Success Rate of Autotransplantation of Teeth With an Open Apex: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Application of orthodontic force in autotransplanted teeth: a longitudinal study

OBJECTIVES

To longitudinally follow up a cohort of patients with autotransplanted teeth, assessing how the timing of starting orthodontic treatment impacts root length.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients under 18 with at least one open-apex autotransplanted premolar (AP) replaced to a central incisor position were included. Root/crown ratio (RCR) was calculated on periapical radiographs taken at intervals of 3-6 months after transplantation. The RCR of AP in patients without orthodontic treatment and patients where orthodontic treatment was initiated at different time points (3,6,9,12,18 months) were compared.

RESULTS

52 autotransplanted premolars were included and 315 peri-apical radiographs were collected. The median timespan between autotransplantation and the start of orthodontic force (OF) application was 8.5 (IQR 2-23) months, with a mean follow-up period of 32 (IQR 9-46) months. Early OF post-autotransplantation correlated with early stagnation of root development. When OF was delayed, AP tended to show more root lengthening. Delayed OF was linked to a higher incidence of External Apical Root Resorption (EARR) once forces were introduced, ultimately resulting in root lengths comparable to those with early OF. The presence or absence of OF is the factor most notably influencing the final root length of AP.

CONCLUSIONS

The timing of OF application did not compromise the final root length of autotransplanted teeth. Early OF to prevent ankylosis is feasible without affecting root length. Future research should utilize 3D imaging to provide a deeper understanding of orthodontic treatment's effects on autotransplanted teeth.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

The study underscores the importance of tailored orthodontic intervention timing in autotransplanted teeth, balancing early force application to avoid ankylosis against the risk of EARR.

A Narrative and Case-Illustrated Review on Dental Autotransplantation Identifying Current Gaps in Knowledge

Background: Permanently replacing missing teeth in the younger population is a clinical challenge. However, dental autotransplantation offers a viable treatment option in this demographic. To be performed predictably, it requires proper diagnoses, planning, and adherence to established guidelines in a multidisciplinary approach. Such guidelines should use evidence-based dentistry to anticipate and limit complications. The aim of this study is to evaluate the current literature on dental autotransplantation, discuss an evidence-based protocol, highlight steps for minimizing complications, and present a case report on two autotransplantations conducted at the Graduate Periodontology clinic at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Adams School of Dentistry, in the context of representative cases. Methods: A literature search using PubMed was conducted with the goal of constructing a comparative table on both survival and success rates of autotransplantation, providing a comparison of protocols and clinical studies and informing this narrative review. This review is illustrated by cases with the intention to highlight critical steps, limitations, and strengths of this mode of treatment. Results and Conclusions: Given the information presented, it is concluded that autotransplantation is a valuable treatment option provided established guidelines are followed. It is particularly useful for the younger population where implants or other options are not appropriate or feasible. This study also highlights some of the gaps in knowledge in autotransplantation which present opportunity for further studies to be developed.

Combined application of artificial bone powders and concentrated growth factor membranes on the autotransplantation of mature third molars: A 5-year retrospective case series

AIM

This study aimed to observe the efficacy and outcomes of the combined application of artificial bone powder and concentrated growth factor (CGF) membranes for tooth transplantation in cases with wide recipient sockets and small donor teeth.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A total of 36 teeth from 36 patients with wide recipient sockets and small donor teeth were enrolled. Autogenous tooth transplantation was performed using bone powders and CGF membranes. After transplantation, the visual analog scale (VAS) score, Landry Wound Healing Index, probing depth (PD), mobility, and gray value of the alveolar bone around the transplanted teeth were measured, and a patient satisfaction questionnaire was administered. All patients underwent clinical and radiographic examinations during follow-up.

RESULTS

The VAS score of 16 (44.4%) cases after 1 week was 0, and 26 (72.2%) patients showed excellent gingival healing after 2-4 weeks. The PD of a few cases was deeper than 3 mm during the first month; however, returned to normal after 3 months. Although the majority of the transplanted teeth possessed mobility greater than grade I during the first month, the mobility gradually improved within 3 months. The gray value of the alveolar bone around the transplanted teeth, 1 year postoperatively showed no difference with pre-operation (p > .05). During the mean follow-up period of 42.7 months (range 20-72 months), 33 of the 36 transplanted teeth remained in situ without clinical or radiographic complications, with an overall success rate of 91.7%.

CONCLUSIONS

Although the PD and mobility of the transplanted teeth were not ideal during the early stages of healing, most of the transplanted teeth had good clinical outcomes. In cases with large recipient sites accompanied by small donor teeth, autotransplantation of teeth using artificial bone powder combined with CGF membranes is a viable option and can lead to optimistic results with favorable success rates.

The Accuracy of the CBCT-Based 3-Dimensional Replica of the Donor Tooth in Autotransplantation

BACKGROUND

This study evaluated the accuracy of the CBCT reconstruction model compared to the natural tooth and the accuracy of the replica tooth compared to the natural tooth.

OBJECTIVE

The hypothesis was that a replica tooth could be used as a surgical guide in autotransplantation.

METHODS

Three teeth were chosen and a CBCT reconstruction model was formed from each tooth. STL-data was transferred to a milling machine and replica teeth were milled from PEEK. A digitized surface model was prepared from the natural and the replica teeth by a stereophotogrammetry scanner. The surface model from the optical scan of the natural tooth was compared to the CBCT reconstruction model and the surface model of the replica tooth. The models were matched on each other, and surface-based rigid registration was performed between the surface models. Distances were calculated and visualized by MATLAB.

RESULTS

The CBCT reconstruction model and the natural tooth were compared. The largest euclidean distance was found at the root tip in the premolar (0.93 mm) and at the furcation area in the molar (2.3 mm). When the natural tooth and the replica tooth were compared, the largest euclidean distance was found at the root tip in the premolar (1.5 mm) and at the furcation area in the molar (1.9 mm).

CONCLUSION

A CBCT scan maintains sufficient image quality for tooth autotransplantation planning. The replica tooth corresponded in size and shape to the natural tooth in terms of clinically expected need of precision.

Long-term survival of 57 premolars consecutively transplanted to premolar sites

INTRODUCTION

The objective of this study was to report the long-term outcome of autotransplantation of premolars to other premolar recipient sites.

METHODS

The sample was limited to adolescents seeking orthodontic treatment, and all had 1 or 2 premolars transplanted to a recipient site in which a premolar was congenitally missing. The transplantations were performed between 1980 and 2008, comprising 29 premolars in 22 males and 28 premolars in 22 females. Systematic clinical and radiographic follow-up varied from 1 year to 36.8 years, with a mean observation time of 18.9 years and a median of 19.2 years. Of the 57 transplanted teeth, 52 were subjected to orthodontic forces.

RESULTS

A total of 9 of 57 teeth (15.8%) were lost during the observation period, and 8 of 9 lost teeth had been functional for at least 9 years posttransplantation. Of the 48 surviving transplants, 6 did not meet the criteria for success, giving an overall success rate of 73.7%. Complications were diagnosed within 5 years from the transplantation in 4 of 57 teeth (7.0%) and later in 11 of 57 (19.3%). The Kaplan-Meier survival curve shows that the complication-free proportion of transplants decreased at a constant rate over the observation time. The average survival time, taking censoring into account during follow-up of 36.8 years, was estimated as 28.5 years. The complications in the 15 teeth were classified into 4 categories: periapical lesions (6 teeth), inflammatory resorption (5 teeth), abrupt fracture (2 teeth), and ankylosis (2 teeth).

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, premolar transplants in all stages of root formation have high success and survival rates. Transplants with complications may survive temporarily and preserve critical arch space and alveolar bone. Transplants with normal healing may have latent weaknesses that can eventually affect long-term survival.

Digital-assisted diagnosis and orthodontic management of an impacted mandibular lateral incisor: a case report

BACKGROUND

The impaction of mandibular lateral incisors presents significant aesthetic and functional challenges in orthodontics, including Bolton ratio discrepancies and anterior occlusal anomalies. The increasing preference for nonextraction treatment further complicates space management within the dental arch. However, the advent of digital-assisted orthodontic technologies, particularly advanced digital simulations, has revolutionized the precision and effectiveness of diagnosis and treatment planning. These technologies enable clinicians to strategically leverage natural jaw development and create the necessary space for the alignment of impacted teeth without resorting to extraction.

CASE PRESENTATION

This case report details the treatment of a 12-year-old male with an impacted mandibular lateral incisor, which resulted in both aesthetic concerns and functional impairments, alongside Class II malocclusion. By employing a digital-assisted diagnostic approach, including comprehensive digital simulations, we meticulously evaluated the feasibility of a nonextraction treatment plan. The strategy centred on harnessing the patient's mandibular growth potential to expand the available space naturally. The treatment involved surgical exposure of the impacted tooth, followed by precise orthodontic traction guided by continuous digital monitoring. The integration of digital tools throughout the treatment process was crucial in achieving successful eruption and alignment of the impacted tooth, thus restoring optimal aesthetics and function without the need for extraction.

CONCLUSION

This case highlights the transformative impact of digital-assisted technologies in the management of complex orthodontic cases, such as impacted mandibular lateral incisors. The successful integration of these advanced tools with a nonextraction treatment approach underscores their potential to significantly enhance clinical outcomes. Digital technologies not only improve the accuracy and effectiveness of treatment but also facilitate a multidisciplinary approach that elevates the standard of patient care in addressing complex orthodontic challenges.

Midterm outcomes of autogenous mature third molars transplantation into surgically created sockets: A retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND/AIMS

The purpose of this study was to observe the outcome of mature third molars transplantation into surgically created sockets with the assistance of computer designed three dimensional (3-D) printed replicas and compare its outcome with the conventional fresh socket autotransplantation.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

This study included total of 96 mature third molars autotransplanted in 96 cases with the guidance of computer designed 3-D printed replicas. Forty-eight teeth autotransplanted into surgically created sockets were enrolled into the surgically created socket group and 48 teeth conventionally autotransplanted into fresh sockets were enrolled into the fresh socket group. In the surgically created socket group, mature third molars were autotransplanted into surgically prepared sockets at the site of previously missed or extracted molars in the alveolar bone and in the fresh socket group, autotransplantation of mature third molars were performed in fresh sockets of extracted diseased molars simultaneously. After transplantation, the visual analogue scale (VAS) score, Landry Wound Healing Index (LWHI), mobility and probing depth (PD) of the transplanted teeth were measured and the patient satisfaction questionnaire were held in both group. All patients underwent clinical and radiographic examinations during the follow-up.

RESULTS

During the mean follow-up period of 47.63 ± 16.78 months (range 18-78 months), 92 out of 96 teeth remained in situ without clinical or radiographic complications with overall success rate of 95.83%. No statistically significant differences were found in success and survival rates between the two group. The average extra-oral time of the donor teeth were 60.76 ± 22.41 s and mean positioning trials of the donor teeth were 2.43 ± 1.19. The VAS score at Day 1 in the surgically created socket group was higher than the fresh socket group (p < .05). LWHI scores in the surgically created group were lower than the fresh socket group during the first 2 weeks (p < .05). The degree of mobility of the transplanted teeth in both group showed no statistically significant difference during the first 3 months. PD in the surgically created group were higher than the fresh socket group in the first month but there were no statistically significant difference after 1 month. Twenty-six out of 48 cases in the surgically created group needed crown restoration while only 10 cases went through crown restoration in the fresh socket group. Most patients in both group were satisfied with the treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Autogenous mature third molars transplantation into surgically created sockets is as effective as conventional fresh socket transplantation. This technique is worth recommending in carefully selected cases and optimistic results can be achieved.

Dental Auto Transplantation Success Rate Increases by Utilizing 3D Replicas

Dental autotransplantation is an effective alternative to conventional dental treatment, and it involves removing a tooth and repositioning it in a new position within the same patient. Although this procedure might pose more intraoperative challenges, it provides a great solution for replacing missing teeth or aiding difficult eruption in young patients. This prospective method is also advocated as a use of treatment for unrestorable teeth. The success rates of autotransplantation cases with and without replicas were compared in a retrospective analysis of the data. By reducing donor tooth manipulation and ensuring a proper fit and positioning in the recipient socket, replicas significantly increased success rates of the procedure. CBCT scans were used to collect data. Data exported to the Mimics system were then processed in order to achieve a model of the donor tooth. Additive manufacturing technology was used to create the replicas. Specialized biocompatible material was used. Details of the replantation site and the donor tooth requirements were described, as well as the step-by-step surgical technique. For the best results, variables, like patient selection, surgical technique, and long-term monitoring, were found to be essential. The study highlights the significance of dental professionals and biomedical engineering staff working together to develop standard operating procedures and achieve predictable outcomes in autotransplantation procedures. The results suggest that 3D printed replicas could be a useful tool for improving the effectiveness and success of dental autotransplantation.

Anterior tooth autotransplantation: a case series

Tooth autotransplantation is the technique of transplanting embedded, impacted or erupted teeth from one site into another in the same individual. It is relatively common for the anterior segment of the mouth to be affected by traumatic tooth injuries, impacted and/or congenitally missing permanent teeth. Autotransplantation of teeth into the anterior dental arch can provide unrivalled biological solutions when such issues arise in this critical aesthetic zone, particularly for adolescent patients. The combination of meticulous pre-surgical assessment, synergistic interdisciplinary collaboration and carefully performed anterior tooth autotransplantation has been demonstrated to achieve impressive outcomes, with respect to both transplant survival and clinical success. © 2023 Australian Dental Association.

Comparisons of Dental Anomalies in Orthodontic Patients with Impacted Maxillary and Mandibular Canines

To assess the presence and possible associations between the type of dental anomalies and maxillary and mandibular canine impactions in orthodontic patients treated for canine impaction, panoramic radiographs of orthodontic patients treated for canine impaction were assessed for the presence of associated dental anomalies. A random sample of orthodontic patients without canine impaction matched for age and gender served as controls. Descriptive and exact inferential statistics were implemented in order to assess potential associations between canine impaction and dental anomalies. A total of 102 orthodontic patients with 70 maxillary (MaxCI) and 32 mandibular (ManCI) canine impactions were assessed. The control group included 117 orthodontic patients. Dental anomalies were present in more than 50% of patients with impacted canines and in 20% of the controls. Tooth agenesis was significantly more common in the MaxCI group when compared to the ManCI group, while supernumerary teeth and canine transmigration were registered more often in the ManCI group. When compared to the control group, peg-shaped maxillary lateral incisors and tooth agenesis were significantly more prevalent in the MaxCI group, while canine transmigration, supernumerary teeth, the agenesis of mandibular incisors and tooth transpositions were significantly more prevalent in the ManCI group. The impaction of other teeth was significantly more common in both canine impaction groups when compared to the controls. The prevalence of dental anomalies in orthodontic patients with impacted canines was higher than in orthodontic patients without canine impaction. Different types of tooth anomalies were found in the MaxCI and ManCI groups.

Tooth autotransplantation: An umbrella review

Tooth autotransplantation is a versatile procedure with several clinical applications among patients across different age groups. The success of this procedure depends on multiple factors. Despite the wealth of studies available, no single primary study or systematic review is able to report on every factor affecting the outcomes of autotransplantation. The aims of this umbrella review were to evaluate treatment-related and patient-related outcomes of autotransplantation and to assess the pre-, peri- or post-operative factors that could affect these. An umbrella review was conducted according to the PRISMA statement. A literature search of five databases was performed up to 25 September 2022. Systematic Reviews (SR) with and without meta-analysis evaluating autotransplantation were included. Calibration among reviewers was carried out prior to study selection, data extraction and Risk of Bias (RoB) assessment. Study overlap was calculated using corrected covered area. Meta-meta-analysis (MMA) was performed for suitable SRs. The AMSTAR 2 critical appraisal tool was used to evaluate the quality of evidence. Seventeen SRs met the inclusion criteria. Only two SRs were suitable for conduct of MMA on autotransplantation of open apex teeth. The 5-year and 10-year survival rates were >95%. A narrative summary on factors that could affect autotransplantation outcomes and comparisons of autotransplantation to other treatment options were reported. Five SRs were rated as 'low quality' and 12 SRs were rated as 'critically low quality' in the AMSTAR 2 RoB assessment. In order to facilitate a more homogenous pool of data for subsequent meta-analysis, an Autotransplantation Outcome Index was also proposed to standardise the definition of outcomes. Autotransplantation of teeth with open apices have a high survival rate. Future studies should standardise the reporting of clinical and radiographic findings, as well as the definition of outcomes.

An evaluation of 1654 premolars transplanted in the posterior region-A retrospective analysis of survival, success and complications

AIM

The aim of this retrospective analysis was to evaluate the survival, success and possible complications of transplanted premolars in the posterior region subdivided by developmental stage and patient age.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study included patients who underwent tooth transplantation between April 2004 and December 2021. A total of 1654 premolars were transplanted into 1243 patients. Tooth mobility, oral hygiene and periodontal parameters were clinically evaluated. Intraoral radiographs were used to evaluate pulpal and periodontal healing, and root formation. The cumulative survival rate was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method.

RESULTS

Data were subdivided into three groups based on the stage of root development and patient age. The mean age at surgery was 14.5 years. The main indication for transplantation was agenesis, followed by trauma and other indications, such as impacted or malformed teeth. A total of 11 premolars were lost during the study period. The overall survival and success rates in the immature premolar group after an observation period of 10 years were 99.7% and 99.4%, respectively. High survival and success rates (95.7% and 95.5%, respectively) were also observed when fully developed premolars were transplanted into the posterior region of adolescents. In adults, the success rate after 10-year follow-up is 83.3%.

CONCLUSIONS

Transplantation of premolars with developing and fully developed roots is a predictable treatment modality.

Multidisciplinary Approach for Autotransplantation and Restoration of a Maxillary Premolar into an Area of an Avulsed Anterior Tooth: A Case Report with a 6-Year Follow-up

The loss of an anterior tooth because of avulsion has been reported in up to 3% of dental injuries. Management alternatives, such as implant-supported restorations and a fixed partial denture, are contraindicated in growing patients because of the continuous growth of the alveolar process. At the same time, orthodontic treatment for gap closure will result in asymmetry and will require adjustment of the adjacent healthy teeth. Therefore, restoring a missing tooth imposes a treatment challenge, especially in children and young adults. Tooth autotransplantation is a treatment modality with high reported survival and success rates that overcome these mentioned limitations. It might also help to preserve the alveolar bone and the soft tissues. This case report describes a multidisciplinary approach for managing a 13-year-old boy who lost his right maxillary central incisor because of a fall. Management included autotransplantation of the left maxillary second premolar to the site of the lost right maxillary central incisor, management of external inflammatory resorption with an endodontic treatment, orthodontic treatment, and aesthetic restoration of the area with composite resin crowns that can be adapted to the expected changes of the jaws during the craniofacial growing period. At the 6-year follow-up, the teeth demonstrated a positive outcome.

Extraoral Root-End Resection May Promote Pulpal Revascularization in Autotransplanted Mature Teeth-A Retrospective Study

Tooth germ autotransplantation of open apices of the teeth exhibits high pulpal healing rates, whereas that of mature permanent teeth normally causes irreversible pulpal necrosis. Extraoral root-end resection (EORER) during transplantation may promote pulpal revascularization (PRV) in transplanted mature teeth and reduce endodontic treatment requirement. This study compared the primary outcomes of survival rates, PRV, and root resorption and determined relevant confounders in autotransplanted mature and immature teeth. The medical charts of consecutive patients who underwent tooth autotransplantation between January 2017 and March 2021 were evaluated. Teeth with a documented follow-up of at least 1 year were included. During the study period, 59 teeth were transplanted in 44 patients. Overall, 2 teeth were excluded owing to missing data; 57 teeth were analyzed, including 25 mature teeth additionally treated with EORER. After a mean follow-up of 21.2 ± 16.1 months, no significant differences in primary outcomes were detected. Fifty-five teeth remained in situ (96.5%), and radiological signs of root resorption were detected in 9/57 teeth (15.8%). PRV was positive in 54/57 teeth (94.7%). Surgical duration and PRV failure were significantly associated with high incidences of root resorption. Mature teeth autotransplantation with EORER yielded similar results to immature teeth autotransplantation and is a feasible treatment option. Long surgery and failed revascularization increased root resorption rates. More factors should be evaluated in larger trials with longer observation periods.

Dental autotransplantation as a alternative treatment for the loss of permanent anterior teeth in children

Introduction:

Autotransplantation is defined as the surgical movement or transposition of a tooth from its original site to a recipient alveolus, in the same patient. It has high success rates when performed within predefined parameters.

Objective:

This study aims to describe the advantages of a dental autotransplantation protocol based on a multidisciplinary approach and using cone beam computed tomography, computer-aided planning, and rapid prototyping of the donor tooth, enabling the preparation of a surgical guide and postoperative protective plate. This article discusses the indications and contraindications for autotransplantation, as well as the selection criteria for the tooth to be transplanted and the transoperative care essential for its success. The parameters for post-operative control are described, in addition to the variables of success and failure to be considered.

Conclusions:

When analyzing the treatment options available for children with anterior tooth loss and the psychosocial impact on these patients, autotransplantation is considered not only an alternative treatment, but the only viable option for their functional, aesthetic, and social reestablishment.

What Are the Complications, Success and Survival Rates for Autotransplanted Teeth? An Overview of Systematic Reviews and Metanalyses

Background: Autotransplantation is the surgical repositioning of a tooth within the same patient. It can be thought of as the controlled avulsion and re-implantation of a tooth and can be a viable alternative to other dental rehabilitation options. This review aimed to evaluate the survival rate (SR), major complications such as ankylosis rate (AR) and infection-related root resorption (RR), and overall success and failure rate (FR) in autotransplanted teeth. Methods: Six databases were accessed up to January 2021 to obtain all systematic reviews and meta-analyses (SRs and MAs). Study selection: After title and abstract reading, data extraction was performed from eligible SRs. The methodological quality was calculated for the included SRs using the risk of bias in systematic reviews (ROBIS) tool. Results: Six SRs were included in this review. The overall failure rate ranged from as low as 2.0% to 10.32%. The 1-year survival was very high (97.4–98.0%). The 5-year survival rate ranged from 81 to 98.2%. Major complications of AR ranged from 1.2 to 6.2%, and RR ranged from 2.1 to 10.4%. Conclusion: The overall findings from these SR and MA are promising; however, all the SRs include only single-arm prospective or retrospective studies, the SRs are of overall low methodological quality, and for the heterogeneity of the included SRs, well-designed comparative studies with a long-term follow-up are recommended.

Finite element analysis of stress distribution in autotransplanted molars

OBJECTIVE

The biomechanical response of an autotransplanted tooth and surrounding bone to occlusal loads is not well-known. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of root form and occlusal morphology on stress distribution in autotransplanted teeth and surrounding bone by using finite element analysis (FEA).

METHODS

Seven FEA models representing different autotransplanted tooth situations were generated: (a) first molar, (b) third molar, (c) root canal-treated third molar, (d) root canal-treated, ankylosed, third molar, (e) crowned third molar, (f) crowned and root canal-treated third molar, (g) root canal-treated, ankylosed, and crowned third molar. Load (200 N) was applied on the occlusal surface, parallel to the long axis of the tooth. Maximum von Mises stress values on dentin and surrounding bone were calculated for each situation.

RESULTS

Differences in stress distribution were observed among models. In ankylosed model, stress was primarily observed at the coronal region of the tooth. The stress was observed more at the coronal region of the tooth in crowned models compared with the non-crowned models. The stress distribution was homogeneous with root canal-treated and crowned autotransplanted tooth.

CONCLUSIONS

The occlusal morphology and root form of the autotransplanted tooth affected the stress in surrounding bone at the transfer site and the biomechanical response of the tooth. The stress was more homogeneous in crowned tooth and primarily observed at the coronal region, which may decrease the risk for root resorption.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Root configuration, occlusal form and root canal treatment induce significant changes on the stress distribution on teeth and bone, including characteristic stress concentration and increased stress values. Clinicians can consider crowning autotransplanted teeth for improved stress distribution within the tooth structure.

Tissue Engineering with Compact Bone-Derived Cell Spheroids Enables Bone Formation around Transplanted Tooth

BACKGROUND

Although tooth transplantation is a desirable treatment option for congenital defects of permanent teeth in children, transplantation to a narrow alveolar ridge is not feasible. In this study, we investigated the possibility of bone tissue engineering simultaneously with tooth transplantation to enhance the width of the alveolar bone.

METHODS

Bone marrow mononuclear cells or cortical bone-derived mesenchymal stromal cell spheroids were seeded onto atelocollagen sponge and transplanted with freshly extracted molars from mice of the same strain. New bone formation around the tooth root was evaluated using micro-computed tomography and histological analysis. Tooth alone, or tooth with scaffold but without cells, was also transplanted and served as controls.

RESULTS

Micro-computed tomography showed new bone formation in the furcation area in all four groups. Remarkable bone formation outside the root was also observed in the cortical bone-derived mesenchymal stromal cell group, but was scarce in the other three groups. Histological analysis revealed that the space between the new bone and the root was filled with collagen fibers in all four groups, indicating that the periodontal ligament was maintained.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates the potential of simultaneous alveolar bone expansion employing bone tissue engineering approach using cortical bone-derived mesenchymal stromal cell spheroids for tooth transplantation. The use of an orthotopic transplantation model may further clarify the feasibility and functional recovery of the transplanted tooth over a longer period.

Autotransplantation of the Third Molar: A Therapeutic Alternative to the Rehabilitation of a Missing Tooth: A Scoping Review

INTRODUCTION

Tooth autotransplantation is the repositioning of an erupted, partially erupted, or non-erupted autologous tooth from one site to another within the same individual. Several factors influence the success rate of the autotransplant, such as the stage of root development, the morphology of the tooth, the surgical procedure selected, the extraoral time, the shape of the recipient socket, the vascularity of the recipient bed, and the vitality of the cells of the periodontal ligament. The aim of this scoping review was to provide the most up-to-date information and data on the clinical principles of the third-molar autograft and thus provide clinical considerations for its success.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This review was conducted based on PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews). The research was conducted by searching for keywords in three databases-PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar-by two independent reviewers following the PRISMA protocol, from which 599 records were identified.

CONCLUSIONS

Third-molar autotransplantation is a valid solution to replace missing teeth. The key to the success of this technique is the surgical procedure, which must be as atraumatic as possible to preserve the periodontal ligament of the tooth to be transplanted. The success rate is also linked to the stage of development of the root, with a worse prognosis in the case of a complete root.

Pre-autotransplantation alveolar process augmentation and premolar autotransplantation as a treatment method for single tooth replacement in adolescents

The treatment of young patients with missing teeth and an atrophied alveolar process after trauma or agenesis of a tooth can be challenging. The aim of this study was to evaluate autotransplantation of a premolar after pre-autotransplantation alveolar process augmentation (PAPA) as a treatment option for these patients. A retrospective cohort study was implemented to analyse the PAPA procedure and subsequent autotransplantation procedure. Alveolar process augmentation was performed using different types of autologous bone grafts. Subsequent autotransplantation of one or more premolars was performed approximately 4 months later. Nine patients with a mean age of 12 years were included. Twelve premolars were transplanted after a PAPA procedure: seven in the maxillary incisor region, four in the mandibular premolar region, and one in the mandibular incisor region. Initially all transplanted teeth functioned well. However, one mandibular premolar that was transplanted in the maxillary incisor region was lost because of resorption after 6 years of follow-up. The other 11 transplanted teeth functioned well. The mean follow-up was 6 years (range 3-13 years). The results showed that autotransplantation can be facilitated by PAPA with a high chance of success. It can therefore be a valuable addition to other existing treatment options.

Status of the alveolar bone after autotransplantation of developing premolars to the anterior maxilla assessed by CBCT measurements

Background/Aims

Autotransplantation of developing premolars is an established treatment to replace missing teeth in the anterior maxilla in growing patients with a reported success rate of over 90%. The normal shape of the alveolus is observed after transplantation, but data on the presence and amount of alveolar bone after healing has not been previously reported. The aim of this study was to look for potential differences in alveolar bone dimensions between sites where autotransplanted premolars replaced missing incisors and control sites of contralateral incisors.

Material/Methods

There were 11 patients aged between 10 and 12 years five months (mean age: 10 years and 7 months) who underwent autotransplantation of a premolar to replace a central incisor. Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) performed at least 1 year after transplantation served to evaluate bone at sites of autotransplanted premolars and controls (contralateral maxillary central incisor). The thickness of the labial bone, plus the height and width of the alveolar process were measured on scans and compared at transplant and control sites.

Results

Mean thicknesses of the labial bone at the transplant and control sites were 0.78 mm and 0.82 mm respectively. Mean alveolar bone height was 15.15 mm at the transplant sites and 15.12 mm at the control sites. The mean marginal thickness of the alveolus was 7.75 mm at the transplant sites and 7.98 mm at the control sites. Mean thicknesses of the alveolus for half of its vertical dimension at the transplant and control sites were 7.54 mm and 8.03 mm, respectively.

Conclusion

The mean values of bone thickness, width and height of the alveolar process at sites of transplanted premolars were comparable to the mean values for the control incisors. Successful autotransplantation of developing premolars to replace missing central incisors allowed preservation of alveolar bone in the anterior maxilla.

Sport and Dental Traumatology: Surgical Solutions and Prevention

Trauma is a worldwide cause of millions of deaths and severe injuries every year, all over the world. Despite the limited extension of the oral region compared to the whole body, dental and oral injuries account for a fairly high percentage of all body traumas. Among head and neck traumas, dental and facial injuries are highly correlated to sport activities, and their management can be a real challenge for practitioners of any specialty. In case of trauma directed to periodontal structures, restorative and endodontic solutions may not be sufficient to achieve a definitive and long-lasting treatment. This article aims to illustrate surgical options and appliances to prevent dental injuries that may be available to the clinicians treating dental trauma involving oral soft and hard tissues.

Autotransplantation of Two Immature Third Molars with the Use of L-PRF

Tooth autotransplantation is a procedure which provides the extraction of an erupted or impacted tooth and its repositioning to another site in the oral cavity. This Case Report describes a successful case of two autotransplantations of open-apex mandibular third molars in place of the hopeless first mandibular molars with the use of L-PRF in a growing patient. A 15-year-old male patient was referred to the Dental Clinic for the extractions of the two hopeless mandibular first molars. Autotransplantation was considered the best treatment option for both sites 36 and 46, because the presence of two impacted mandibular third molars (38 and 48) with an incomplete root formation. Teeth 36 and 46 were extracted and replaced with teeth 38 and 48. The patient had an uneventful healing. At follow-up visits, the two autotransplanted teeth showed physiologic mobility, absence of inflammation and discomfort, and absence of infection; probing depth values were within normal range, and the vitality tests were positive. After 2 years, the teeth in position 36 and 46 showed absence of infection and mobility, and positive pulp vitality tests and the radiographic examinations exhibited closure of the root apices as well as absence of any periapical radiolucency or root resorption. Tooth autotransplantation is a good treatment option in case of tooth loss offering an alternative to traditional or implant-supported prosthesis especially for growing patients.

A retrospective analysis of autotransplanted teeth including an evaluation of a novel surgical technique

OBJECTIVES

To assess survival rates and frequency of complications for immature and mature autotransplanted teeth after at least 1 year in function.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

All consecutive patients who had undergone tooth autotransplantation between 2000 and 2018 were invited to a clinical and radiographic follow-up examination. First, survival rates were calculated on the basis of a phone inquiry. A clinical follow-up examination allowed for the calculation of the success rate, i.e., absence of any potentially adverse clinical and radiographic findings of the autotransplanted teeth. Moreover, the effect of demographic, dental, and surgical variables on survival/success was analyzed statistically.

RESULTS

Thirty-eight teeth in 35 patients were transplanted during the study period. Three teeth in 3 patients were excluded due to missing records. All other patients were successfully contacted and interviewed by phone. Out of these 35 transplants, 32 were still in function, and 3 had been extracted, yielding a 91.4% survival probability after a median follow-up of 3.4 years. Of the 32 teeth qualifying for the success analysis, 20 (62.5%) showed absence of potentially adverse findings, while 3 (9.4%) required root canal treatment (RCT). Out of the 9 mature, root-end resected transplants, 4 exhibited ongoing pulp canal obliteration, all with a single root canal. Postoperative and potentially adverse findings or failures were found more frequently in the group of mature transplants (55.6%) than immature transplants (30.4%) and for molars (72.7%) than premolars (17.6%) or canines (25%). None of the potential predictors had a statistically significant effect on survival or success.

CONCLUSION

Autotransplanted teeth yielded a satisfying midterm survival rate regardless of their stage of development. An additional, extraoral root-end resection of mature transplants may lead to rates of revascularization and postoperative pulp canal obliteration higher than the data reported on unmodified mature transplants.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Extraoral root-end resection of mature teeth shows promising outcomes for transplants especially with a single root canal and uncomplicated root morphology.

Autologous transplant third mandibular molar in post extraction socket. Case report

Dental transplantation is a surgical alternative, which consists of transplanting a tooth from one alveolus to another in the same patient, very useful when replacing lost dental organs in young patients, with a high success rate. Present advantages helpful for patients providing a vital, proprioceptive and excellent aesthetic rehabilitation, without altering adjacent teeth, additionally represents an alternative cheaper. The purpose of this case report is to show clinical sequence about surgical approach for dental autotransplantation from lower third molar on alveolus after extraction of right lower first molar, carried out without endodontic treatment. Female patient case of 15 years old with a diagnosis of extensive caries not restorable in 46 is presented. It is decided through an interdisciplinary board to carry out, treatment with an autologous transplant of right lower third molar in socket post-extraction of first lower molar from the same hemiarchate, post-surgical controls are performed for up to one year. Dental transplantation is an excellent treatment option when it comes to replacing missing teeth, since it offers multiple functional and aesthetic advantages, mainly in children and young adults.

Tooth transplantation with a β-tricalcium phosphate scaffold accelerates bone formation and periodontal tissue regeneration

OBJECTIVES

Although tooth transplantation is a useful treatment option as a substitute for a missing tooth, transplantation to a narrow alveolar ridge is not feasible. In this study, we tested a tissue engineering approach simultaneously with tooth transplantation using a scaffold or a combination with cells to accelerate bone formation and periodontal tissue regeneration.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs) were harvested from C57BL/6J mice. The upper first or the second molar of 3-week-old C57BL/6J mice and a β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffold were transplanted with BM-MNCs (MNC group) or without BM-MNCs (β-TCP group) into the thigh muscle of syngeneic mice. The tooth alone was also transplanted (control group). After 4 weeks, the transplants were harvested and analyzed.

RESULTS

Bone volume was significantly larger in the MNC and the β-TCP groups than that in the control group, and the newly formed bone was observed on the lateral wall of the root. Compared with the control group, the MNC group showed a larger trabecular thickness and fractal dimension.

CONCLUSION

This study showed accelerated bone formation and periodontal tissue regeneration when tooth transplantation was performed with a β-TCP scaffold. BM-MNCs may accelerate bone maturation, while the effect on bone formation was limited.

Evidence mapping and quality assessment of systematic reviews in dental traumatology

BACKGROUND/AIMS

Evidence mapping of systematic reviews (SRs) systematically and comprehensively identifies, organizes, and summarizes the distribution of scientific evidence in a field. The aims of this study were to delineate domains in dental traumatology (DT), evaluate the existing SRs within the domains, and identify the paucity of evidence for future research.

METHODS

Domains and sub-domains of DT were established according to the methods of qualitative research. The protocol for evidence mapping was prepared as per the guidelines of GEM and PRISMA. The search strategy was formulated using words and MeSH terms in eight databases without restriction of languages and year of publication. Gray literature, protocol registries, and references of selected articles were also searched. Duplicates were removed, and the final selection of SRs was completed. Data extraction and quality analysis using the ROBIS tool and the PRISMA checklist were performed.

RESULTS

The overall search resulted in 64 SRs from 1999 to 2020 with 44 published in last six years. The highest number of SRs had been performed in the Prognostic domain (n = 19) followed by the domains of Epidemiology (n = 15), Therapeutics (n = 10), Oral Biology (n = 7), Diagnostics (n = 6), Preventive (n = 5), and Research Methods (n = 2). Within each domain, there were variabilities in the number of reviewers, a priori protocols, search limitations, risk of bias methods, and meta-analysis. Of the SRs, including 4 Cochrane reviews, 28.4% were inconclusive. A low risk of bias was found in 48.4% of the SRs. Among the registered and ongoing SRs, six were from the domain of epidemiology, two in the domain of therapeutics, five from prognostics, and one each in the domains of prevention and research methods.

CONCLUSION

The SRs in DT could be mapped in seven domains with variabilities in the methods. The majority had an a priori registered protocol and a low risk of reporting errors. Within the Epidemiology and Preventive domains, SRs were present in all the sub-domains with the majority demonstrating low-risk of bias (ROB). The domain of prognosis had SRs in most sub-domains but with a high ROB. Insufficient numbers of SRs were present in most sub-domains of the Diagnostics, Therapeutics, Research Methods and Oral Biology domains.

Autotransplanted premolars with incomplete root formation in a growing patient with multiple missing teeth

A boy aged 8 years 11-months with 4 missing teeth in his mandibular arch and with a skeletal Class II pattern was treated with autotransplantation of developing premolars from his maxillary arch with the aid of temporary skeletal anchorage devices. The active treatment duration was 25 months. After treatment, he had a normal occlusion, and his profile was improved. Posttreatment records at 12 months showed stable occlusion and successfully autotransplanted premolars.

Posterior tooth autotransplantation: a case series

Tooth autotransplantation is the technique of transplanting embedded, impacted or erupted teeth from one site into another in the same individual. Autotransplantation can provide a long-term, cost-effective and biological solution for adolescent patients with congenitally missing teeth or significantly compromised teeth when a suitable donor tooth is available. Successful autotransplantation of immature teeth can offer many advantages for a growing patient, including a normally functioning periodontium, proprioception and preservation of alveolar bone volume. Even in the event that an autotransplanted tooth does eventually fail, the bone and soft tissue conditions are likely to be conducive for subsequent implant treatment. Despite the significant physiological and cost-benefit advantages, tooth autotransplantation remains relatively underutilized, as the procedure is considered to be technique-sensitive. Although carefully considered individual case selection and surgical skill are the critical determinants for success, advances in three-dimensional computed tomography and rapid prototyping have the potential to simultaneously reduce the technique sensitivity and increase the predictability of the autotransplantation procedure. It is hoped that this case series will provide greater awareness and an appreciation of the tremendous value of autotransplantation for the management of patients with congenitally missing or significantly compromised posterior teeth.

Application of Platelet-Rich Fibrin as Regeneration Assistant in Immediate Auototransplantation of Third Molar with Unformed Roots: Case Report and Review of Literature

Background

Autogenous Tooth Transplantation (ATT) is the surgical movement of a maturely or immaturely formed tooth from its original site to another extraction site or a surgically prepared socket in the same individual. The most important factor in the healing process after autotransplantation is the presence of intact and viable periodontal ligament cells, which have the ability to differentiate into osteoblasts and able to induce bone production. ATT can successfully replace removable dentures as a restoration option in a growing patient, while implants can be placed only after skeletal maturity is attained. Case Presentation. In this case, we presented an immediate ATT of the third molar with unformed roots to the extraction socket of the first molar with evidence of continued root formation after 2 years of follow-up.

Conclusion

Platelet-Rich Fibrin (PRF) can induce sustainable and accelerated healing, and it can also induce the regeneration process of the periodontal tissues and pulpal formation. This process plays a key role in future root development and success rate.

Survival of Autotransplanted Teeth With Open Apices: A Retrospective Cohort Study

PURPOSE

Autotransplantation of teeth is an alternative treatment method in growing patients with hypodontia or impacted teeth. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of, and predictors for, the loss of transplanted teeth in children and young adults.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

All patients who had undergone tooth transplantation at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Turku University Hospital, from October 1, 2009 to January 5, 2017, were identified from the hospital's database. The outcome variable was survival of the transplanted tooth. The predictor variables were the transplantation type, donor tooth, maturity of the donor tooth, number of roots of the donor tooth, recipient's jaw, the need for extraoral storage of the donor tooth during surgery, continuation of root development during follow-up, and institution experience. One tooth was randomly selected from each subject. The Kaplan-Meier method for survival analysis, and the Cox proportional hazards regression analysis results were used to assess the association between survival and the risk factors.

RESULTS

The sample included 36 subjects with a mean age of 14.3 years; 33.3% were male, 45 teeth were transplanted, and the median follow-up time was 1.3 years. The 1-year survival rate was 87% (95% confidence interval [CI], 75 to 99%). A significant predictor for tooth survival was the continuation of root development (hazard ratio, 21.3; 95% CI, 2.1 to 215.0; P = .009). Although not statistically significantly, more favorable prognoses were found for distant than for transalveolar transplantations, 1-rooted than multirooted teeth, premolars than molars, teeth not stored in an extraoral media, and teeth that had been transplanted later during the study period.

CONCLUSIONS

The experience of the professional team, use of open apex premolars, and postoperative continuation of root development of the transplant were the factors associated with favorable outcomes. Transplants could benefit from the use of 3-dimensional models during surgery.

In the Dental Implant Era, Why Do We Still Bother Saving Teeth?

Teeth are vital sensory organs that contribute to our daily activities of living. Unfortunately, teeth can be lost for several reasons including trauma, caries, and periodontal disease. Although dental trauma injuries and caries are more frequently encountered in a younger population, tooth loss because of periodontal disease occurs in the older population. In the dental implant era, the trend sometimes seems to be to extract compromised teeth and replace them with dental implants. However, the long-term prognosis of teeth might not be comparable with the prognosis of dental implants. Complications, failures, and diseases such as peri-implantitis are not uncommon, and, despite popular belief, implants are not 99% successful. Other treatment options that aim to save compromised or diseased teeth such as endodontic treatment, periodontal treatment, intentional replantation, and autotransplantation should be considered on an individual basis. These treatments have competing success rates to dental implants but, more importantly, retain the natural tooth in the dentition for a longer period of time. These options are important to discuss in detail during treatment planning with patients in order to clarify any misconceptions about teeth and dental implants. In the event a tooth does have to be extracted, procedures such as decoronation and orthodontic extrusion might be useful to preserve hard and soft tissues for future dental implant placement. Regardless of the treatment modality, it is critical that strict maintenance and follow-up protocols are implemented and that treatment planning is ethically responsible and evidence based.

Autogenous transalveolar transplantation of maxillary canines: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background and objectives

The objective was to systematically review transalveolar transplantation of maxillary canines and the long-term outcome for an average follow-up period of 2 years or more.

Data collection and analysis

A systematic review of the currently available literature until December 2017 was conducted, using Medline, Cochrane Central, Web off Science, and PubMed. Articles were screened for 1. indications, 2. contra-indications, 3. surgical planning, 4. surgical technique, 5. associated risk factors, and 6. long-term outcome for transalveolar transplantation of maxillary canines with the following outcome measures: bone-related outcomes, tooth-related outcomes, soft tissue-related outcomes, and aesthetic outcome measures. Descriptive statistics, as well as a quality assessment of included articles, were performed. Following study retrieval and selection, relevant data was extracted and the risk of bias was assessed using the Methodological index for non-randomized studies (MINORS).

Results

Twelve articles were included in this review. These studies included outcome data for 783 autotransplanted maxillary canines, with long-term studies indicating a clinically acceptable overall outcome.

Limitations

Since the lack of randomized controlled trials considering this topic, the quality of the evidence in the present review is considered low. However, impacted maxillary canines are a rare anomaly and different aspects, such as position of the impacted canine, patient’s age and patient’s demands, and expectancies must be taken into account, it is practically impossible to randomize treatment.

Conclusions

There is sufficient evidence to justify the transalveolar transplantation of maxillary canines as a legitimate treatment technique for impacted maxillary canines deemed difficult to treat with surgical exposure and subsequent orthodontic alignment. Long-term studies have shown that a good overall outcome is to be expected. There is no clear agreement in the literature on the indications and contra-indications for transalveolar transplantation of maxillary canines.

Implication of key findings

It is highly desirable that further research on this issue be undertaken, high-quality observational studies are recommended.

Registration

PROSPERO (CRD42017056348)

Autotransplantation of premolars and space closure in a patient with inflamed sinuses

Congenital absence of permanent teeth can be treated by means of dental implants and prosthetics. Tooth autotransplantation is an alternative in growing patients because continued eruption of the transplanted tooth and associated alveolar bone growth can be expected. This clinical report presents tooth autotransplantation in a 10-year-old boy with chronic maxillary rhinosinusitis, diagnosed by the department of otorhinolaryngology. The patient's mandibular second premolars were transplanted to a congenitally edentulous maxillary premolar region. There was insufficient alveolar bone during transplantation because of pneumatization, but normal root development with vertical alveolar bone growth was observed during a 3-year follow-up. Healing of the transplant in the right side without closing of the apex and without signs of obliteration after 4 years is exceptional.

Development and validation of the autotransplanted maxillary canine radiological index

The purpose of this study was to propose and validate an index evaluating 2D and 3D radiographic variables of autotransplanted maxillary canines. Setting and sample population are from the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at University Hospitals Leuven. Eight oral-maxillofacial surgeons rated 12 autotransplanted maxillary canines and adjacent bone using 11 rating variables. A new autotransplanted maxillary canine radiological index (AMCRI) was proposed. It consisted of 11 variables. These variables were based on 2D (intraoral) and 3D Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) radiographs. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Fleiss's kappa statistics were performed to analyze intrarater and interrater agreement. Considering cumulative assessment of the AMCRI, the mean ICC value for the interrater agreement of the eight examiners was 0.94, representing an excellent agreement. Intrarater agreement was 0.91. The AMCRI is an objective tool in rating radiological outcome of autotransplanted canines and adjacent bone, when compared with the contralateral canine.

A preliminary study of effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) irradiation on dentoalveolar ankylosis

The purpose of this experiment was to investigate whether low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) irradiation can inhibit dentoalveolar ankylosis in transplanted rat teeth. LIPUS irradiation (the pulsed ultrasound signal had a frequency of 3.0 MHz, a spatial average intensity of 30 mW/cm², and a pulse ratio of 1:4) was performed on the face over the re-planted teeth of rats for 4 weeks. After the rats were euthanized, we measured mobility (Periotest value [PTV]) of the transplanted and control teeth using a Periotest. Finally, we performed histological evaluation to detect ankylosis. PTVs tended to be significantly lower for re-planted teeth than for control teeth. Histological evaluation revealed that the roots of all re-planted teeth were coalescent with alveolar bone. Furthermore, no ankylosis was observed in three-fifths of the re-planted teeth following LIPUS irradiation. These results indicate the potential efficacy of LIPUS to inhibit dentoalveolar ankylosis.

Autotransplantation of teeth with incomplete root formation: a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES

The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the rates of survival and success and the complications related to autotransplantation of teeth with incomplete root formation. Additionally, we attempted to identify the prognostic factors that influence the outcome of tooth autotransplantation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A literature search for all data published until July 2016 was conducted. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were specified. Risk of bias was assessed with the Newcastle checklist. Meta-analysis was performed by using the DerSimonian-Laird random effect model. The 1-, 5-, and 10-year survival rates and the weighted estimated survival, success, and complication rates per year were calculated.

RESULTS

Thirty-two studies were included for analysis. The survival rates reported after 1, 5, and 10 years were 97.4, 97.8, and 96.3%, respectively. The annual weighted estimated survival rate (98.2%), success rate (96.6%), and complication rates in terms of ankylosis (2.0%), root resorption (2.9%), and pulp necrosis (3.3%) were analyzed. No firm conclusions could be drawn with respect to the prognostic factors due to insufficient evidence of high quality.

CONCLUSION

The survival and success rates of autotransplantation of teeth with incomplete root formation were high (> 95%), with a low rate of complications (< 5%).

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Current evidence from the literature on autotransplantation of teeth with incomplete root formation shows favorable survival and success rates and low complication rates, indicating it is a reliable treatment option.

Periodontal tactile sensation and occlusal loading condition of autotransplanted teeth: A retrospective pilot study

PURPOSE

The objectives of this retrospective pilot study were: (1) to examine the occlusal properties (periodontal tactile sensation, occlusal force support ability, dynamic tooth mobility, occlusal force, contact area, preferred chewing side and main occluding area) of autotransplanted teeth with no clinical complications after transplantation (postoperative periods from 1 to 7 years).

METHODS

Three groups were formed from 20 subjects (23 teeth in each group): autotransplanted teeth (ATP group), teeth contralateral to the recipient site (control group A), and teeth contralateral to the donor site (control group B).

RESULTS

The tactile detection threshold of the ATP group was higher than both the control groups, and the individual occlusal force was significantly lower than control group A. The occlusal force ratio and the occlusal contact area ratio were significantly lower in the ATP group than in both control groups, while the mobility was similar in all groups. Eight out of 20 subjects chose the autotransplanted teeth side as the preferred chewing side. Especially when the recipient site was the first molar, the ATP of these subjects were included in the main occluding area. The pocket depth of the three groups was within the normal range.

CONCLUSIONS

These results demonstrate that teeth autotransplantation can achieve a mastication efficiency and periodontal condition similar to normal teeth; however, without proper healing, the periodontal sensation of autotransplanted teeth may be inferior to that of normal teeth (<250).