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The Backbone of Success of P,N-Hybrid Ligands: Some Recent Developments. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196293. [PMID: 36234830 PMCID: PMC9614609 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus ligands are an invaluable family of compounds that continue to underpin important roles in disciplines such as coordination chemistry and catalysis. Their success can routinely be traced back to facile tuneability thus enabling a high degree of control over, for example, electronic and steric properties. Diphosphines, phosphorus compounds bearing two separated PIII donor atoms, are also highly valued and impart their own unique features, for example excellent chelating properties upon metal complexation. In many classical ligands of this type, the backbone connectivity has been based on all carbon spacers only but there is growing interest in embedding other donor atoms such as additional nitrogen (–NH–, –NR–) sites. This review will collate some important examples of ligands in this field, illustrate their role as ligands in coordination chemistry and highlight some of their reactivities and applications. It will be shown that incorporation of a nitrogen-based group can impart unusual reactivities and important catalytic applications.
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Wiedner ES, Appel AM, Raugei S, Shaw WJ, Bullock RM. Molecular Catalysts with Diphosphine Ligands Containing Pendant Amines. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12427-12474. [PMID: 35640056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c01001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pendant amines play an invaluable role in chemical reactivity, especially for molecular catalysts based on earth-abundant metals. As inspired by [FeFe]-hydrogenases, which contain a pendant amine positioned for cooperative bifunctionality, synthetic catalysts have been developed to emulate this multifunctionality through incorporation of a pendant amine in the second coordination sphere. Cyclic diphosphine ligands containing two amines serve as the basis for a class of catalysts that have been extensively studied and used to demonstrate the impact of a pendant base. These 1,5-diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctanes, now often referred to as "P2N2" ligands, have profound effects on the reactivity of many catalysts. The resulting [Ni(PR2NR'2)2]2+ complexes are electrocatalysts for both the oxidation and production of H2. Achieving the optimal benefit of the pendant amine requires that it has suitable basicity and is properly positioned relative to the metal center. In addition to the catalytic efficacy demonstrated with [Ni(PR2NR'2)2]2+ complexes for the oxidation and production of H2, catalysts with diphosphine ligands containing pendant amines have also been demonstrated for several metals for many different reactions, both in solution and immobilized on surfaces. The impact of pendant amines in catalyst design continues to expand.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian R. James
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Synthesis, structures, DFT studies and properties of novel tertiary diphosphines based on α- and β-naphthylamine. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Omoruyi U, Page SJ, Apps SL, White AJ, Long NJ, Miller PW. Synthesis and characterisation of a range of Fe, Co, Ru and Rh triphos complexes and investigations into the catalytic hydrogenation of levulinic acid. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2020.121650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Banz Chung EMJ, Stones MK, Latifi E, Moore C, Sutton AD, Umphrey G, Soldatov D, Schlaf M. Ruthenium triphos complexes [Ru(X(CH 2PPh 2) 3- κ3-P)(NCCH 3) 3](OTf) 2; X = H 3C-C, N) as catalysts for the conversion of furfuryl acetate to 1,4-pentanediol and cyclopentanol in aqueous medium. CAN J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2019-0374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The ruthenium complexes [Ru(H3CC(CH2PPh2)3-κ3-P)(NCCH3)3](OTf)2 (1, (H3CC(CH2PPh2)3 = triphos) and [Ru(N(CH2PPh2)3-κ3-P)(NCCH3)3](OTf)2 (2, N(CH2PPh2)3 = N-triphos) have been evaluated as homogeneous ionic hydrogenation catalysts for the catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of furfuryl alcohol and furfuryl acetate to 1,4-pentanediol and cyclopentanol in aqueous media reaction mixtures. For furfuryl alcohol, only marginal yields of 1,4-pentanediol could be achieved with mass balance deficiencies due to humin formation ranging from 67% to 90%. Attempts to improve the catalytic activity of 2 by enhancing its water solubility by nitrogen protonation and (or) methylation failed. Employing the less self-reactive furfuryl acetate as the substrate substantially diminishes humin formation, yielding up to 43% of 1,4-pentanediol and 19% of cyclopentanol (via Piancatelli rearrangement) with 1 and up to 33% of 1,4-pentanediol and 5% of cyclopentanol with 2. A design of experiments study was used to determine and compare the yield responses of the multiple parallel reaction channels with 1,4-pentanediol, cyclopentanol, and humins as a function of reaction temperature, time, catalyst load, and substrate concentration. This explores the correlations between these parameters and their impact on the reaction outcome and suggests an extremely complex overall reaction cascade of interdependent pathways of both acid- and metal-catalyzed steps with some significant differences emerging between the two catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise M.-J. Banz Chung
- Guelph–Waterloo Centre for Graduate Work in Chemistry (GWC), Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Maryanne K. Stones
- Guelph–Waterloo Centre for Graduate Work in Chemistry (GWC), Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Elnaz Latifi
- Guelph–Waterloo Centre for Graduate Work in Chemistry (GWC), Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Cameron Moore
- Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS K558, Los Alamos NM 87545, USA
| | - Andrew D. Sutton
- Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS K558, Los Alamos NM 87545, USA
| | - Gary Umphrey
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Dmitriy Soldatov
- Guelph–Waterloo Centre for Graduate Work in Chemistry (GWC), Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Marcel Schlaf
- Guelph–Waterloo Centre for Graduate Work in Chemistry (GWC), Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Westhues N, Belleflamme M, Klankermayer J. Base‐Free Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide to Methyl Formate with a Molecular Ruthenium‐Phosphine Catalyst. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Westhues
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare ChemieRWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 2 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Maurice Belleflamme
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare ChemieRWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 2 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Jürgen Klankermayer
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare ChemieRWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 2 52074 Aachen Germany
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Apps SL, White AJP, Miller PW, Long NJ. Synthesis and reactivity of an N-triphos Mo(0) dinitrogen complex. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:11386-11396. [PMID: 30062342 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt02471e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The preparation and reactivity of a novel molybdenum dinitrogen complex supported by a nitrogen-centred tripodal phosphine ligand (N-triphos, N(CH2PPh2)3, NP3Ph) are reported. Reaction of N-triphos with [MoX3(THF)3] (X = Cl, Br, I) gave the Mo(iii) complex [MoX3(κ2-NP3Ph)(THF)] (1), where bidentate N-triphos coordination was observed. Reduction of this complex in the presence of dppm (bis(diphenylphosphino)methane) gave the dinitrogen complex [Mo(N2)(dppm)(κ3-NP3Ph)] (2), which exhibits moderate dinitrogen activation. An additional hydride complex, [Mo(H)2(dppm)(κ3-NP3Ph)] (4), was produced either as a minor side product during the reduction step, or as a major product by direct hydrogenation of the dinitrogen complex 2. The reactivity of the dinitrogen complex 2 with a range of Lewis acids was also investigated. At low temperatures, protic or borane Lewis acids (H+, BBr3 and tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (BCF)) were found to coordinate to the apical nitrogen atom of the N-triphos ligand, with no conclusive evidence of any functionalisation of the dinitrogen ligand. Alkali metal Lewis acid addition to 2 resulted in the unexpected rearrangement of the N-triphos ligand to form [Mo(dppm)(PMePh2)(PCP)][B(C6F5)4] (7), where PCP, [Ph2PCNHCH2PPh2] is the carbenic ligand formed upon rearrangement from the reaction of 2 with M[B(C6F5)4] (M = Li, Na or K). Single crystal X-ray diffraction of complexes 1, 2, 4 and 7 provided structural confirmation of the N-triphos molybdenum complexes described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Apps
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Huang TH, Yang H, Yang G, Li Y, Huang LL. Synthesis, structures and properties of Ag+ complexes containing polyphosphine ligands with extended Ag⋯C, N-O⋯π and C-H⋯π interactions. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Phanopoulos A, White AJP, Long NJ, Miller PW. Insight into the stereoelectronic parameters of N-triphos ligands via coordination to tungsten(0). Dalton Trans 2016; 45:5536-48. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt00170j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A series of new N-triphos tungsten complexes have been synthesised and structurally characterised.
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Phanopoulos A, Long NJ, Miller PW. Triphosphine Ligands: Coordination Chemistry and Recent Catalytic Applications. THE CHEMICAL BOND III 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/430_2015_211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Cluff KJ, Bhuvanesh N, Blümel J. Monometallic Ni(0) and Heterobimetallic Ni(0) /Au(I) Complexes of Tripodal Phosphine Ligands: Characterization in Solution and in the Solid State and Catalysis. Chemistry 2015; 21:10138-48. [PMID: 26059108 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The tridentate chelate nickel complexes [(CO)Ni{(PPh2 CH2 )3 CMe}] (2), [(CO)Ni{(PPh2 CH2 CH2 )3 SiMe}] (6), and [Ph3 PNi{(PPh2 CH2 CH2 )3 SiMe}] (7), as well as the bidentate complex [(CO)2 Ni{(PPh2 CH2 )2 CMeCH2 PPh2 }] (3) and the heterobimetallic complex [(CO)2 Ni{(PPh2 CH2 )2 CMeCH2 Ph2 PAuCl}] (4), have been synthesized and fully characterized in solution. All (1) H and (13) C NMR signal assignments are based on 2D-NMR methods. Single crystal X-ray structures have been obtained for all complexes. Their (31) P CP/MAS (cross polarization with magic angle spinning) NMR spectra have been recorded and the isotropic lines identified. The signals were assigned with the help of their chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) data. All complexes have been tested regarding their catalytic activity for the cyclotrimerization of phenylacetylene. Whereas complexes 2-4 display low catalytic activity, complex 7 leads to quantitative conversion of the substrate within four hours and is highly selective throughout the catalytic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Cluff
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, 77842-3012 (USA)
| | - Nattamai Bhuvanesh
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, 77842-3012 (USA)
| | - Janet Blümel
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, 77842-3012 (USA).
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Phanopoulos A, White AJP, Long NJ, Miller PW. Catalytic Transformation of Levulinic Acid to 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran Using Ruthenium–N-Triphos Complexes. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/cs502025t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Phanopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South
Kensington, London, SW7
2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. P. White
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South
Kensington, London, SW7
2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Long
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South
Kensington, London, SW7
2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Philip W. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South
Kensington, London, SW7
2AZ, United Kingdom
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Mellmann D, Barsch E, Bauer M, Grabow K, Boddien A, Kammer A, Sponholz P, Bentrup U, Jackstell R, Junge H, Laurenczy G, Ludwig R, Beller M. Base‐Free Non‐Noble‐Metal‐Catalyzed Hydrogen Generation from Formic Acid: Scope and Mechanistic Insights. Chemistry 2014; 20:13589-602. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dörthe Mellmann
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert‐Einstein‐Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock (Germany), Fax: (+49) 381‐1281‐5000
| | - Enrico Barsch
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.‐Lorenz‐Weg 1, 18059 Rostock (Germany), Fax: (+49) 381‐498‐6524
| | - Matthias Bauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Paderborn, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn (Germany)
| | - Kathleen Grabow
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert‐Einstein‐Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock (Germany), Fax: (+49) 381‐1281‐5000
| | - Albert Boddien
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert‐Einstein‐Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock (Germany), Fax: (+49) 381‐1281‐5000
| | - Anja Kammer
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert‐Einstein‐Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock (Germany), Fax: (+49) 381‐1281‐5000
| | - Peter Sponholz
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert‐Einstein‐Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock (Germany), Fax: (+49) 381‐1281‐5000
| | - Ursula Bentrup
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert‐Einstein‐Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock (Germany), Fax: (+49) 381‐1281‐5000
| | - Ralf Jackstell
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert‐Einstein‐Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock (Germany), Fax: (+49) 381‐1281‐5000
| | - Henrik Junge
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert‐Einstein‐Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock (Germany), Fax: (+49) 381‐1281‐5000
| | - Gábor Laurenczy
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, 1015 Lausanne (Switzerland)
| | - Ralf Ludwig
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.‐Lorenz‐Weg 1, 18059 Rostock (Germany), Fax: (+49) 381‐498‐6524
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert‐Einstein‐Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock (Germany), Fax: (+49) 381‐1281‐5000
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Phanopoulos A, Brown NJ, White AJP, Long NJ, Miller PW. Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity of Ruthenium Hydride Complexes of N-Centered Triphosphine Ligands. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:3742-52. [DOI: 10.1021/ic500030k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Phanopoulos
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Neil J. Brown
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Andrew J. P. White
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Nicholas J. Long
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Philip W. Miller
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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Scherl P, Kruckenberg A, Mader S, Wadepohl H, Gade LH. Ruthenium η4-Trimethylenemethane Complexes Containing Tripodal Phosphanomethylamine Ligands. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om300794h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Scherl
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg,
Germany
| | - Achim Kruckenberg
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg,
Germany
| | - Steffen Mader
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg,
Germany
| | - Hubert Wadepohl
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg,
Germany
| | - Lutz H. Gade
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg,
Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- D. W. Allen
- Biomedical Research Centre Sheffield Hallam University Sheffield, S1 1WB UK
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Lloret Fillol J, Kruckenberg A, Scherl P, Wadepohl H, Gade LH. Stitching Phospholanes Together Piece by Piece: New Modular Di- and Tridentate Stereodirecting Ligands. Chemistry 2011; 17:14047-62. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Brown GM, Elsegood MR, Smith MB, Blann K. Metal(II) template assisted syntheses of two P―C―O―P chelating ligands incorporating a bulky 1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-2,4,8-trioxa-6-phosphaadamantyl cage. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2011.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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