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Dall’Anese A, Kulyabin PS, Uborsky DV, Vittoria A, Ehm C, Cipullo R, Budzelaar PHM, Voskoboynikov AZ, Busico V, Tensi L, Macchioni A, Zuccaccia C. Octahedral Zirconium Salan Catalysts for Olefin Polymerization: Substituent and Solvent Effects on Structure and Dynamics. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:16021-16037. [PMID: 37725565 PMCID: PMC10548417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Group 4 metal-Salan olefin polymerization catalysts typically have relatively low activity, being slowed down by a pre-equilibrium favoring a non-polymerization active resting state identified as a mer-mer isomer (MM); formation of the polymerization active fac-fac species (FF) requires isomerization. We now show that the chemistry is more subtle than previously realized. Salan variations bearing large, flat substituents can achieve very high activity, and we ascribe this to the stabilization of the FF isomer, which becomes lower in energy than MM. Detailed in situ NMR studies of a fast (o-anthracenyl) and a slow (o-tBu) Salan precursors, suitably activated, indicate that preferred isomers in solution are different: the fast catalyst prefers FF while the slow catalyst prefers a highly distorted MM geometry. Crystal structures of the activated o-anthracenyl substituted complex with a moderately (chlorobenzene) and, more importantly, a weakly coordinating solvent (toluene) in the first coordination sphere emphasize that the active FF isomer is preferred, at least for the benzyl species. Site epimerization (SE) barriers for the fast catalyst (ΔS > 0, dissociative) and the slow catalyst (ΔS < 0, associative) in toluene corroborate the solvent role. Diagnostic NMe 13C chemical shift differences allow unambiguous detection of FF or MM geometries for seven activated catalysts in different solvents, highlighting the role of solvent coordination strength and bulkiness of the ortho-substituent on the isomer equilibrium. For the first time, active polymeryl species of Zr-Salan catalysts were speciated. The slow catalyst is effectively trapped in the inactive MM state, as previously suggested. Direct observation of fast catalysts is hampered by their high reactivity, but the product of the first 1-hexene insertion maintains its FF geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dall’Anese
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università
degli Studi di Perugia, Via dell’Elce di sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Pavel S. Kulyabin
- Department
of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Dmitry V. Uborsky
- Department
of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Vittoria
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Ehm
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Roberta Cipullo
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Peter H. M. Budzelaar
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Z. Voskoboynikov
- Department
of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Busico
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Leonardo Tensi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università
degli Studi di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alceo Macchioni
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università
degli Studi di Perugia, Via dell’Elce di sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cristiano Zuccaccia
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università
degli Studi di Perugia, Via dell’Elce di sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Sian L, Dall’Anese A, Macchioni A, Tensi L, Busico V, Cipullo R, Goryunov GP, Uborsky D, Voskoboynikov AZ, Ehm C, Rocchigiani L, Zuccaccia C. Role of Solvent Coordination on the Structure and Dynamics of ansa-Zirconocenium Ion Pairs in Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Sian
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli studi di Perugia and CIRCC, Via Elce di sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Dall’Anese
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli studi di Perugia and CIRCC, Via Elce di sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alceo Macchioni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli studi di Perugia and CIRCC, Via Elce di sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Leonardo Tensi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli studi di Perugia and CIRCC, Via Elce di sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Busico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Roberta Cipullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Georgy P. Goryunov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Dmitry Uborsky
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Z. Voskoboynikov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Ehm
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Rocchigiani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli studi di Perugia and CIRCC, Via Elce di sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Cristiano Zuccaccia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli studi di Perugia and CIRCC, Via Elce di sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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3
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Nowicki K, Pacholak P, Luliński S. Heteroelement Analogues of Benzoxaborole and Related Ring Expanded Systems. Molecules 2021; 26:5464. [PMID: 34576937 PMCID: PMC8468133 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The review covers the chemistry of organoboron heterocycles structurally related to benzoxaboroles where one of the carbon atoms in a boracycle or a fused benzene ring is replaced by a heteroelement such as boron, silicon, tin, nitrogen, phosphorus, or iodine. Related ring expanded systems including those based on naphthalene and biphenyl cores are also described. The information on synthetic methodology as well as the basic structural and physicochemical characteristics of these emerging heterocycles is complemented by a presentation of their potential applications in organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry, the latter aspect being mostly focused on the promising antimicrobial activity of selected compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Nowicki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, PL-00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (K.N.); (P.P.)
| | - Piotr Pacholak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, PL-00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (K.N.); (P.P.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sergiusz Luliński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, PL-00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (K.N.); (P.P.)
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4
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Zaccaria F, Sian L, Zuccaccia C, Macchioni A. Ion pairing in transition metal catalyzed olefin polymerization. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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5
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Sian L, Macchioni A, Zuccaccia C. Understanding the Role of Metallocenium Ion-Pair Aggregates on the Rate of Olefin Insertion into the Metal–Carbon Bond. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b04929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Sian
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia and CIRCC, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alceo Macchioni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia and CIRCC, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cristiano Zuccaccia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia and CIRCC, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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6
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Teerasarunyanon R, Wilkins LC, Park G, Gabbaï FP. Synthesis, structure and anion binding properties of 1,8-bis(dimesitylboryl)anthracene and its monoborylated analog. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:14777-14782. [PMID: 31552969 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03238j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two boranes, 1-(dimesitylboryl)anthracene (1) and 1,8-bis(dimesitylboryl)anthracene (2), have been synthesized with the spectrophysical properties showing how the inclusion of one or two boron atoms progressively perturbs the π-system of the anthracene backbone. This perturbation is caused by conjugation of the anthracene-π* orbital with the vacant p-orbital on boron. Additionally, both 1 and 2 have a high affinity for fluoride and cyanide anions which are complexed in a 1 : 1 guest-host ratio. The mono-borane 1 is particularly well-suited for cyanide binding, displaying a binding constant of 3 × 107 in THF. Furthermore, as a result of their unique electronic structures, these boranes display a fluorescence response to fluoride anion characterized by a blue shift in the case of 1 and a red shift in the case of 2.
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7
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Fischer M, Barbul D, Schmidtmann M, Beckhaus R. Unexpected Selective Methyl Group Abstractions from SiMe
3
Moieties of CH
2
SiMe
3
Ligands To Give New Cationic Titanium Complexes. Chemistry 2019; 25:7119-7130. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malte Fischer
- Institut für ChemieFakultät für Mathematik und NaturwissenschaftenCarl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Postfach 2503 26111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Daniel Barbul
- Institut für ChemieFakultät für Mathematik und NaturwissenschaftenCarl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Postfach 2503 26111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institut für ChemieFakultät für Mathematik und NaturwissenschaftenCarl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Postfach 2503 26111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Ruediger Beckhaus
- Institut für ChemieFakultät für Mathematik und NaturwissenschaftenCarl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Postfach 2503 26111 Oldenburg Germany
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8
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Nikitin K, O'Gara R. Mechanisms and Beyond: Elucidation of Fluxional Dynamics by Exchange NMR Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2019; 25:4551-4589. [PMID: 30421834 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Detailed mechanistic information is crucial to our understanding of reaction pathways and selectivity. Dynamic exchange NMR techniques, in particular 2D exchange spectroscopy (EXSY) and its modifications, provide indispensable intricate information on the mechanisms of organic and inorganic reactions and other phenomena, for example, the dynamics of interfacial processes. In this Review, key results from exchange NMR studies of small molecules over the last few decades are systemised and discussed. After a brief introduction to the theory, the key types of dynamic processes are identified and fundamental examples given of intra- and intermolecular reactions, which, in turn, could involve, or not, bond-making and bond-breaking events. Following that logic, internal molecular rotation, intramolecular stereomutation and molecular recognition will first be considered because they do not typically involve bond breaking. Then, rearrangements, substitution-type reactions, cyclisations, additions and other processes affecting chemical bonds will be discussed. Finally, interfacial molecular dynamics and unexpected combinations of different types of fluxional processes will also be highlighted. How exchange NMR spectroscopy helps to identify conformational changes, coordination and molecular recognition processes as well as quantify reaction energy barriers and extract detailed mechanistic information by using reaction rate theory in conjunction with computational techniques will be shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Nikitin
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ryan O'Gara
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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9
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Chen CH, Gabbaï FP. Large-bite diboranes for the μ(1,2) complexation of hydrazine and cyanide. Chem Sci 2018; 9:6210-6218. [PMID: 30090308 PMCID: PMC6062845 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01877d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of our interest in the chemistry of polydentate Lewis acids as hosts for diatomic molecules, we have investigated the synthesis and coordination chemistry of bidentate boranes that feature a large boron-boron separation. In this paper, we describe the synthesis of a new example of such a diborane, namely 1,8-bis(dimesitylboryl)triptycene (2) and compare its properties to those of the recently reported 1,8-bis(dimesitylboryl)biphenylene (1). These comparative studies reveal that these two diboranes feature some important differences. As indicated by cyclic voltammetry, 1 is more electron deficient than 2; it also adopts a more compact and rigid structure with a boron-boron separation (4.566(5) Å) shorter by ∼1 Å than that in 2 (5.559(4) Å). These differences appear to dictate the coordination behaviour of these two compounds. While 2 remains inert toward hydrazine, we observed that 1 forms a very stable μ(1,2) hydrazine complex which can also be obtained by phase transfer upon layering a solution of 1 with a dilute aqueous hydrazine solution. The stability of this complex is further reflected by its lack of reaction with benzaldehyde at room temperature. We have also investigated the behaviour of 1 and 2 toward anions. In MeOH/CHCl3 (1/1 vol) both compounds selectively bind cyanide to form the corresponding μ(1,2) chelate complexes with a B-C[triple bond, length as m-dash]N-B bridge at their cores. Competition experiments in protic media show that the anionic cyanide complex formed by 1 is the most stable, with no evidence of decomplexation even in the presence of (C6F5)3B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hong Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843-3255 , USA .
| | - François P Gabbaï
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843-3255 , USA .
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Chen CH, Gabbaï FP. Fluoride Anion Complexation by a Triptycene-Based Distiborane: Taking Advantage of a Weak but Observable C−H⋅⋅⋅F Interaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201611009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hong Chen
- Department of Chemistry; Texas A&M University; College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - François P. Gabbaï
- Department of Chemistry; Texas A&M University; College Station TX 77843 USA
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11
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Chen CH, Gabbaï FP. Fluoride Anion Complexation by a Triptycene-Based Distiborane: Taking Advantage of a Weak but Observable C−H⋅⋅⋅F Interaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:1799-1804. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201611009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hong Chen
- Department of Chemistry; Texas A&M University; College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - François P. Gabbaï
- Department of Chemistry; Texas A&M University; College Station TX 77843 USA
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12
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Berionni G, Kurouchi H, Eisenburger L, Mayr H. Nucleophilicity of Alkyl Zirconocene and Titanocene Precatalysts, and Kinetics of Activation by Carbenium Ions and by B(C6F5)3. Chemistry 2016; 22:11196-200. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Berionni
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Hiroaki Kurouchi
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Lucien Eisenburger
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Herbert Mayr
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 München Germany
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Rocchigiani L, Macchioni A, Zuccaccia C. NMR Studies on the Dynamic Behavior of Zirconaaziridinium Ion Pairs in Solution. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om300164r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Rocchigiani
- Dipartimento di
Chimica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alceo Macchioni
- Dipartimento di
Chimica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Cristiano Zuccaccia
- Dipartimento di
Chimica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123, Perugia, Italy
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14
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Mathis D, Couzijn EPA, Chen P. Structure, Dynamics, and Polymerization Activity of Zirconocenium Ion Pairs Generated with Boron-C6F5Compounds and Al2R6. Organometallics 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/om200369u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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15
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Bochmann M. The Chemistry of Catalyst Activation: The Case of Group 4 Polymerization Catalysts. Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om1004447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Bochmann
- Wolfson Materials and Catalysis Centre, School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
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