Renal Cell Carcinoma: Delayed Metachronous Metastases to Parotid and Cerebellum

Renal cell carcinoma metastasizing to salivary glands: Systematic review

Distant metastasis to salivary glands is a very rare event. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has been known for its high propensity of metastasis to unusual locations and salivary glands are one among those sites. Approximately 0.1% of all salivary gland metastatic neoplasms originate from renal malignancies Literature has reported several studies analysing the metastatic tumors to the oral region. However, very little research work has been published to date to analyse solely the RCC metastasizing to the salivary glands. Thus, this review was conducted to examine the published cases of RCC metastasizing to salivary glands in the literature to date and to learn about their characteristics. An electronic search of the published literature was performed without publication year limitation in PubMed/ Medline, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Science Direct, Embase, and Research Gate databases, using mesh keywords like ('Renal cancer', OR 'Renal carcinoma' OR 'Renal cell cancer' OR 'Renal cell carcinoma'), AND ('Metastasis' OR 'Metastases'), And ('Salivary glands' OR 'Parotid gland' OR 'Submandibular gland' OR 'Sublingual gland'). We also searched all related journals manually. The reference list of all articles was also checked. Our research revealed a total of 83 relevant papers (1965-2022) with 100 patients. Parotid was the most predominant gland affected. 8% of patients died with a mean survival time of 1.3 yr. From this research, it can be concluded that RCC metastasizing to salivary glands is a rare occurrence. Careful evaluation of these cases is needed in order to raise awareness of these lesions and gain a better understanding of their characteristics for clinical as well as global implications.

Use of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Elderly Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease and Renal Cell Carcinoma Metastasis of the Parotid Gland: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Renal cell carcinoma metastasis of the parotid gland is extremely rare, and the present literature review found only 23 cases reported in the last two decades. We present a case of a 75-year-old woman with a colon cancer history who had parotid gland metastasis as the first manifestation of second primary kidney cancer. The presence of multiple comorbidities affected medical decision-making. Therefore the patient was treated primarily with immunotherapy. After four cycles of dual immune checkpoint blockade, this advanced patient still benefited and was changed to nivolumab monotherapy as maintenance therapy.

Metastases to the Parotid Gland: Study from a Tertiary Care Centre

BACKGROUND

Metastases account for 6-25% of parotid tumors, often presenting dilemmas in their diagnosis.

METHODS

Parotid metastases diagnosed on histology/cytology were retrieved. MUC2, MUC5AC, androgen receptor immunohistochemistry was performed in select cases.

RESULTS

Fifty-one samples were identified from 42 patients, including 14 aspirates, 7 biopsies and 30 parotidectomies. Previous history was available in 17 cases, 13 parotidectomies accompanied excision of the primary, and relevant clinical data was unavailable for 12 patients. Majority (81%) had head and neck primaries; eye and ocular adnexa were the commonest subsite (52.4%), and sebaceous carcinoma the commonest histology (33%). When history was unavailable, most metastases were initially diagnosed as poorly differentiated carcinoma/malignant tumor, or mucoepidermoid carcinoma on cytology.

CONCLUSIONS

Intraparotid metastases encompass a wide spectrum, often mimicking primary salivary gland neoplasms, particularly on limited samples. Metastases should be considered when histological/cytological features are unusual; detailed clinical information and ancillary techniques aid in arriving at an accurate diagnosis.

Effect of immune suppression on metastasis in a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma metastasized to the colon and stomach: A case report

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly malignant cancer, which can invade the portal vein and cause liver/long bone metastasis, although digestive tract metastatic tumor from the liver is very rare. This case report describes an unusual case of HCC (clear cell type), determined by pathology of the original liver tumor resected on March 16th, 2004. The patient returned to our hospital in February and July 2009 complaining of 'black stool' in the first instance, and 'anemia' on the second occasion. Colonoscopy and gastroscopy indicated colon cancer and stomach cancer, respectively. The right half colon and distal stomach were resected, and pathological inspection revealed liver cancer metastasis. The patient succumbed to respiratory failure due to liver cancer lung metastasis on the May 23rd, 2013. Tests for CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells and the CD4⁺/CD8⁺ ratio, in addition to the expression of Fas, Fas ligand (FasL), indicated an evident difference in patient immunity during the tumor metastasis period. The disease progression in this patient suggested that immune surveillance may have been involved in the metastases. Furthermore, this case shows that clinicians should be alert to the possibility of metastases in uncommon sites that may be misdiagnosed as primary tumors. Surgical resection remains a valuable treatment for isolated digestive tract metastasis from liver cancer.

Effect of immune suppression on metastasis in a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma metastasized to the colon and stomach: A case report

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly malignant cancer, which can invade the portal vein and cause liver/long bone metastasis, although digestive tract metastatic tumor from the liver is very rare. This case report describes an unusual case of HCC (clear cell type), determined by pathology of the original liver tumor resected on March 16th, 2004. The patient returned to our hospital in February and July 2009 complaining of 'black stool' in the first instance, and 'anemia' on the second occasion. Colonoscopy and gastroscopy indicated colon cancer and stomach cancer, respectively. The right half colon and distal stomach were resected, and pathological inspection revealed liver cancer metastasis. The patient succumbed to respiratory failure due to liver cancer lung metastasis on the May 23rd, 2013. Tests for CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells and the CD4⁺/CD8⁺ ratio, in addition to the expression of Fas, Fas ligand (FasL), indicated an evident difference in patient immunity during the tumor metastasis period. The disease progression in this patient suggested that immune surveillance may have been involved in the metastases. Furthermore, this case shows that clinicians should be alert to the possibility of metastases in uncommon sites that may be misdiagnosed as primary tumors. Surgical resection remains a valuable treatment for isolated digestive tract metastasis from liver cancer.