1
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Tang C, McInnes BT. Cascade Processes with Micellar Reaction Media: Recent Advances and Future Directions. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175611. [PMID: 36080376 PMCID: PMC9458028 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducing the use of solvents is an important aim of green chemistry. Using micelles self-assembled from amphiphilic molecules dispersed in water (considered a green solvent) has facilitated reactions of organic compounds. When performing reactions in micelles, the hydrophobic effect can considerably accelerate apparent reaction rates, as well as enhance selectivity. Here, we review micellar reaction media and their potential role in sustainable chemical production. The focus of this review is applications of engineered amphiphilic systems for reactions (surface-active ionic liquids, designer surfactants, and block copolymers) as reaction media. Micelles are a versatile platform for performing a large array of organic chemistries using water as the bulk solvent. Building on this foundation, synthetic sequences combining several reaction steps in one pot have been developed. Telescoping multiple reactions can reduce solvent waste by limiting the volume of solvents, as well as eliminating purification processes. Thus, in particular, we review recent advances in “one-pot” multistep reactions achieved using micellar reaction media with potential applications in medicinal chemistry and agrochemistry. Photocatalyzed reactions in micellar reaction media are also discussed. In addition to the use of micelles, we emphasize the process (steps to isolate the product and reuse the catalyst).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Tang
- Chemical and Life Science Engineering Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Bridget T. McInnes
- Computer Science Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
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2
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Petersen H, Ballmann M, Krause N, Weberskirch R. Gold(I) NHC Catalysts Immobilized to Amphiphilic Block Copolymers: A Versatile Approach to Micellar Gold Catalysis in Water. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Petersen
- TU Dortmund University: Technische Universitat Dortmund Fakultät für Chemie und Chem. Biologie Otto-Hahn Str. 6 44227 Dortmund GERMANY
| | - Monika Ballmann
- Technische Universität Dortmund: Technische Universitat Dortmund Fakultät für Chemie und Chem. Biologie Otto-Hahn Str. 6 44227 Dortmund GERMANY
| | - Norbert Krause
- TU Dortmund University: Technische Universitat Dortmund Fakultät für Chemie und Chem. Biologie Otto-Hahn Str. 6 44227 Dortmund GERMANY
| | - Ralf Weberskirch
- Dortmund University of Technology Fakultät Chemie und Chem. Biologie , organic chemistry Otto-Hahn-Str. 6Room: C2-04-702 44227 Dortmund GERMANY
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3
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Flores JC, Silbestri GF, de Jesús E. Water-soluble transition-metal complexes with hydrophilic N-heterocyclic carbene ligands for aqueous-phase applications. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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4
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Aghahosseini H, Saadati MR, Rezaei SJT, Ramazani A, Asadi N, Yahiro H, Mori M, Shajari N, Kazemizadeh AR. A robust polyfunctional Pd(II)-based magnetic amphiphilic nanocatalyst for the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10239. [PMID: 33986335 PMCID: PMC8119465 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89424-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, a robust Pd(II)-based polyfunctional magnetic amphiphilic artificial metalloenzyme was prepared by anchoring a Pd(2,2'-dipyridylamine)Cl2 bearing hydrophilic monomethyl ether poly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG) chains on the surface of amino-functionalized silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles. The 2,2'-dipyridylamine (dpa) has shown excellent complexation properties for Pd(II) and it could be easily anchored onto functionalized magnetic support by the bridging nitrogen atom. Moreover, the bridging nitrogen atom at the proximity of Pd(II) catalytic center could play an important role in dynamic suppramolecular interactions with substrates. The leaching, air and moisture resistant [Pd(dpa)Cl2] complex endow the dynamic and robust structure to the designed artificial enzyme. Moreover, the water dispersibility of designed artificial metalloenzyme raised from mPEG chains and the magnetic nanoparticles core which could function as protein mimics endow it other necessary characters of artificial enzymes. The prepared artificial metalloenzyme displayed remarkable activity in Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction employing low-palladium loading under mild conditions, with the exceptionally high turnover frequency, clean reaction profile, easy work-up procedure, good to excellent products yields and short reaction times. The designed air- and moisture-stable artificial metalloenzyme could recycle more than fifteen times with easy separation procedure in aqueous solution under aerobic conditions without any noticeable loss in activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Aghahosseini
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, 45371-38791, Iran
- Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute of Modern Biological Techniques (RIMBT, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, 45371-38791, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Saadati
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, 45371-38791, Iran
| | | | - Ali Ramazani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, 45371-38791, Iran.
- Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute of Modern Biological Techniques (RIMBT, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, 45371-38791, Iran.
| | - Narges Asadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, 45371-38791, Iran
| | - Hidenori Yahiro
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Masami Mori
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Nahid Shajari
- Department of Chemistry, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, P. O. Box 49195-467, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Kazemizadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, P. O. Box 49195-467, Zanjan, Iran
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5
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Nghiem TL, Coban D, Tjaberings S, Gröschel AH. Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Application of Polymer Compartments for Catalysis. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2190. [PMID: 32987965 PMCID: PMC7600123 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Catalysis is one of the most important processes in nature, science, and technology, that enables the energy efficient synthesis of essential organic compounds, pharmaceutically active substances, and molecular energy sources. In nature, catalytic reactions typically occur in aqueous environments involving multiple catalytic sites. To prevent the deactivation of catalysts in water or avoid unwanted cross-reactions, catalysts are often site-isolated in nanopockets or separately stored in compartments. These concepts have inspired the design of a range of synthetic nanoreactors that allow otherwise unfeasible catalytic reactions in aqueous environments. Since the field of nanoreactors is evolving rapidly, we here summarize-from a personal perspective-prominent and recent examples for polymer nanoreactors with emphasis on their synthesis and their ability to catalyze reactions in dispersion. Examples comprise the incorporation of catalytic sites into hydrophobic nanodomains of single chain polymer nanoparticles, molecular polymer nanoparticles, and block copolymer micelles and vesicles. We focus on catalytic reactions mediated by transition metal and organocatalysts, and the separate storage of multiple catalysts for one-pot cascade reactions. Efforts devoted to the field of nanoreactors are relevant for catalytic chemistry and nanotechnology, as well as the synthesis of pharmaceutical and natural compounds. Optimized nanoreactors will aid in the development of more potent catalytic systems for green and fast reaction sequences contributing to sustainable chemistry by reducing waste of solvents, reagents, and energy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - André H. Gröschel
- Physical Chemistry and Centre for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (T.-L.N.); (D.C.); (S.T.)
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6
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A new PEPPSI type N-heterocyclic carbene palladium(II) complex and its efficiency as a catalyst for Mizoroki-Heck cross-coupling reactions in water. J CHEM SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-020-1754-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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7
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Wilson BJ, Brantley JN. Synthesis and Reactivity of Metallocarbene-Containing Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:12453-12457. [PMID: 31348854 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metallopolymers are an emerging class of materials with potential utility as semiconductors, catalysts, optical device components, and stimuli responsive networks. While polymer frameworks have been decorated with an array of organometallic moieties, the incorporation of metallocarbenes has been largely overlooked. Here, we report ring-opening metathesis polymerization as a strategy for the synthesis of Fischer carbene-containing polymers. High degrees of polymerization were observed (>800 repeats), and the isolated materials exhibited exceptional solubility and thermal stability. The tungsten carbene subunits were readily incorporated into block copolymers and could be modified through subsequent transformations. Moreover, the metallocarbene polymers were found to release carbon monoxide upon exposure to light or oxygen, which is unusual for tungsten carbene complexes. These metallocarbene-containing polymers could represent new platforms for the development of functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breana J Wilson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Tennessee , Knoxville , Tennessee 37996 , United States
| | - Johnathan N Brantley
- Department of Chemistry , University of Tennessee , Knoxville , Tennessee 37996 , United States
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8
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Paramita Das P, Prabhakaran VC, Nanda S, Sen D, Chowdhury B. Palladium Impregnated Amine Co‐condensed Hexagonal Mesoporous Silica: A Novel Catalyst in Tailoring Suzuki and Heck Coupling Reactions in Base Free Condition. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prangya Paramita Das
- Department of Applied ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad India
| | - Vinod C Prabhakaran
- Catalysis Division and Center of Excellence on Surface ScienceNational Chemical Laboratory (NCL) Pune India
| | - Samik Nanda
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur India
| | - Debasis Sen
- Solid State Physics DivisionBhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC) Mumbai India
| | - Biswajit Chowdhury
- Department of Applied ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad India
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9
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Lambert R, Wirotius AL, Vignolle J, Taton D. C–C couplings in water by micellar catalysis at low loadings from a recyclable polymer-supported Pd(ii)–NHC nanocatalyst. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01509k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A robust and recyclable polymer-supported Pd(ii)–NHC2 nanocatalyst enables highly efficient micellar catalysis of the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction at low loadings with a broad substrate scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Lambert
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques
- Université de Bordeaux
- CNRS UMR 5629
- ENSCPB
- F-33607 Pessac Cedex
| | - Anne-Laure Wirotius
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques
- Université de Bordeaux
- CNRS UMR 5629
- ENSCPB
- F-33607 Pessac Cedex
| | - Joan Vignolle
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques
- Université de Bordeaux
- CNRS UMR 5629
- ENSCPB
- F-33607 Pessac Cedex
| | - Daniel Taton
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques
- Université de Bordeaux
- CNRS UMR 5629
- ENSCPB
- F-33607 Pessac Cedex
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10
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11
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Preparation of Thermo-Responsive and Cross-Linked Fluorinated Nanoparticles via RAFT-Mediated Aqueous Polymerization in Nanoreactors. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22020152. [PMID: 28124975 PMCID: PMC6155661 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a thermo-responsive and cross-linked fluoropolymer poly(2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl) methacrylate (PTFEMA) was successfully prepared by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) mediated aqueous polymerization with a thermo-responsive diblock poly(dimethylacrylamide-b-N-isopropylacrylamide) (PDMA-b-PNIPAM) that performed a dual function as both a nanoreactor and macro-RAFT agent. The cross-linked polymer particles proved to be in a spherical-like structure of about 50 nm in diameter and with a relatively narrow particle size distribution. 1H-NMR and 19F-NMR spectra showed that thermo-responsive diblock P(DMA-b-NIPAM) and cross-linked PTFEMA particles were successfully synthesized. Influence of the amount of ammonium persulfate (APS), the molar ratio of monomers to RAFT agent, influence of the amount of cross-linker on aqueous polymerization and thermo-responsive characterization of the particles are investigated. Monomer conversion increased from 44% to 94% with increasing the molar ratio of APS and P(DMA-b-NIPAM) from 1:9 to1:3. As the reaction proceeded, the particle size increased from 29 to 49 nm due to the consumption of TFEMA monomer. The size of cross-linked nanoparticles sharply decreased from 50.3 to 40.5 nm over the temperature range 14–44 °C, suggesting good temperature sensitivity for these nanoparticles.
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12
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Zhong R, Lindhorst AC, Groche FJ, Kühn FE. Immobilization of N-Heterocyclic Carbene Compounds: A Synthetic Perspective. Chem Rev 2017; 117:1970-2058. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhong
- Molecular Catalysis, Department
of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Anja C. Lindhorst
- Molecular Catalysis, Department
of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Florian J. Groche
- Molecular Catalysis, Department
of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Fritz E. Kühn
- Molecular Catalysis, Department
of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching bei München, Germany
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13
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Lempke L, Ernst A, Kahl F, Weberskirch R, Krause N. Sustainable Micellar Gold Catalysis - Poly(2-oxazolines) as Versatile Amphiphiles. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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14
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Pourjavadi A, Safaie N, Hosseini SH, Bennett C. Highly dispersible and magnetically recyclable poly(1-vinyl imidazole) brush coated magnetic nanoparticles: an effective support for the immobilization of palladium nanoparticles. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj02576a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A heterogeneous recoverable catalyst was prepared via the complexation of palladium onto the surface of magnetic nanoparticles coated by a poly(1-vinyl imidazole) brush.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Pourjavadi
- Polymer Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Sharif University of Technology
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Niloofar Safaie
- Polymer Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Sharif University of Technology
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Seyed Hassan Hosseini
- Polymer Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Sharif University of Technology
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Craig Bennett
- Department of Physics
- Acadia University
- Wolfville
- Canada
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15
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Zawartka W, Pośpiech P, Cypryk M, Trzeciak AM. Palladium supported on aminopropyl-functionalized polymethylsiloxane microspheres: Simple and effective catalyst for the Suzuki–Miyaura C–C coupling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Hajipour AR, Azizi G. Palladium-quaternary phosphonium phase transfer catalyst brush assembly as reusable and environmentally benign catalyst for coupling of aryl halides and sodium tetraphenylborate in neat water. Appl Organomet Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.3355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdol R. Hajipour
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; Isfahan University of Technology; Isfahan 84156 IR Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School; University of Wisconsin; 1300 University Avenue Madison WI 53706-1532 USA
| | - Ghobad Azizi
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; Isfahan University of Technology; Isfahan 84156 IR Iran
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17
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Hiller W, Engelhardt N, Kampmann AL, Degen P, Weberskirch R. Micellization and Mobility of Amphiphilic Poly(2-oxazoline) Based Block Copolymers Characterized by 1H NMR Spectroscopy. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolf Hiller
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Nadine Engelhardt
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Anne-Larissa Kampmann
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Patrick Degen
- Center
for Synchrotron Radiation (DELTA), TU Dortmund, Maria-Goeppert-Meyer-Str. 2, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ralf Weberskirch
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
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18
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Levin E, Ivry E, Diesendruck CE, Lemcoff NG. Water in N-heterocyclic carbene-assisted catalysis. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4607-92. [PMID: 25942582 DOI: 10.1021/cr400640e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Efrat Levin
- †Chemistry Department, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Elisa Ivry
- †Chemistry Department, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Charles E Diesendruck
- ‡Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - N Gabriel Lemcoff
- †Chemistry Department, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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19
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Izquierdo F, Corpet M, Nolan SP. The Suzuki-Miyaura Reaction Performed Using a Palladium-N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyst and a Weak Inorganic Base. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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Pan D, Wu A, Li P, Xu H, Lei F, Shen L. Palladium-loaded Renewable Polymer as a Green Heterogeneous Catalyst for Cross-coupling Reactions under Microwave Irradiation. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.3184/174751914x14175181969937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new palladium catalyst was prepared by immobilising ligand 2, 2′-dipyridylamine on the backbone of an acidic rosin polymer from gum rosin, on to which palladium(II) was bound via coordination. The catalyst at a low loading of 0.2 mol% was found to be highly effective for Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions of aryl halides and arylboronic acids under microwave irradiation in the presence of 1 equiv. of Na2CO3, affording excellent yields of the corresponding biaryls. Moreover, the catalyst exhibited very good recyclability over three cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Pan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Forest Chemicals of Guangxi, Nanning 530006, P.R. China
| | - Aiqun Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Forest Chemicals of Guangxi, Nanning 530006, P.R. China
| | - Pengfei Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Forest Chemicals of Guangxi, Nanning 530006, P.R. China
| | - Haitang Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Forest Chemicals of Guangxi, Nanning 530006, P.R. China
| | - Fuhou Lei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Forest Chemicals of Guangxi, Nanning 530006, P.R. China
| | - Liqun Shen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Forest Chemicals of Guangxi, Nanning 530006, P.R. China
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21
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Baquero EA, Flores JC, Perles J, Gómez-Sal P, de Jesús E. Water-Soluble Mono- and Dimethyl N-Heterocyclic Carbene Platinum(II) Complexes: Synthesis and Reactivity. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om500753v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin A. Baquero
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica,
Campus Universitario, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de
Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C. Flores
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica,
Campus Universitario, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de
Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josefina Perles
- Servicio
Interdepartamental de Investigación (SIDI), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Gómez-Sal
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica,
Campus Universitario, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de
Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ernesto de Jesús
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica,
Campus Universitario, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de
Henares, Madrid, Spain
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22
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Immobilized Pd nanoparticles on Tris-modified SiO2: Synthesis, characterization, and catalytic activity in Heck cross-coupling reactions. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(14)60109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Wang J, Mu B, Fu Z, Wang L, Li T, Wu Y. Cyclopalladated ferrocenylimines with ester groups for Heck and Suzuki coupling reactions. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(14)60045-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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Rao GK, Kumar A, Bhunia M, Singh MP, Singh AK. Complex of 2-(methylthio)aniline with palladium(II) as an efficient catalyst for Suzuki-Miyaura C-C coupling in eco-friendly water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 269:18-23. [PMID: 24332316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
2-(Methylthio)aniline (L1), a bidentate (S,N) ligand synthesized by the reaction of o-aminothiophenol with methyl iodide, on reacting with Na2PdCl4 in acetone and water gives a complex [PdL1Cl2] (1). Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies have revealed that the geometry of palladium in 1 is nearly square-planar and the ligand L1 is bound to the palladium through S and N in a bidentate coordination mode forming a five membered chelate ring. This complex functions as a thermally and air stable catalyst of high efficiency for Suzuki-Miyaura CC coupling reactions in water. It catalyzes CC coupling between various aryl bromides and phenylboronic acid under mild reaction conditions in water. TON value up to 93,000 has been obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyandshwar K Rao
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Mrinal Bhunia
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Mahabir P Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Ajai Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
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25
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Baquero EA, Silbestri GF, Gómez-Sal P, Flores JC, de Jesús E. Sulfonated Water-Soluble N-Heterocyclic Carbene Silver(I) Complexes: Behavior in Aqueous Medium and as NHC-Transfer Agents to Platinum(II). Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om400228s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin A. Baquero
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Campus Universitario, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de
Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gustavo F. Silbestri
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Campus Universitario, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de
Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Gómez-Sal
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Campus Universitario, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de
Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C. Flores
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Campus Universitario, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de
Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ernesto de Jesús
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Campus Universitario, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de
Henares, Madrid, Spain
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26
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Ranganath KVS, Onitsuka S, Kumar AK, Inanaga J. Recent progress of N-heterocyclic carbenes in heterogeneous catalysis. Catal Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cy00118k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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27
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Lee CS, Lai YB, Lin WJ, Zhuang RR, Hwang WS. Pd(II) complexes with mono- and bis-chelate carbene ligands tagged with pyridinium cation: Synthesis, structures, and their catalytic activities toward Heck reaction. J Organomet Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Tamami B, Farjadian F, Ghasemi S, Allahyari H. Synthesis and applications of polymeric N-heterocyclic carbene palladium complex-grafted silica as a novel recyclable nano-catalyst for Heck and Sonogashira coupling reactions. NEW J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3nj41137k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Schaper LA, Hock SJ, Herrmann WA, Kühn FE. Synthesis and Application of Water-Soluble NHC Transition-Metal Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 52:270-89. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201205119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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30
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Schaper LA, Hock SJ, Herrmann WA, Kühn FE. Synthese und Anwendung wasserlöslicher NHC-Übergangsmetall-Komplexe. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201205119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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31
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Röhlich C, Wirth AS, Köhler K. Suzuki coupling reactions in neat water as the solvent: where in the biphasic reaction mixture do the catalytic reaction steps occur? Chemistry 2012; 18:15485-94. [PMID: 23032729 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Many reports on water-compatible palladium catalysts have appeared in the recent literature. For hydrophobic substrates, mixtures with pure water are biphasic, and it is widely not regarded that the elusive locality of the catalytic process (in water, the organic layer, or at the phase boundary) has an important impact on the mechanism and efficiency of the reaction. In the present work, for the first time systematic variation of reaction parameters has been performed for Suzuki coupling experiments with chloro- and bromoarenes in pure water. The investigations are not only aimed at the factors influencing the catalytic activity, but also at the effects that may occur particularly in water/organic biphasic media, and on the question as to in which of the two liquid phases the reaction takes place. These investigations have revealed that dilution of the base (in the aqueous layer) and the Pd species (in the organic layer) are detrimental to the reaction, and that phase-transfer processes play a major role in the overall mechanism. A series of experiments with variation of parameters like precatalyst hydrophilicity, organic and water phase volume, additives, stirring rate, base concentration, and so forth, indicate that for the systems under study the reaction occurs in the organic layer. The water phase needs to be present to dissolve and provide polar reactants, and re-absorb side products. The results encourage to pay more regard to the question of phase locality of coupling reactions in water in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Röhlich
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
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32
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Jia YG, Jiang J, Liu LY, Chang WX, Li J. Effect of cross-linker on morphology, catalytic activity, and recyclability of immobilized palladium chloride. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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33
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Zhou P, Wang H, Yang J, Tang J, Sun D, Tang W. Bio-supported palladium nanoparticles as a phosphine-free catalyst for the Suzuki reaction in water. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra01015a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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34
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Velazquez HD, Verpoort F. N-heterocyclic carbene transition metal complexes for catalysis in aqueous media. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:7032-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35102a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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35
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Borkowski T, Zawartka W, Pospiech P, Mizerska U, Trzeciak A, Cypryk M, Tylus W. Reusable functionalized polysiloxane-supported palladium catalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling. J Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2011.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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36
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Czégéni CE, Papp G, Kathó Á, Joó F. Water-soluble gold(I)–NHC complexes of sulfonated IMes and SIMes and their catalytic activity in hydration of alkynes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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37
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Soomro SS, Röhlich C, Köhler K. Suzuki Coupling Reactions in Pure Water Catalyzed by Supported Palladium - Relevance of the Surface Polarity of the Support. Adv Synth Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201000891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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38
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Legrand FX, Ménand M, Sollogoub M, Tilloy S, Monflier E. An N-heterocyclic carbene ligand based on a β-cyclodextrin–imidazolium salt: synthesis, characterization of organometallic complexes and Suzuki coupling. NEW J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1nj20200f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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Larrosa I, Somoza C, Banquy A, Goldup SM. Two Flavors of PEPPSI-IPr: Activation and Diffusion Control in a Single NHC-Ligated Pd Catalyst? Org Lett 2010; 13:146-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol1027283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Larrosa
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Joseph Priestly Building, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Clara Somoza
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Joseph Priestly Building, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Alexandre Banquy
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Joseph Priestly Building, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Stephen M. Goldup
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Joseph Priestly Building, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, U.K
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40
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Karami K. Synthesis and characterization of orthopalladated complexes of 4-chloro benzoylmethylene triphenylphosphorane and their application in Suzuki cross-coupling. J COORD CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2010.515213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazem Karami
- a Department of Chemistry , Isfahan University of Technology , Isfahan 84156/83111, Islamic Republic of Iran
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41
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Saifuddin M, Agarwal PK, Sharma SK, Mandadapu AK, Gupta S, Harit VK, Kundu B. Water-Accelerated Cationic π-(7-endo) Cyclisation: Application to Indole-Based Peri-Annulated Polyheterocycles. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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42
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Synthesis of a cellulose xanthate supported palladium(0) complex and its catalytic behavior in the Heck reaction. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-010-0191-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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43
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Pawar GM, Weckesser J, Blechert S, Buchmeiser MR. Ring opening metathesis polymerization-derived block copolymers bearing chelating ligands: synthesis, metal immobilization and use in hydroformylation under micellar conditions. Beilstein J Org Chem 2010; 6:28. [PMID: 20502652 PMCID: PMC2874313 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.6.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Norborn-5-ene-(N,N-dipyrid-2-yl)carbamide (M1) was copolymerized with exo,exo-[2-(3-ethoxycarbonyl-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-carbonyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium iodide (M2) using the Schrock catalyst Mo(N-2,6-Me₂-C₆H₃)(CHCMe₂Ph)(OCMe(CF₃)₂)₂[Mo] to yield poly(M1-b-M2). In water, poly(M1-b-M2) forms micelles with a critical micelle-forming concentration (cmc) of 2.8 x 10⁻⁶ mol L⁻¹; Reaction of poly(M1-b-M2) with [Rh(COD)Cl]₂ (COD = cycloocta-1,5-diene) yields the Rh(I)-loaded block copolymer poly(M1-b-M2)-Rh containing 18 mg of Rh(I)/g of block copolymer with a cmc of 2.2 x 10⁻⁶ mol L⁻¹. The Rh-loaded polymer was used for the hydroformylation of 1-octene under micellar conditions. The data obtained were compared to those obtained with a monomeric analogue, i.e. CH₃CON(Py)₂RhCl(COD) (C1, Py = 2-pyridyl). Using the polymer-supported catalyst under micellar conditions, a significant increase in selectivity, i.e. an increase in the n:iso ratio was accomplished, which could be further enhanced by the addition of excess ligand, e.g., triphenylphosphite. Special features of the micellar catalytic set up are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajanan M Pawar
- Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Stoffe und Faserchemie, Institut für Polymerchemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany; Tel.: +49 (0)711-685-64075; Fax: +49 (0)711-685-64050
| | - Jochen Weckesser
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Siegfried Blechert
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael R Buchmeiser
- Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Stoffe und Faserchemie, Institut für Polymerchemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany; Tel.: +49 (0)711-685-64075; Fax: +49 (0)711-685-64050
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44
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Cicco SR, Farinola GM, Martinelli C, Naso F, Tiecco M. Pd-Promoted Homocoupling Reactions of Unsaturated Silanes in Aqueous Micelles. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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45
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Palladium(II)/cationic 2,2'-bipyridyl system as a highly efficient and reusable catalyst for the Mizoroki-Heck reaction in water. Molecules 2010; 15:315-30. [PMID: 20110893 PMCID: PMC6257062 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15010315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A water-soluble and air-stable Pd(NH3)2Cl2/cationic 2,2’-bipyridyl system was found to be a highly-efficient and reusable catalyst for the coupling of aryl iodides and alkenes in neat water using Bu3N as a base. The reaction was conducted at 140 °C in a sealed tube in air with a catalyst loading as low as 0.0001 mol % for the coupling of activated aryl iodides with butyl and ethyl acrylates, providing the corresponding products in good to excellent yields with very high turnover numbers. In the case of styrene, Mizoroki-Heck coupling products were obtained in good to high yields by using a greater catalyst loading (1 mol %) and TBAB as a phase-transfer agent. After extraction, the residual aqueous solution could be reused several times with only a slight decrease in its activity, making the Mizoroki-Heck reaction “greener”.
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46
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Lamblin M, Nassar-Hardy L, Hierso JC, Fouquet E, Felpin FX. Recyclable Heterogeneous Palladium Catalysts in Pure Water: Sustainable Developments in Suzuki, Heck, Sonogashira and Tsuji-Trost Reactions. Adv Synth Catal 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200900765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 572] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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47
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Yiğit M, Yiğit B, Özdemir İ, Çetinkaya E. The Synthesis of Some Benzimidazolium Salts and Use as Carbene Precursors in the Heck and Suzuki Reactions. HETEROCYCLES 2010. [DOI: 10.3987/com-09-11896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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48
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Hoogenboom R. Poly(2-oxazoline): eine Polymerklasse mit vielfältigen Anwendungsmöglichkeiten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200901607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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49
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Hoogenboom R. Poly(2-oxazoline)s: A Polymer Class with Numerous Potential Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:7978-94. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200901607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 705] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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50
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Firouzabadi H, Iranpoor N, Gholinejad M. 2-Aminophenyl diphenylphosphinite as a new ligand for heterogeneous palladium-catalyzed Heck–Mizoroki reactions in water in the absence of any organic co-solvent. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.06.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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