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Morsy RMI, Samala G, Jalan A, Kopach ME, Venneti NM, Stockdill JL. Metal-free reductive desulfurization of C-sp 3-substituted thiols using phosphite catalysis. Chem Sci 2023; 14:9016-9023. [PMID: 37655042 PMCID: PMC10466286 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00045a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphines and phosphites are critical tools for non-metal desulfurative methodologies due to the strength of the P[double bond, length as m-dash]S bond. An overarching premise in these methods has been that stoichiometric (or excess) P(iii) reagent is required for reactivity. Despite decades of research, a desulfurative process that is catalytic in phosphine/phosphite has not been reported. Here, we report the successful merging of two thermal radical processes: the desulfurization of unactivated and activated alkyl thiols and the reduction of P(v) = S to P(iii) by reaction with a silyl radical species. We employ catalytic trimethyl phosphite, catalytic azo-bis(cyclohexyl)nitrile, and two equivalents of tris(trimethylsilyl)silane as the stoichiometric reductant and sulfur atom scavenger. This method is tolerant of common organic functional groups and affords products in good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana M I Morsy
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University Detroit MI 48202 USA
| | - Ganesh Samala
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University Detroit MI 48202 USA
| | - Ankur Jalan
- Eli Lilly and Company Indianapolis IN 46285 USA
| | | | - Naresh M Venneti
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University Detroit MI 48202 USA
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Dumur F. Recent Advances on Photoinitiating Systems Designed for Solar Photocrosslinking Polymerization Reactions. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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Arai R, Nagashima Y, Koshikawa T, Tanaka K. Photocatalytic Generations of Secondary and Tertiary Silyl Radicals from Silylboranes Using an Alkoxide Cocatalyst. J Org Chem 2022. [PMID: 36214474 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Silyl radicals are valuable species to prepare diverse organosilicon compounds. However, unlike stable tertiary silyl radicals, the use of secondary silyl radicals has been problematic in silylation reactions due to their instability. Here, we present photocatalytic in situ generations of both secondary and tertiary silyl radicals by one-electron oxidation of ate complexes, formed from silylboranes and an alkoxide cocatalyst, achieving highly efficient hydrosilylation and deuterosilylation of electron-rich alkenes and dienes as well as electron-deficient alkenes. The theoretical studies show that anionic borate complexes activated with an alkoxide have lower oxidation potentials than neutral borate complexes, allowing the formation of secondary silyl radicals. The calculated reaction pathways reveal that anionic conditions using the conjugate acid-base pair of NaOEt (cocatalyst) and EtOH (solvent) are the key to expanding the scope of silyl radicals and alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Arai
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo152-8550, Japan
| | - Yuki Nagashima
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo152-8550, Japan
| | - Takumi Koshikawa
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo152-8550, Japan
| | - Ken Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo152-8550, Japan
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Grabovskiy SA, Kabal’nova NN. Oxidation of Triorganosilanes and Related Compounds by Chlorine Dioxide. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363221120069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Topa M, Ortyl J. Moving Towards a Finer Way of Light-Cured Resin-Based Restorative Dental Materials: Recent Advances in Photoinitiating Systems Based on Iodonium Salts. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E4093. [PMID: 32942676 PMCID: PMC7560344 DOI: 10.3390/ma13184093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The photoinduced polymerization of monomers is currently an essential tool in various industries. The photopolymerization process plays an increasingly important role in biomedical applications. It is especially used in the production of dental composites. It also exhibits unique properties, such as a short time of polymerization of composites (up to a few seconds), low energy consumption, and spatial resolution (polymerization only in irradiated areas). This paper describes a short overview of the history and classification of different typical monomers and photoinitiating systems such as bimolecular photoinitiator system containing camphorquinone and aromatic amine, 1-phenyl-1,2-propanedione, phosphine derivatives, germanium derivatives, hexaarylbiimidazole derivatives, silane-based derivatives and thioxanthone derivatives used in the production of dental composites with their limitations and disadvantages. Moreover, this article represents the challenges faced when using the latest inventions in the field of dental materials, with a particular focus on photoinitiating systems based on iodonium salts. The beneficial properties of dental composites cured using initiation systems based on iodonium salts have been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Topa
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Joanna Ortyl
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
- Photo HiTech Ltd., Bobrzyńskiego 14, 30-348 Cracow, Poland
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Shi S, Croutxé-Barghorn C, Allonas X. Photoinitiating systems for cationic photopolymerization: Ongoing push toward long wavelengths and low light intensities. Prog Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Tris(trimethylsilyl)silane as a co-initiator for dental adhesive: Photo-polymerization kinetics and dynamic mechanical property. Dent Mater 2015; 32:102-13. [PMID: 26616688 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate the polymerization behavior of a model dentin adhesive with tris(trimethylsilyl)silane (TTMSS) as a co-initiator, and to investigate the polymerization kinetics and mechanical properties of copolymers in dry and wet conditions. METHODS A co-monomer mixture based on HEMA/BisGMA (45/55, w/w) was used as a model dentin adhesive. The photoinitiator system included camphorquinone (CQ) as the photosensitizer and the co-initiator was ethyl-4-(dimethylamino) benzoate (EDMAB) or TTMSS. Iodonium salt, diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate (DPIHP) serving as a catalyst, was selectively added into the adhesive formulations. The control and the experimental formulations were characterized with regard to the degree of conversion (DC) and dynamic mechanical properties under dry and wet conditions. RESULTS In two-component photoinitiator system (CQ/TTMSS), with an increase of TTMSS concentration, the polymerization rate and DC of CC double bond increased, and showed a dependence on the irradiation time and curing light intensity. The copolymers that contained the three-component photoinitiator system (CQ/TTMSS/DPIHP) showed similar dynamic mechanical properties, under both dry and wet conditions, to the EDMAB-containing system. SIGNIFICANCE The DC of formulations using TTMSS as co-initiator showed a strong dependence on irradiation time. With the addition of TTMSS, the maximum polymerization rate can be adjusted and the network structure became more homogenous. The results indicated that the TTMSS could be used as a substitute for amine-type co-initiator in visible-light induced free radical polymerization of methacrylate-based dentin adhesives.
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Qrareya H, Dondi D, Ravelli D, Fagnoni M. Decatungstate-Photocatalyzed Si−H/C−H Activation in Silyl Hydrides: Hydrosilylation of Electron-Poor Alkenes. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201500562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Qrareya
- PhotoGreen Lab; Department of Chemistry; University of Pavia; Viale Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Daniele Dondi
- Department of Chemistry; University of Pavia; Viale Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Davide Ravelli
- PhotoGreen Lab; Department of Chemistry; University of Pavia; Viale Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen Lab; Department of Chemistry; University of Pavia; Viale Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
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N-Vinylcarbazole: As an Additive for Thermal Polymerization at Room Temperature with in situ Formation of Ag(0) Nanoparticules. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/app5030241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Visible light sensitive photoinitiating systems: Recent progress in cationic and radical photopolymerization reactions under soft conditions. Prog Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Dadashi-Silab S, Aydogan C, Yagci Y. Shining a light on an adaptable photoinitiator: advances in photopolymerizations initiated by thioxanthones. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01004g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the advancements and progress in photoinitiated polymerization techniques mediated by thioxanthone (TX) and its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cansu Aydogan
- Department of Chemistry
- Istanbul Technical University
- Istanbul
- Turkey
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Department of Chemistry
- Istanbul Technical University
- Istanbul
- Turkey
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR) and Department of Chemistry
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da Silva GP, Ali A, da Silva RC, Jiang H, Paixão MW. Tris(trimethylsilyl)silane and visible-light irradiation: a new metal- and additive-free photochemical process for the synthesis of indoles and oxindoles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:15110-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc06329a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A combined tris(trimethylsilyl)silane and visible-light-promoted intramolecular reductive cyclization protocol for the synthesis of indoles and oxindoles has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akbar Ali
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos
- São Carlos
- Brazil
| | | | - Hao Jiang
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos
- São Carlos
- Brazil
| | - Márcio W. Paixão
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos
- São Carlos
- Brazil
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Karasu F, Croutxé-Barghorn C, Allonas X, Van Der Ven LG. Free radical photopolymerization initiated by UV and LED: Towards UV stabilized, tack free coatings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Feyza Karasu
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering; University of Haute Alsace; 3b Rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse France
| | - Céline Croutxé-Barghorn
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering; University of Haute Alsace; 3b Rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse France
| | - Xavier Allonas
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering; University of Haute Alsace; 3b Rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse France
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Versace DL, Bourgon J, Leroy E, Dumur F, Gigmes D, Fouassier JP, Lalevée J. Zinc complex based photoinitiating systems for acrylate polymerization under air; in situ formation of Zn-based fillers and composites. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00716f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Tehfe MA, Dumur F, Telitel S, Gigmes D, Contal E, Bertin D, Morlet-Savary F, Graff B, Fouassier JP, Lalevée J. Zinc-based metal complexes as new photocatalysts in polymerization initiating systems. Eur Polym J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2013.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Pynaert R, Buguet J, Croutxé-Barghorn C, Moireau P, Allonas X. Effect of reactive oxygen species on the kinetics of free radical photopolymerization. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py21163k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Tehfe MA, Dumur F, Graff B, Morlet-Savary F, Fouassier JP, Gigmes D, Lalevée J. Trifunctional Photoinitiators Based on a Triazine Skeleton for Visible Light Source and UV LED Induced Polymerizations. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma301931p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad-Ali Tehfe
- Institut de Science des Matériaux
de Mulhouse IS2M, LRC CNRS 7228, ENSCMu-UHA, 15 rue Jean Starcky, 68057 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Dumur
- Aix-Marseille Université,
CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Bernadette Graff
- Institut de Science des Matériaux
de Mulhouse IS2M, LRC CNRS 7228, ENSCMu-UHA, 15 rue Jean Starcky, 68057 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | - Fabrice Morlet-Savary
- Institut de Science des Matériaux
de Mulhouse IS2M, LRC CNRS 7228, ENSCMu-UHA, 15 rue Jean Starcky, 68057 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | | | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix-Marseille Université,
CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Jacques Lalevée
- Institut de Science des Matériaux
de Mulhouse IS2M, LRC CNRS 7228, ENSCMu-UHA, 15 rue Jean Starcky, 68057 Mulhouse Cedex, France
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Lalevée J, Dumur F, Tehfe MA, Zein-Fakih A, Gigmes D, Morlet-Savary F, Graff B, Fouassier JP. Dye photosensitized cationic ring-opening polymerization: Search for new dye skeletons. POLYMER 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lalevée J, Morlet-Savary F, Tehfe MA, Graff B, Fouassier JP. Photosensitized Formation of Phosphorus-Centered Radicals: Application to the Design of Photoinitiating Systems. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma3008064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Lalevée
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2M, LRC CNRS
7228, ENSCMu-UHA, 15, rue Jean Starcky,
68057 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | - Fabrice Morlet-Savary
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2M, LRC CNRS
7228, ENSCMu-UHA, 15, rue Jean Starcky,
68057 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | - Mohamad Ali Tehfe
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2M, LRC CNRS
7228, ENSCMu-UHA, 15, rue Jean Starcky,
68057 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | - Bernadette Graff
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2M, LRC CNRS
7228, ENSCMu-UHA, 15, rue Jean Starcky,
68057 Mulhouse Cedex, France
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Tehfe MA, Lalevée J, Telitel S, Sun J, Zhao J, Graff B, Morlet-Savary F, Fouassier JP. Iridium complexes incorporating coumarin moiety as catalyst photoinitiators: Towards household green LED bulb and halogen lamp irradiation. POLYMER 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Tehfe MA, Lalevée J, Telitel S, Contal E, Dumur F, Gigmes D, Bertin D, Nechab M, Graff B, Morlet-Savary F, Fouassier JP. Polyaromatic Structures as Organo-Photoinitiator Catalysts for Efficient Visible Light Induced Dual Radical/Cationic Photopolymerization and Interpenetrated Polymer Networks Synthesis. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma300760c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad-Ali Tehfe
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2M, LRC CNRS
7228, ENSCMu-UHA,15, rue Jean Starcky,
68057 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | - Jacques Lalevée
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2M, LRC CNRS
7228, ENSCMu-UHA,15, rue Jean Starcky,
68057 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | - Sofia Telitel
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2M, LRC CNRS
7228, ENSCMu-UHA,15, rue Jean Starcky,
68057 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | - Emmanuel Contal
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR, UMR CNRS 7273, Aix-Marseille Université, équipe CROPS, case 542, avenue
Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Frédéric Dumur
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR, UMR CNRS 7273, Aix-Marseille Université, équipe CROPS, case 542, avenue
Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR, UMR CNRS 7273, Aix-Marseille Université, équipe CROPS, case 542, avenue
Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Denis Bertin
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR, UMR CNRS 7273, Aix-Marseille Université, équipe CROPS, case 542, avenue
Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Malek Nechab
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR,
UMR CNRS 7273, Aix-Marseille Université, équipe CMO, case 562, avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen,
13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Bernadette Graff
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2M, LRC CNRS
7228, ENSCMu-UHA,15, rue Jean Starcky,
68057 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | - Fabrice Morlet-Savary
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2M, LRC CNRS
7228, ENSCMu-UHA,15, rue Jean Starcky,
68057 Mulhouse Cedex, France
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Rijksen B, Pujari SP, Scheres L, van Rijn CJM, Baio JE, Weidner T, Zuilhof H. Hexadecadienyl monolayers on hydrogen-terminated Si(111): faster monolayer formation and improved surface coverage using the enyne moiety. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:6577-6588. [PMID: 22448743 DOI: 10.1021/la204770r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
To further improve the coverage of organic monolayers on hydrogen-terminated silicon (H-Si) surfaces with respect to the hitherto best agents (1-alkynes), it was hypothesized that enynes (H-C≡C-HC═CH-R) would be even better reagents for dense monolayer formation. To investigate whether the increased delocalization of β-carbon radicals by the enyne functionality indeed lowers the activation barrier, the kinetics of monolayer formation by hexadec-3-en-1-yne and 1-hexadecyne on H-Si(111) were followed by studying partially incomplete monolayers. Ellipsometry and static contact angle measurements indeed showed a faster increase of layer thickness and hydrophobicity for the hexadec-3-en-1-yne-derived monolayers. This more rapid monolayer formation was supported by IRRAS and XPS measurements that for the enyne show a faster increase of the CH2 stretching bands and the amount of carbon at the surface (C/Si ratio), respectively. Monolayer formation at room temperature yielded plateau values for hexadec-3-en-1-yne and 1-hexadecyne after 8 and 16 h, respectively. Additional experiments were performed for 16 h at 80° to ensure full completion of the layers, which allows comparison of the quality of both layers. Ellipsometry thicknesses (2.0 nm) and contact angles (111-112°) indicated a high quality of both layers. XPS, in combination with DFT calculations, revealed terminal attachment of hexadec-3-en-1-yne to the H-Si surface, leading to dienyl monolayers. Moreover, analysis of the Si2p region showed no surface oxidation. Quantitative XPS measurements, obtained via rotating Si samples, showed a higher surface coverage for C16 dienyl layers than for C16 alkenyl layers (63% vs 59%). The dense packing of the layers was confirmed by IRRAS and NEXAFS results. Molecular mechanics simulations were undertaken to understand the differences in reactivity and surface coverage. Alkenyl layers show more favorable packing energies for surface coverages up to 50-55%. At higher coverages, this packing energy rises quickly, and there the dienyl packing becomes more favorable. When the binding energies are included the difference becomes more pronounced, and dense packing of dienyl layers becomes more favorable by 2-3 kcal/mol. These combined data show that enynes provide the highest-quality organic monolayers reported on H-Si up to now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Rijksen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University , Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Recent applications of the (TMS)3SiH radical-based reagent. Molecules 2012; 17:527-55. [PMID: 22269866 PMCID: PMC6268903 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17010527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article focuses on the recent applications of tris(trimethylsilyl)silane as a radical-based reagent in organic chemistry. Numerous examples of the successful use of (TMS)(3)SiH in radical reductions, hydrosilylation and consecutive radical reactions are given. The use of (TMS)(3)SiH allows reactions to be carried out under mild conditions with excellent yields of products and remarkable chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivity. The strategic role of (TMS)(3)SiH in polymerization is underlined with emphasis on the photo-induced radical polymerization of olefins and photo-promoted cationic polymerization of epoxides.
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Tehfe MA, Lalevée J, Morlet-Savary F, Graff B, Fouassier JP. On the Use of Bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium(IV) Dichloride in Visible-Light-Induced Ring-Opening Photopolymerization. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma202307x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad-Ali Tehfe
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse, LRC CNRS 7228, ENSCMu-UHA
| | - Jacques Lalevée
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse, LRC CNRS 7228, ENSCMu-UHA
| | | | - Bernadette Graff
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse, LRC CNRS 7228, ENSCMu-UHA
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Huck LA, Leigh WJ. Kinetic and mechanistic studies of the reactions of diarylgermylenes and tetraaryldigermenes with carbon tetrachloride. CAN J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1139/v10-128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of the reactions of diphenylgermylene (GePh2) with CCl4 in hydrocarbon solvents and in THF solution have been studied, employing 3,4-dimethyl-1,1-diphenylgermacyclopent-3-ene (6a) and 1,1-diphenylgermacyclobutane (17) as photochemical precursors to GePh2. In hydrocarbon solvents, the reaction produces Ph2GeCl2 (10) and Ph2Ge(Cl)CCl3 (12) in a ratio of 10:12 ≈ 7, along with a variety of other radical-derived products and small amounts of Ph2GeH(D)Cl (11), which is formed partly by reaction of GePh2 with adventitious HCl. The reaction is much cleaner in THF, where 12 is formed as the major product (10:12 ≈ 0.8); a similar product distribution is obtained in hexanes containing 0.05 mol/L THF, while 12 is the exclusive product in hexanes containing 3 mmol/L NEt3. Rate constants for the reactions of CCl4 with GePh2 and five ring-substituted derivatives were determined by laser flash photolysis, as well as Arrhenius parameters for reaction of the parent (GePh2), in the two solvents. The reactions of GePh2 with CCl4 and CHCl3 have also been studied in 3-methylpentane solution at 78–90 K. Different reaction mechanisms are clearly operative in hydrocarbon and complexing solvents, but both involve modest charge donation from germanium to the substrate in the transition state for the rate-determining step. For the reaction in hydrocarbon solvents, the data are consistent with inner-sphere electron transfer following or in concert with weak Lewis acid–base complexation. A similar mechanism is proposed for the reaction in THF solution, in competition with a second involving nucleophilic attack of the germylene–THF complex at a chlorine atom of the substrate. Rate constants were also determined for reaction of CCl4 with the corresponding tetraaryldigermenes at low halocarbon concentrations in hexanes, along with Arrhenius parameters for the parent (Ge2Ph4). These reactions also proceed via initial Cl-atom abstraction, based on the identity of the products formed in the reaction of CCl4 with tetramesityldigermene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence A. Huck
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton ON L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - William J. Leigh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton ON L8S 4M1, Canada
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Lalevée J, Fouassier JP. Recent advances in sunlight induced polymerization: role of new photoinitiating systems based on the silyl radical chemistry. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1py00073j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Silyl radical chemistry opens new opportunities for photoinitiating systems for sunlight polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Lalevée
- Department of Photochemistry
- CNRS
- University of Haute Alsace, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Mulhouse
- Mulhouse Cedex
- France
| | - Jean Pierre Fouassier
- Department of Photochemistry
- CNRS
- University of Haute Alsace, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Mulhouse
- Mulhouse Cedex
- France
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Lalevée J, Blanchard N, Tehfe MA, Morlet-Savary F, Fouassier JP. Green Bulb Light Source Induced Epoxy Cationic Polymerization under Air Using Tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) and Silyl Radicals. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma1023318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Lalevée
- Department of Photochemistry and Laboratory of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, CNRS, University of Haute Alsace, ENSCMu, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Blanchard
- Department of Photochemistry and Laboratory of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, CNRS, University of Haute Alsace, ENSCMu, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | - Mohamad-Ali Tehfe
- Department of Photochemistry and Laboratory of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, CNRS, University of Haute Alsace, ENSCMu, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | - Fabrice Morlet-Savary
- Department of Photochemistry and Laboratory of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, CNRS, University of Haute Alsace, ENSCMu, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | - Jean Pierre Fouassier
- Department of Photochemistry and Laboratory of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, CNRS, University of Haute Alsace, ENSCMu, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France
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Versace DL, Tehfe MA, Lalevée J, Casarotto V, Blanchard N, Morlet-Savary F, Fouassier JP. Silyloxyamines as sources of silyl radicals: ESR spin-trapping, laser flash photolysis investigation, and photopolymerization ability. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Belon C, Allonas X, Croutxé-barghorn C, Lalevée J. Overcoming the oxygen inhibition in the photopolymerization of acrylates: A study of the beneficial effect of triphenylphosphine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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32
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Souane R, Tehfe MA, Lalevée J, Gigmes D, Fouassier JP. New Initiating Systems for Thermal Cationic Polymerization at Ambient Temperature with in situ Formation of Ag(0) Nanoparticles: A Silane/Silver Salt Combination. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201000002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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El-Roz M, Tehfe MA, Lalevée J, Graff B, Allonas X, Fouassier JP. Role of Bimolecular Homolytic Substitution (SH2) Reactions in Free Radical Photopolymerization Under Air. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma902802s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad El-Roz
- Department of Photochemistry, CNRS, University of Haute Alsace, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Mulhouse, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | - Mohamad-Ali Tehfe
- Department of Photochemistry, CNRS, University of Haute Alsace, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Mulhouse, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | - Jacques Lalevée
- Department of Photochemistry, CNRS, University of Haute Alsace, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Mulhouse, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | - Bernadette Graff
- Department of Photochemistry, CNRS, University of Haute Alsace, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Mulhouse, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | - Xavier Allonas
- Department of Photochemistry, CNRS, University of Haute Alsace, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Mulhouse, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | - Jean Pierre Fouassier
- Department of Photochemistry, CNRS, University of Haute Alsace, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Mulhouse, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France
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34
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Effect of Lewis base coordination on boryl radical reactivity: investigation using laser flash photolysis and kinetic ESR. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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35
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El-Roz M, Lalevée J, Allonas X, Fouassier JP. Mechanistic Investigation of the Silane, Germane, and Stannane Behavior When Incorporated in Type I and Type II Photoinitiators of Polymerization in Aerated Media. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9017313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad El-Roz
- Department of Photochemistry, CNRS, University of Haute Alsace, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Mulhouse, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | - Jacques Lalevée
- Department of Photochemistry, CNRS, University of Haute Alsace, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Mulhouse, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | - Xavier Allonas
- Department of Photochemistry, CNRS, University of Haute Alsace, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Mulhouse, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | - Jean Pierre Fouassier
- Department of Photochemistry, CNRS, University of Haute Alsace, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Mulhouse, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France
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Tehfe MA, Lalevée J, Allonas X, Fouassier JP. Long Wavelength Cationic Photopolymerization in Aerated Media: A Remarkable Titanocene/Tris(trimethylsilyl)silane/Onium Salt Photoinitiating System. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9016696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Tehfe
- Department of Photochemistry, CNRS, University of Haute Alsace, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Mulhouse, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | - J. Lalevée
- Department of Photochemistry, CNRS, University of Haute Alsace, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Mulhouse, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | - X. Allonas
- Department of Photochemistry, CNRS, University of Haute Alsace, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Mulhouse, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | - J. P. Fouassier
- Department of Photochemistry, CNRS, University of Haute Alsace, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Mulhouse, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France
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El-Roz M, Lalevée J, Morlet-Savary F, Allonas X, Fouassier JP. Coinitiators Based on Group 14 Elements in Photoinitiating Systems for Radical and Cationic Polymerization. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma900452x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. El-Roz
- Department of Photochemistry, CNRS, University of Haute Alsace, ENSCMu, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | - J. Lalevée
- Department of Photochemistry, CNRS, University of Haute Alsace, ENSCMu, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | - F. Morlet-Savary
- Department of Photochemistry, CNRS, University of Haute Alsace, ENSCMu, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | - X. Allonas
- Department of Photochemistry, CNRS, University of Haute Alsace, ENSCMu, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | - J. P. Fouassier
- Department of Photochemistry, CNRS, University of Haute Alsace, ENSCMu, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France
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38
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Lalevee J, E. I. Roz M, Tehfe MA, Alaaeddine M, Allonas X, Fouassier JP. New Opportunities in Free Radical Photopolymerization and Free Radical Promoted Cationic Polymerization Based on the Silyl Radical Chemistry. J PHOTOPOLYM SCI TEC 2009. [DOI: 10.2494/photopolymer.22.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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