Synthesis and molecular structure of ruthenium(III) benzoylhydrazone complexes: Substituents effect on transfer hydrogenation of ketones

Redox Behavior of a Dinuclear Ruthenium(II) Complex Bearing an Uncommon Bridging Ligand: Insights from High-Pressure Electrochemistry

A dinuclear ruthenium complex bridged by 2,3,5,6-pyrazinetetracarboxylic acid (μ-LH₂^2-) was synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystallography, cyclic voltammetry under ambient and elevated pressures, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and UV/vis-NIR (NIR = near-infrared) spectroelectrochemistry, pulse radiolysis, and computational methods. We probed for the first time in the field of mixed-valency the use of high-pressure electrochemical methods. The investigations were directed toward the influence of the protonation state of the bridging ligand on the electronic communication between the ruthenium ions, since such behavior is interesting in terms of modulating redox chemistry by pH. Starting from the [Ru^II(μ-LH₂^2-)Ru^II]⁰ configuration, which shows an intense metal-to-ligand charge transfer absorption band at 600 nm, cyclic voltammetry revealed a pH-independent, reversible one-electron reduction and a protonation-state-dependent (proton coupled electron transfer, PCET) reversible oxidation. Deeper insight into the electrode reactions was provided by pressure-dependent cyclic voltammetry up to 150 MPa, providing insight into the conformational changes, the protonation state, and the environment of the molecule during the redox processes. Spectroelectrochemical investigations (EPR, UV/vis-NIR) of the respective redox reactions suggest a ligand-centered radical anion [Ru^II(μ-LH₂^•3-)Ru^II]^- upon reduction (EPR Δg = 0.042) and an ambiguous, EPR-silent one-electron oxidized state. In both cases, the absence of the otherwise typical broad intervalence charge transfer bands in the NIR region for mixed-valent complexes support the formulation as radical anionic bridged compound. However, on the basis of high-pressure electrochemical data and density functional theory calculations the one-electron oxidized form could be assigned as a charge-delocalized [Ru^II.5(μ-LH₂^2-)Ru^II.5]⁺ valence tautomer rather than [Ru^III(μ-LH₂^•3-)Ru^III]⁺. Deprotonation of the bridging ligand causes a severe shift of the redox potential for the metal-based oxidation toward lower potentials, yielding the charge-localized [Ru^III(μ-LH^3-)Ru^II]⁰ complex. This PCET process is accompanied by large intrinsic volume changes. All findings are supported by computational methods (geometry optimization, spin population analysis). For all redox processes, valence alternatives are discussed.

‘Click’ generated 1,2,3-triazole based organosulfur/selenium ligands and their Pd(ii) and Ru(ii) complexes: their synthesis, structure and catalytic applications

Sonogashira and Suzuki–Miyaura coupling were catalyzed with Pd(ii) complexes (0.001–2 mol%), and transfer hydrogenation (in water–glycerol) was catalyzed with Ru(ii) complexes (≤0.4 mol%).