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Zanotti G, Palmeri F, Raglione V. Phthalocyanines Synthesis: A State-of-The-Art Review of Sustainable Approaches Through Green Chemistry Metrics. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400908. [PMID: 38837556 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Driven by escalating environmental concerns, synthetic chemistry faces an urgent need for a green revolution. Green chemistry, with its focus on low environmental impacting chemicals and minimized waste production, emerges as a powerful tool in addressing this challenge. Metrics such as the E-factor guide the design of environmentally friendly strategies for chemical processes by quantifying the waste generated in obtaining target products, thus enabling interventions to minimize it. Phthalocyanines (Pcs), versatile molecules with exceptional physical and chemical properties, hold immense potential for technological applications. This review aims to bridge the gap between green chemistry and phthalocyanine synthesis by collecting the main examples of environmentally sustainable syntheses documented in the literature. The calculation of the E-factor of a selection of them provides insights on how crucial it is to evaluate a synthetic process in its entirety. This approach allows for a better evaluation of the actual sustainability of the phthalocyanine synthetic process and indicates possible strategies to improve it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Zanotti
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, Monterotondo, 00015, Italy
| | - Federica Palmeri
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, Monterotondo, 00015, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Venanzio Raglione
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, Monterotondo, 00015, Italy
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Wang L, Zheng X, Zhang Y, Zhou M, Liang Q, Xu S, Li Z. Catalytic Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol to Efficiently Synthesize Amide by (−CF
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) Substituted Copper Phthalocyanine Based Composite Catalyst. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luying Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology School of Petrochemical Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 PR China
| | - Xudong Zheng
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 PR China
| | - Yuzhe Zhang
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 PR China
| | - Man Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology School of Petrochemical Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 PR China
| | - Qiang Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology School of Petrochemical Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 PR China
| | - Song Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology School of Petrochemical Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 PR China
| | - Zhongyu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology School of Petrochemical Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 PR China
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 PR China
- Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 PR China
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3
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Preparation, characterization of new Co(II) and Cu(II) phthalocyanines and their catalytic performances in aerobic oxidation of substituted phenols. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-018-0800-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Saka ET, Çağlar Y. New Co(II) and Cu(II) Phthalocyanine Catalysts Reinforced by Long Alkyl Chains for the Degradation of Organic Pollutants. Catal Letters 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-017-2054-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Kamiloğlu AA, Acar İ, Biyiklioglu Z, Saka ET. Peripherally tetra-{2-(2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenoxy)ethoxy} substituted cobalt(II), iron(II) metallophthalocyanines: Synthesis and their electrochemical, catalytic activity studies. J Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2016.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Fluoro functional groups substituted cobalt(II), iron(II) phthalocyanines and their catalytic properties on benzyl alcohol oxidation. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-016-0650-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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7
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Synthesis of polyfluoro substituted Co(II), Fe(II) phthalocyanines and their usage as catalysts for aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol. J Organomet Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2016.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Medyouni R, Mansour L, Zaghroub F, Baklouti L, Hamdi N. Novel Nonmetalated Hydrophobic and Metalated Phthalocyanines Bearing Pyridine-2-Thiol and 2,4,6-Trimethylphenylamine Substituents: Synthesis, Spectroscopic, Aggregation and Thermal Properties. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.3184/174751916x14575252361071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Novel metal–free and metallo-phthalocyanines, with different substituents at peripheral positions, have been synthesised by cyclotetramerisation of 4-(2,4,6-trimethylphenylamino)phthalonitrile and 4-(pyridine-2-ylsulfanyl)phthalonitrile in the presence of the corresponding divalent metal salts [Zn(II), Cu(II), Co(II) and Ni(II)]. Quaternisation of the metallophthalocyanine functionality produced quaternised cationic Zn, Cu, Ni and Co phthalocyanines, which are soluble in DMF, H2O and DMSO. The aggregation behaviour of these compounds was investigated in different concentrations of DMSO. Their thermal stability and electronic stability are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawdha Medyouni
- Heterocyclic and Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, Higher Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology, University of Carthage, Hammam-Lif, 2050, Tunisia
| | - Lamjed Mansour
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fethi Zaghroub
- Heterocyclic and Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, Higher Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology, University of Carthage, Hammam-Lif, 2050, Tunisia
| | - Lasaad Baklouti
- Chemistry Department, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Al-Rass, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Naceur Hamdi
- Heterocyclic and Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, Higher Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology, University of Carthage, Hammam-Lif, 2050, Tunisia
- Chemistry Department, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Al-Rass, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Acar İ, Saka ET, Topçu S, Bıyıklıoğlu Z, Kantekin H, Aktaş A. Synthesis and electrochemistry of new octa-substituted metal-free and metallophthalocyanines. J COORD CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2015.1022537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- İrfan Acar
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Ece Tuğba Saka
- Department of Chemistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Saim Topçu
- Department of Chemistry, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
| | | | - Halit Kantekin
- Department of Chemistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Aktaş
- Department of Chemistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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Acar İ, Arslan T, Topçu S, Aktaş A, Şen S, Serencam H. Synthesis and electrochemistry of metallophthalocyanines bearing {4-[(2E)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]phenoxy} groups. J Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2013.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ömeroğlu İ, Arslan T, Bıyıklıoğlu Z, Tosun G. Novel pthalocyanines bearing 4-ferrocenylphenoxy substituents and their electrochemistry. J Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2013.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bıyıklıoğlu Z, Çakır V, Çakır D, Kantekin H. Crown ether-substituted water soluble phthalocyanines and their aggregation, electrochemical studies. J Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2013.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Acar I, Bayrak R, Saka ET, Bıyıklıoğlu Z, Kantekin H. Novel metal-free, metallophthalocyanines and their quaternized derivatives: Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and catalytic activity of cobalt phthalocyanine in 4-nitrophenol oxidation. Polyhedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2012.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Synthesis, characterization and aggregation behaviour of novel peripherally tetra-substituted octacationic water soluble metal-free and metallophthalocyanines. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-012-0270-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Acar İ, Biyiklioğlu Z, Çakir D, Kantekin H. Tetrakis (2-[2-(2-naphthyloxy)ethoxy]ethoxy) substituted metal-free and metallophthalocyanines and their aggregation behavior. J COORD CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2012.732695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- İrfan Acar
- a Department of Woodworking Industry Engineering , Karadeniz Technical University , 61830 OF, Trabzon , Turkey
| | - Zekeriya Biyiklioğlu
- b Department of Chemistry , Karadeniz Technical University , 61080 Trabzon , Turkey
| | - Dilek Çakir
- b Department of Chemistry , Karadeniz Technical University , 61080 Trabzon , Turkey
| | - Halit Kantekin
- b Department of Chemistry , Karadeniz Technical University , 61080 Trabzon , Turkey
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