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Alharis RA, McMullin CL, Davies DL, Singh K, Macgregor SA. Understanding electronic effects on carboxylate-assisted C-H activation at ruthenium: the importance of kinetic and thermodynamic control. Faraday Discuss 2019; 220:386-403. [PMID: 31528900 DOI: 10.1039/c9fd00063a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Meta- and para-substituted 1-phenylpyrazoles (R-phpyz-H) react with [RuCl2(p-cymene)]2 in the presence of NaOAc to form cyclometallated complexes [M(R-phpyz)Cl(p-cymene)] (where R = NMe2, OMe, Me, H, F, CF3 and NO2). Experimental and DFT studies indicate that product formation can be reversible or irreversible depending on the substituents and the reaction conditions. Competition experiments show that the kinetic selectivity favours electron-donating substituents and correlate well with the Hammett parameter, giving a negative slope (ρ = -2.4) that is consistent with a cationic transition state. However, surprisingly, the thermodynamic selectivity is completely opposite, with substrates featuring electron-withdrawing groups being favoured. These trends are reproduced with DFT calculations that locate a rate-limiting transition state dominated by Ru-O bond dissociation and minimal C-H bond elongation. Detailed computational analysis of these transition states shows that C-H activation proceeds by an AMLA/CMD mechanism through a synergic combination of a C-H→Ru agostic interaction and C-HO H-bonding. NBO calculations also highlight a syndetic bonding term, and the relative weights of these three components vary in a complementary fashion depending on the nature of the substituent. With meta-substituted ligands H/D exchange experiments signal kinetically accessible ortho-C-H activation when R = NMe2, OMe and Me. This is also modelled computationally and the calculations highlight the kinetic relevance of the HOAc/Cl exchange that occurs post C-H bond cleavage, in particular with the bulkier NMe2 and Me substituents. Our study highlights that the experimental substituent effects are dependent on the reaction conditions and so using such studies to assign the mechanism of C-H activation in either stoichiometric or catalytic reactions may be misleading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raed A Alharis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
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Albert J, Bosque R, Cadena M, D’Andrea L, Granell J, González A, Quirante J, Calvis C, Messeguer R, Badía J, Baldomà L, Calvet T, Font-Bardia M. A New Family of Doubly Cyclopalladated Diimines. A Remarkable Effect of the Linker between the Metalated Units on Their Cytotoxicity. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om500382f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joan Albert
- Departament
de Química Inorgànica i Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB),
Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí
i Franquès 1-11, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Bosque
- Departament
de Química Inorgànica i Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB),
Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí
i Franquès 1-11, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magali Cadena
- Departament
de Química Inorgànica i Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB),
Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí
i Franquès 1-11, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucía D’Andrea
- Departament
de Química Inorgànica i Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB),
Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí
i Franquès 1-11, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Granell
- Departament
de Química Inorgànica i Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB),
Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí
i Franquès 1-11, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Asensio González
- Laboratori
de Química Orgànica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avenida Joan XXIII s/n, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefina Quirante
- Laboratori
de Química Orgànica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avenida Joan XXIII s/n, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Calvis
- Unitat
de Difracció de Raigs-X, Centre Científic i Tecnològic, Universitat de Barcelona, Solé i Sabaris 1-3, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Messeguer
- Biomed Division LEITAT Technological Center, Parc Científic,
Edifici Hèlix, C/ Baldiri Reixach,
15-21, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefa Badía
- Departament
de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avenida Joan XXIII s/n, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Baldomà
- Departament
de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avenida Joan XXIII s/n, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Calvet
- Laboratori
de Química Orgànica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avenida Joan XXIII s/n, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Biomed Division LEITAT Technological Center, Parc Científic,
Edifici Hèlix, C/ Baldiri Reixach,
15-21, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Font-Bardia
- Laboratori
de Química Orgànica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avenida Joan XXIII s/n, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Biomed Division LEITAT Technological Center, Parc Científic,
Edifici Hèlix, C/ Baldiri Reixach,
15-21, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament
de Cristal·lografia, Mineralogia i Dipòsits Minerals,
Facultat de Geologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès s/n, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Albert J, Ariza X, Calvet T, Font-Bardia M, Garcia J, Granell J, Lamela A, López B, Martinez M, Ortega L, Rodriguez A, Santos D. NH2 As a Directing Group: From the Cyclopalladation of Amino Esters to the Preparation of Benzolactams by Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Carbonylation of N-Unprotected Arylethylamines. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om301140t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joan Albert
- Departament de Quimica Inorgànica i Institut de Biomedicina
(IBUB), Facultat de Quimica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, E-08028-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Ariza
- Departament de Quimica Orgànica
i Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Facultat de Quimica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès
1-11, E-08028-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Calvet
- Unitat de Difracció de Raigs-X, Centre Científic i
Tecnològic de la Universitat de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Solé i Sabaris 1-3, 08028-Barcelona,
Spain
- Departament de Crystal·lografia,
Mineralogia i Dipòsits Minerals, Facultat de Geologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès
s/n, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercé Font-Bardia
- Unitat de Difracció de Raigs-X, Centre Científic i
Tecnològic de la Universitat de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Solé i Sabaris 1-3, 08028-Barcelona,
Spain
- Departament de Crystal·lografia,
Mineralogia i Dipòsits Minerals, Facultat de Geologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès
s/n, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Garcia
- Departament de Quimica Orgànica
i Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Facultat de Quimica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès
1-11, E-08028-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Granell
- Departament de Quimica Inorgànica i Institut de Biomedicina
(IBUB), Facultat de Quimica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, E-08028-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Lamela
- Departament de Quimica Orgànica
i Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Facultat de Quimica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès
1-11, E-08028-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Blanca López
- Departament de Quimica Orgànica
i Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Facultat de Quimica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès
1-11, E-08028-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Martinez
- Departament de Quimica Inorgànica i Institut de Biomedicina
(IBUB), Facultat de Quimica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, E-08028-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Ortega
- Departament de Quimica Inorgànica i Institut de Biomedicina
(IBUB), Facultat de Quimica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, E-08028-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aleix Rodriguez
- Departament de Quimica Orgànica
i Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Facultat de Quimica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès
1-11, E-08028-Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Santos
- Departament de Quimica Orgànica
i Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Facultat de Quimica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès
1-11, E-08028-Barcelona, Spain
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Peng KF, Chen CT. Synthesis, Structural Studies, and Catalytic Application of Palladium Complexes Containing Anilido-Oxazolinate Ligands. Eur J Inorg Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201100743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Crimmin MR, Colby DA, Ellman JA, Bergman RG. Synthesis and coordination chemistry of tri-substituted benzamidrazones. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:514-22. [PMID: 21109860 PMCID: PMC3063360 DOI: 10.1039/c0dt01267j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of N(1),N(1),N(3)-tri-substituted benzamidrazones of the general formula [PhC(NHR)=NNMe(2)] (R = Me, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, Bn, Ph; 1a-f) was synthesized via condensation of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine with the corresponding imidoyl chloride, [PhC(Cl)=NR]. Multinuclear NMR data, and zero-point energy DFT calculations conducted with the B3LYP functional and 6-31G+(d,p) basis set, suggest that these compounds exist as a single tautomer in solution; possessing a weak intramolecular hydrogen bond and a structure dominated by the localised resonance structure ArC(NHR)=N-NMe(2). An X-ray crystallographic study upon PhC(NHPh)=NNMe(2) (1f) demonstrated that this compound adopts an identical tautomer in the solid state. Reactions of [PhC(NHMe)=NNMe(2)] (1a) with [LMCl(2)](2) (M = Ru, L = cymene; M = Rh, Ir, L = Cp*) results in the stoichiometric formation of products of the formula [LM{PhC(=NMe)NHNMe(2)}Cl](+)Cl(-) (2a-c) in which the amidrazone chelates the metal in a κ(2)-N(1),N(3)-coordination mode. Formation of this five-membered chelate occurs with a concomitant tautomerisation of the amidrazone ligand to an alternative tautomer, i.e. [PhC(=NMe)NHNMe(2)], the latter tautomer is expected to be readily energetically accessible based upon the aforementioned DFT calculations. This series of salts may be deprotonated with lithium hexamethyldisilazide to form the corresponding charge neutral complexes [LM{PhC(NMe)=NNMe(2)}] (3a-c). In contrast, the reaction of N(1),N(1),N(3)-tri-substituted benzamidrazones with [(cymene)RuCl(2)](2) in the presence of NaOAc yielded a mixture of cyclometallation (C-H activation) and amidrazone chelation/deprotonation (N-H activation) products. Reaction of 1a yielded an inseparable mixture of products, whilst the reaction of 1c resulted in formation of the cyclometallated product [LM{C(6)H(5)C(=N(i)Pr)NHNMe(2)}] (L = cymene, M = Ru; 4a) in a modest 62% yield. This latter complex could be isolated as a crystalline orange solid, full characterisation including single crystal X-ray diffraction demonstrated that the amidrazone coordinates in a κ(2)-N(2),C-coordination mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Crimmin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720. Fax: 510-642-7714; Tel: 510-642-1548
| | - Denise A. Colby
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720. Fax: 510-642-7714; Tel: 510-642-1548
| | - Jonathan A. Ellman
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520. Tel: 203-432-3647
| | - Robert G. Bergman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720. Fax: 510-642-7714; Tel: 510-642-1548
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Boutadla Y, Davies DL, Al-Duaij O, Fawcett J, Jones RC, Singh K. Alkyne insertion into cyclometallated pyrazole and imine complexes of iridium, rhodium and ruthenium; relevance to catalytic formation of carbo- and heterocycles. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:10447-57. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt00280a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Albert J, Crespo M, Granell J, Rodríguez J, Zafrilla J, Calvet T, Font-Bardia M, Solans X. Cyclopalladation of Schiff Bases from Methyl Esters of α-Amino Acids. Unexpected Activation of the O−Me Bond with Formation of a Bianionic Tridentate Metallacycle. Organometallics 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/om9009153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joan Albert
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margarita Crespo
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Granell
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judit Rodríguez
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Zafrilla
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Calvet
- Departament de Cristal·lografia, Mineralogia i Dipòsits Minerals, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Font-Bardia
- Departament de Cristal·lografia, Mineralogia i Dipòsits Minerals, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Solans
- Departament de Cristal·lografia, Mineralogia i Dipòsits Minerals, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Synthesis and characterization of mono and polymeric cyclopalladated compounds: Crystal and molecular structure of [{Pd(dmba)(ONO2)}2(μ-pz)]·H2O (pz=pyrazine). Polyhedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2008.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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