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Sturm AG, Karaca US, Heinz M, Felder T, Lewis KM, Auner N, Holthausen MC. Siemens Reloaded: Chloride-Assisted Selective Hydrodechlorination of SiCl 4 to HSiCl 3. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202201953. [PMID: 36479804 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Trichlorosilane is the key intermediate for the large-scale production of polycrystalline silicon in the Siemens and Union Carbide processes. Both processes, however, are highly inefficient, and over two thirds of the trichlorosilane employed is converted to unwanted silicon tetrachloride accumulating in millions of tons per year on a global scale. In this combined experimental and theoretical study we report an energetically and environmentally benign synthetic protocol for the highly selective conversion of SiCl4 to HSiCl3 using organohydridosilanes as recyclable hydrogen transfer reagents in combination with onium chlorides as efficient catalysts. We put the same protocol to further use demonstrating the quantitative conversion of higher oligosilane residues, which form as another unwanted and potentially hazardous byproduct of Siemens processes, to HSiCl3 in a low-temperature recycling step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Sturm
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Uhut S Karaca
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Myron Heinz
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Thorsten Felder
- Momentive Performance Materials, Chempark, 51368, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Kenrick M Lewis
- Momentive Performance Materials, 769 Old Saw Mill River Rd, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Norbert Auner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Max C Holthausen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Chen Y, Ai L, Li Y, Xu C. Borohydride catalyzed redistribution reaction of hydrosilane and chlorosilane: a potential system for facile preparation of hydrochlorosilanes. RSC Adv 2020; 10:17404-17407. [PMID: 35515620 PMCID: PMC9053603 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03536j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Various borohydrides were found to catalyze the redistribution reaction of hydrosilane and chlorosilane in different solvents to produce hydrochlorosilanes efficiently and facilely. The redistribution reaction was affected by solvent and catalyst. The substrate scope was investigated in HMPA with LiBH4 as catalyst. A possible mechanism was proposed to explain the redistribution process. A borohydride catalyzed Si–H/Si–Cl redistribution system was established to prepare hydrochlorosilanes facilely and efficiently.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Liqing Ai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Yongming Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Caihong Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
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Sturm AG, Santowski T, Schweizer JI, Meyer L, Lewis KM, Felder T, Auner N, Holthausen MC. Making Use of the Direct Process Residue: Synthesis of Bifunctional Monosilanes. Chemistry 2019; 25:8499-8502. [PMID: 31026105 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The industrial production of monosilanes Men SiCl4-n (n=1-3) through the Müller-Rochow Direct Process generates disilanes Men Si2 Cl6-n (n=2-6) as unwanted byproducts ("Direct Process Residue", DPR) by the thousands of tons annually, large quantities of which are usually disposed of by incineration. Herein we report a surprisingly facile and highly effective protocol for conversion of the DPR: hydrogenation with complex metal hydrides followed by Si-Si bond cleavage with HCl/ether solutions gives (mostly bifunctional) monosilanes in excellent yields. Competing side reactions are efficiently suppressed by the appropriate choice of reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Sturm
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Tobias Santowski
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Julia I Schweizer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Lioba Meyer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Kenrick M Lewis
- Momentive Performance Materials, 769 Old Saw Mill River Rd., Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - Thorsten Felder
- Momentive Performance Materials, Chempark, 51368, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Norbert Auner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Max C Holthausen
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Naganawa Y, Guo H, Sakamoto K, Nakajima Y. Nickel‐Catalyzed Selective Cross‐Coupling of Chlorosilanes with Organoaluminum Reagents. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Naganawa
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic ChemistryNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| | - Haiqing Guo
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic ChemistryNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| | - Kei Sakamoto
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic ChemistryNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| | - Yumiko Nakajima
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic ChemistryNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
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Sturm AG, Schweizer JI, Meyer L, Santowski T, Auner N, Holthausen MC. Lewis Base Catalyzed Selective Chlorination of Monosilanes. Chemistry 2018; 24:17796-17801. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Sturm
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Julia I. Schweizer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Lioba Meyer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Tobias Santowski
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Norbert Auner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Max C. Holthausen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
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Glüer A, Schweizer JI, Karaca US, Würtele C, Diefenbach M, Holthausen MC, Schneider S. Hydrosilane Synthesis by Catalytic Hydrogenolysis of Chlorosilanes and Silyl Triflates. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:13822-13828. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arne Glüer
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julia I. Schweizer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Uhut S. Karaca
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian Würtele
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Diefenbach
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Max C. Holthausen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sven Schneider
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Šimarek A, Lamač M, Horáček M, Pinkas J. B(C 6
F 5
) 3
catalysis accelerates the hydrosilane chlorination by Ph 3
CCl. Appl Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Šimarek
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; v.v.i., Dolejškova 2155/3 182 23 Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Martin Lamač
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; v.v.i., Dolejškova 2155/3 182 23 Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Michal Horáček
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; v.v.i., Dolejškova 2155/3 182 23 Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Pinkas
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; v.v.i., Dolejškova 2155/3 182 23 Prague 8 Czech Republic
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