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Carboranes in drug discovery, chemical biology and molecular imaging. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:486-504. [PMID: 37117309 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00400-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There exists a paucity of structural innovation and limited molecular diversity associated with molecular frameworks in drug discovery and biomolecular imaging/chemical probe design. The discovery and exploitation of new molecular entities for medical and biological applications will necessarily involve voyaging into previously unexplored regions of chemical space. Boron clusters, notably the carboranes, offer an alternative to conventional (poly)cyclic organic frameworks that may address some of the limitations associated with the use of novel molecular frameworks in chemical biology or medicine. The high thermal stability, unique 3D structure and aromaticity, kinetic inertness to metabolism and ability to engage in unusual types of intermolecular interactions, such as dihydrogen bonds, with biological receptors make carboranes exquisite frameworks in the design of probes for chemical biology, novel drug candidates and biomolecular imaging agents. This Review highlights the key developments of carborane derivatives made over the last decade as new design tools in medicinal chemistry and chemical biology, showcasing the versatility of this unique family of boron compounds.
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Sedlák D, Wilson TA, Tjarks W, Radomska HS, Wang H, Kolla JN, Leśnikowski ZJ, Špičáková A, Ali T, Ishita K, Rakotondraibe LH, Vibhute S, Wang D, Anzenbacher P, Bennett C, Bartunek P, Coss CC. Structure-Activity Relationship of para-Carborane Selective Estrogen Receptor β Agonists. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9330-9353. [PMID: 34181409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Selective agonism of the estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes, ERα and ERβ, has historically been difficult to achieve due to the high degree of ligand-binding domain structural similarity. Multiple efforts have focused on the use of classical organic scaffolds to model 17β-estradiol geometry in the design of ERβ selective agonists, with several proceeding to various stages of clinical development. Carborane scaffolds offer many unique advantages including the potential for novel ligand/receptor interactions but remain relatively unexplored. We synthesized a series of para-carborane estrogen receptor agonists revealing an ERβ selective structure-activity relationship. We report ERβ agonists with low nanomolar potency, greater than 200-fold selectivity for ERβ over ERα, limited off-target activity against other nuclear receptors, and only sparse CYP450 inhibition at very high micromolar concentrations. The pharmacological properties of our para-carborane ERβ selective agonists measure favorably against clinically developed ERβ agonists and support further evaluation of carborane-based selective estrogen receptor modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sedlák
- CZ-OPENSCREEN, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tyler A Wilson
- Medicinal Chemistry Shared Resource, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Werner Tjarks
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Hanna S Radomska
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jayaprakash Narayana Kolla
- CZ-OPENSCREEN, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zbigniew J Leśnikowski
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Biology PAS, 106 Lodowa Street, 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Alena Špičáková
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Hněvotínská 3, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tehane Ali
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Keisuke Ishita
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Liva Harinantenaina Rakotondraibe
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Sandip Vibhute
- Medicinal Chemistry Shared Resource, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Dasheng Wang
- Medicinal Chemistry Shared Resource, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Pavel Anzenbacher
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Hněvotínská 3, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Chad Bennett
- Medicinal Chemistry Shared Resource, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States.,Drug Development Institute, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Petr Bartunek
- CZ-OPENSCREEN, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Christopher C Coss
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States.,Drug Development Institute, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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Abstract
Estrogen receptors (ERs) are a group of compounds named for their importance in both menstrual and estrous reproductive cycles. They are involved in the regulation of various processes ranging from tissue growth maintenance to reproduction. Their action is mediated through ER nuclear receptors. Two subtypes of the estrogen receptor, ERα and ERβ, exist and exhibit distinct cellular and tissue distribution patterns. In humans, both receptor subtypes are expressed in many cells and tissues, and they control key physiological functions in various organ systems. Estrogens attract great attention due to their wide applications in female reproductive functions and treatment of some estrogen-dependent cancers and osteoporosis. This paper provides a general review of ER ligands published in international journals patented between 2013 and 2015. The broad physiological profile of estrogens has attracted the attention of many researchers to develop new estrogen ligands as therapeutic molecules for various clinical purposes. After the discovery of the ERβ receptor, subtype-selective ligands could be used to elicit beneficial estrogen-like activities and reduce adverse side effects, based on the different distributions and relative levels of the two ER subtypes in different estrogen target tissues. Therefore, recent literature has focused on selective estrogen ligands as highly promising agents for the treatment of some types of cancer, as well as for cardiovascular, inflammatory, and neurodegenerative diseases. Estrogen receptors are nuclear transcription factors that are involved in the regulation of many complex physiological functions in humans. Selective estrogen ligands are highly promising targets for treatment of some types of cancer, as well as for cardiovascular, inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Extensive structure-activity relationship studies of ER ligands based on small molecules indicate that many different structural scaffolds may provide high-affinity compounds, provided that some basic structural requirements are present.
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Šnajdr I, Parkan K, Hessler F, Kotora M. Cross-metathesis reaction of α- and β-vinyl C-glycosides with alkenes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:1392-7. [PMID: 26425194 PMCID: PMC4578437 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-metathesis of α- and β-vinyl C-deoxyribosides and α-vinyl C-galactoside with various terminal alkenes under different conditions was studied. The cross-metathesis of the former proceeded with good yields of the corresponding products in ClCH2CH2Cl the latter required the presence of CuI in CH2Cl2 to achieve good yields of the products. A simple method for the preparation of α- and β-vinyl C-deoxyribosides was also developed. In addition, feasibility of deprotection and further transformations were briefly explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Šnajdr
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 153 00 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Parkan
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 160 00 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Hessler
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 153 00 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kotora
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 153 00 Praha 2, Czech Republic
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