donald M Cohen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL
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Proliferative Verrucous Leukoplakia of the Gingiva: An Early Lesion Refractory to Surgical Excision. Case Rep Dent 2019; 2019:5785060. [PMID: 31772784 PMCID: PMC6854949 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5785060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes a case of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) of the gingiva with no discernible aetiology, which presented in a 36-year-old female. The initial nonscrapable gingival lesion was treated with CO2 laser ablation, and the histopathological evaluation was carried out. The presence of koilocytic cells in the superficial epithelium led to immunohistochemical investigations with p16 antibody, which showed strong nuclear positivity and slight cytoplasmic positivity in >50% of the cells with >25% confluency. However, it was not possible to confirm the presence of HPV infection with further investigations due to logistic reasons. The lesion recurred twice within a short time despite the surgical resection following the first recurrence. Thus, this paper presents a case of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia, which demonstrated a significant resistance to routine treatment protocols recommended in the management of such lesions.
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Holmstrup P, Plemons J, Meyle J. Non-plaque-induced gingival diseases. J Periodontol 2019; 89 Suppl 1:S28-S45. [PMID: 29926945 DOI: 10.1002/jper.17-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
While plaque-induced gingivitis is one of the most common human inflammatory diseases, several non-plaque-induced gingival diseases are less common but often of major significance for patients. The non-plaque-induced gingival lesions are often manifestations of systemic conditions, but they may also represent pathologic changes limited to gingival tissues. A classification is proposed, based on the etiology of the lesions and includes: Genetic/Developmental disorders; Specific infections; Inflammatory and immune conditions and lesions; Reactive processes; Neoplasms; Endocrine, Nutritional and metabolic diseases; Traumatic lesions; and Gingival pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palle Holmstrup
- Section of Periodontology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacqueline Plemons
- Department of Periodontics, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joerg Meyle
- Department of Periodontology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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van der Waal I. Oral leukoplakia; a proposal for simplification and consistency of the clinical classification and terminology. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2019; 24:e799-e803. [PMID: 31655843 PMCID: PMC6901141 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.23372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a distinct lack of uniformity in the definitions and clinical terminologies related to oral leukoplakia and leukoplakialike lesions and disorders. Proposals have been put forward to subclassify leukoplakia into a homogeneous and a non-homogeneous type based on color only, being either predominantly white or mixed white-and-red, respectively, irrespective of the texture of the lesion. In this proposal there is no need anymore to regard the poorly defined proliferative verrucous leukoplakia as a separate entity. Since keratosis is primarily a histopathological term, its clinical use is discouraged. Alternative terminology for these so-called keratotic lesions and disorders has been put forward. Finally, a suggestion has been made to rename the term hairy leukoplakia, being a well defined, not potentially malignant disorder particularly related to HIV-infection, into 'EBV-positive white lesion of the tongue' (EBVposWLT).
Key words:Potentially malignant oral disorders, oral leukoplakia, oral keratosis, hairy leukoplakia.
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Affiliation(s)
- I van der Waal
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology VU University Medical Center P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Holmstrup P, Plemons J, Meyle J. Non-plaque-induced gingival diseases. J Clin Periodontol 2019; 45 Suppl 20:S28-S43. [PMID: 29926497 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
While plaque-induced gingivitis is one of the most common human inflammatory diseases, several non-plaque-induced gingival diseases are less common but often of major significance for patients. The non-plaque-induced gingival lesions are often manifestations of systemic conditions, but they may also represent pathologic changes limited to gingival tissues. A classification is proposed, based on the etiology of the lesions and includes: Genetic/Developmental disorders; Specific infections; Inflammatory and immune conditions and lesions; Reactive processes; Neoplasms; Endocrine, Nutritional and metabolic diseases; Traumatic lesions; and Gingival pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palle Holmstrup
- Section of Periodontology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacqueline Plemons
- Department of Periodontics, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joerg Meyle
- Department of Periodontology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T. Stoopler
- Department of Oral Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Thomas P. Sollecito
- Department of Oral Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Faizan Alawi
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Division of Dermatopathology, Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia
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van der Waal I. Historical perspective and nomenclature of potentially malignant or potentially premalignant oral epithelial lesions with emphasis on leukoplakia—some suggestions for modifications. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2018; 125:577-581. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Carrard VC, van der Waal I. A clinical diagnosis of oral leukoplakia; A guide for dentists. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2018; 23:e59-e64. [PMID: 29274164 PMCID: PMC5822541 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.22292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In view of the many white or predominantly white lesions of the oral mucosa it is a challenge for dentists to clinically identify a leukoplakia, being a potentially (pre)malignant lesion. Material and Methods Based on the available literature and experience of the authors the parameters of a clinical diagnosis of oral leukoplakia have been studied. Results A guide has been presented that should help dentists to establish a clinical diagnosis of leukoplakia as accurate as possible. Conclusions Probably in most parts of the world dentists will need the help of a specialist for confirmation or exclusion of the clinical diagnosis of oral leukoplakia and for further management of the patient, including patient information. Key words:Oral diseases, oral leukoplakia.
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Affiliation(s)
- V-C Carrard
- VU medical center/ ACTA, dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Pathology P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
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Nagao T, Warnakulasuriya S, Hasegawa S, Sakuma H, Miyabe S, Komaki K, Ishii K, Machida J, Kimura M, Kuroyanagi N, Saito T, Takeuchi G, Ohyabu T, Shimozato K, Hashimoto S. Elucidating risk factors for oral leukoplakia affecting gingivae in Japanese subjects. TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH IN ORAL ONCOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/2057178x16654704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Clinicopathological studies have revealed some distinct anatomical variations in the clinical presentation of oral leukoplakia (OL). Screening studies have shown that gingival leukoplakia (GL) to be more common among the Japanese. Objective: A hospital-based case-control study was undertaken among patients diagnosed with OL to compare clinico-pathological data between GL and OL affecting other sites (n-GL). Methods: One hundred fifty-one subjects attending four city hospitals in Japan diagnosed with OL were recruited to this study. OL was diagnosed by World Health Organization criteria. They were interviewed for risk factors, clinical presentations were charted and investigated by patch testing for allergy to dental materials and by biopsy for dysplasia. Results: Eighty-eight with GL and 63 with n-GL were included in the study. GL lesions were predominantly white (93%) though n-GL leukoplakia had red (speckled) foci in 26%. Eighty percent of GL were seen in association with prosthesis or restorations. There were no significant differences by age or in tobacco and alcohol use in the two groups. Metal allergy test was positive in 58% of the GL but was not significantly higher compared to the n-GL (41%). Histopathological features showed that inflammatory cell infiltrate was predominant in n-GL group ( p = 0.021). Higher dysplasia grades were also found in n-GL ( p = 0.018). During follow-up, nine oral cancers (14%) were detected in n-GL group and among GL cases four developed oral carcinomas (5%) ( p = 0.043). Cox hazard regression analysis revealed that after adjusting for age and sex, GL group was found to have a lower malignant risk, with a hazard ratio of 0.89 (95% CI: 0.51–1.04) when compared to n-GL. Conclusions: GL was more benign compared to n-GL in Japanese subjects, though risk factors appear similar. Further study is warranted to ascertain whether trauma may play an important role for hyperkeratinization of gingival tissues and possible evolution of GL to proliferative verrucous leukoplakia in later years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Nagao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Stomatology, Okazaki City Hospital, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Cancer and Precancer, King’s College London Dental Institute, London, UK
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Aichi-Gakuin Dental Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Hygiene, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saman Warnakulasuriya
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Cancer and Precancer, King’s College London Dental Institute, London, UK
| | - Shogo Hasegawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hidenori Sakuma
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Aichi-Gakuin Dental Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoru Miyabe
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Aichi-Gakuin Dental Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kanji Komaki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yokkaichi Municipal Hospital, Yokkaichi, Japan
| | - Koh Ishii
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yokkaichi Municipal Hospital, Yokkaichi, Japan
| | - Junichiro Machida
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Japan
| | - Masashi Kimura
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Aichi-Gakuin Dental Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Norio Kuroyanagi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hekinan City Hospital, Hekinan, Japan
| | - Terumi Saito
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Stomatology, Okazaki City Hospital, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Go Takeuchi
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Aichi-Gakuin Dental Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takuya Ohyabu
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Aichi-Gakuin Dental Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuo Shimozato
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Aichi-Gakuin Dental Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shuji Hashimoto
- Department of Hygiene, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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van der Waal I. Oral leukoplakia, the ongoing discussion on definition and terminology. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2015; 20:e685-92. [PMID: 26449439 PMCID: PMC4670248 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.21007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decades several definitions of oral leukoplakia have been proposed, the last one, being authorized by the World Health Organization (WHO), dating from 2005. In the present treatise an adjustment of that definition and the 1978 WHO definition is suggested, being : “A predominantly white patch or plaque that cannot be characterized clinically or pathologically as any other disorder; oral leukoplakia carries an increased risk of cancer development either in or close to the area of the leukoplakia or elsewhere in the oral cavity or the head-and-neck region”. Furthermore, the use of strict diagnostic criteria is recommended for predominantly white lesions for which a causative factor has been identified, e.g. smokers’ lesion, frictional lesion and dental restoration associated lesion. A final diagnosis of such leukoplakic lesions can only be made in retrospect after successful elimination of the causative factor within a somewhat arbitrarily chosen period of 4-8 weeks. It seems questionable to exclude “frictional keratosis” and “alveolar ridge keratosis” from the category of leukoplakia as has been suggested in the literature. Finally, brief attention has been paid to some histopathological issues that may cause confusion in establishing a final diagnosis of leukoplakia.
Key words:Oral leukoplakia, potentially malignant oral disorders, definition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaäc van der Waal
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
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Lima JS, Correa L, Klingbeil MFG, de Sousa SCOM. c-Jun, pc-Jun, and p27 are differently expressed in oral leukoplakias in smokers and never-smokers. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2015; 121:73-80. [PMID: 26679360 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oral cancer may be preceded by potentially malignant lesions, and smoking is a risk factor. Oral leukoplakia (OL), which is the most common among these lesions, is defined by the World Health Organization as "a white plaque of questionable risk having excluded known diseases or disorders that carry no increased risk for cancer." Thus, OL is a clinical diagnosis used to designate oral white lesions, which are histologically represented by hyperkeratosis associated or not associated with epithelial dysplasia. It is known that c-Jun and pc-Jun have a role in cell proliferation and that p27 is decreased during carcinogenesis; thus, the aim of this study was to investigate whether these proteins are differently expressed in OL in smokers and never-smokers. STUDY DESIGN Seventy-three cases diagnosed as OL were selected and divided into four groups according to the presence or absence of dysplasia and patients' smoking status (smokers: 39 cases, 24 dysplastic; never-smokers: 34 cases, 20 dysplastic). The immunoexpressions of c-Jun, pc-Jun, and p27 were evaluated. RESULTS A significant correlation between smoking condition and the percentages of c-Jun (P = .0356) and pc-Jun (P = .0216) was found and was more intense in cases that underwent malignant transformation (6/47). CONCLUSIONS Smoking habits may be linked to the expression of proteins directly associated with cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelma Sousa Lima
- Oral Pathology Department, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Correa
- General Pathology Department, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Suzana C Orsini Machado de Sousa
- Oral Pathology Department, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Research fellow of CNPq, Oral Pathology Department, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Pentenero M, Meleti M, Vescovi P, Gandolfo S. Oral proliferative verrucous leucoplakia: are there particular features for such an ambiguous entity? A systematic review. Br J Dermatol 2015; 170:1039-47. [PMID: 24471527 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Proliferative verrucous leucoplakia (PVL) is a distinct, particularly aggressive form of oral leucoplakia. Given the low prevalence of PVL, data are sparse and are mostly from case reports, case series and only a few case-control studies, meaning that the literature is able to provide only weak evidence. The present systematic literature review aims to collate the available evidence on the following issues: patient demographics, aetiology, lesion location(s), malignant potential, location and histopathological features of transformed lesions, disease-specific survival rates and treatment response. Electronic databases were searched for studies in the English language reporting original data from at least 10 patients with PVL on the target issues of the present review. The retrieved data were merged and a descriptive analysis performed. The 20 studies selected indicated that PVL does not seem to be correlated with the major risk factors for oral carcinoma (tobacco, alcohol and/or areca nut/betel leaf chewing). The disorder affects mainly adult/elderly women and has a very high malignant transformation rate, particular site distribution and particular location and histopathological features of transformed lesions. The present results may be limited by some articles being unintentionally excluded as they were not found during the electronic search, a lack of worldwide accepted diagnostic criteria for PVL, and overlapping data from multiple studies performed in a limited number of centres. Despite these potential drawbacks, the present results demonstrate that PVL does have particular features.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pentenero
- Unit of Oral Medicine and Oral Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
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Varoni E, Decani S, Franchini R, Baruzzi E, Lodi G. Macchie bianche o leucoplachia? Quando preoccuparsi? DENTAL CADMOS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0011-8524(14)70229-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Bellato L, Martinelli-Kläy CP, Martinelli CR, Lombardi T. Alveolar ridge keratosis--a retrospective clinicopathological study. Head Face Med 2013; 9:12. [PMID: 23587097 PMCID: PMC3639237 DOI: 10.1186/1746-160x-9-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alveolar ridge keratosis (ARK) is a distinct, benign clinicopathological entity, characterized by a hyperkeratotic plaque or patch that occurs on the alveolar edentulous ridge or on the retromolar trigone, considered to be caused by chronic frictional trauma. The aim of this retrospective study is to present the clinicopathological features of 23 consecutive cases of ARK. Material and methods The 23 biopsy samples of ARK were selected and pathological features were revised (keratosis, acanthosis, surface architecture, and inflammation). Factors such as the patient’s gender, age, anatomical location, tobacco and alcohol use were analyzed. Results Sixteen out of the 23 cases studied were men and 7 women with a mean age of 55.05 (age ranged from 17 to 88 years). Thirteen cases had a history of tobacco habit, amongst whom, 4 also presented alcohol consumption. All the cases presented only unilateral lesions. Nineteen cases involved the retromolar trigone while 4 cases involved edentulous alveolar ridges. When observed microscopically, the lesions were mainly characterized by moderate to important hyperorthokeratosis. Inflammation was scanty or absent. In four of the cases, the presence of melanin pigment in the superficial corium or in the cytoplasm of macrophages was detected. None of the cases showed any features of dysplasia. Conclusion Our results reveal that ARK is a benign lesion. However, the high prevalence of smokers amongst the patients might suggest that some potentially malignant disorders such as tobacco associated leukoplakia may clinically mimic ARK.
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Brouns EREA, Baart JA, Karagozoglu KH, Aartman IHA, Bloemena E, van der Waal I. Malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia in a well-defined cohort of 144 patients. Oral Dis 2013; 20:e19-24. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- EREA Brouns
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology; VU University Medical Center (VUmc)/Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA); Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - JA Baart
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology; VU University Medical Center (VUmc)/Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA); Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - KH Karagozoglu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology; VU University Medical Center (VUmc)/Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA); Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - IHA Aartman
- Department of Social Dentistry and Behavioural Sciences; Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA); Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - E Bloemena
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology; VU University Medical Center (VUmc)/Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA); Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology; VU University Medical Center (VUmc); Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - I van der Waal
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology; VU University Medical Center (VUmc)/Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA); Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Brouns EREA, Baart JA, Bloemena E, Karagozoglu H, van der Waal I. The relevance of uniform reporting in oral leukoplakia: definition, certainty factor and staging based on experience with 275 patients. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2013; 18:e19-26. [PMID: 23085711 PMCID: PMC3548640 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.18756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the definition of oral leukoplakia, proposed by the WHO in 2005 and taking into account a previously reported classification and staging system, including the use of a Certainty factor of four levels with which the diagnosis of leukoplakia can be established.
In the period 1997-2012 a hospital-based population of 275 consecutive patients with a provisional diagnosis of oral leukoplakia has been examined. In only 176 patients of these 275 patients a firm diagnosis of leukoplakia has been established based on strict clinicopathological criteria. The 176 patients have subsequently been staged using a classification and staging system based on size and histopathologic features.
For use in epidemiological studies it seems acceptable to accept a diagnosis of leukoplakia based on a single oral examination (Certainty level 1). For studies on management and malignant transformation rate the recommendation is made to include the requirement of histopathologic examination of an incisional or excisional biopsy, representing Certainty level 3 and 4, respectively. This recommendation results in the following definition of oral leukoplakia: “A predominantly white lesion or plaque of questionable behaviour having excluded, clinically and histopathologically, any other definable white disease or disorder”. Furthermore, we recommend the use of strict diagnostic criteria for predominantly white lesions for which a causative factor has been identified, e.g. smokers’ lesion, frictional lesion and dental restoration associated lesion.
Key words:Oral epithelial dysplasia, oral leukoplakia, potentially malignant oral disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth-R E A Brouns
- VU University Medical Center/Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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