1
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Ibrahim H, Bala MD, Friedrich HB. Poly-functional imino-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands: Synthesis, complexation, and catalytic applications. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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2
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Ritleng V, Michon C. Bidentate Donor-Functionalized N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Valuable Ligands for Ruthenium-Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenation. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154703. [PMID: 35897879 PMCID: PMC9329912 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium complexes are by far the most studied compounds that catalyze hydrogen transfer reactions. In this review, we describe the use in this field of ruthenium complexes bearing bidentate donor-functionalized N-heterocyclic carbene ligands. The review specifically covers the application in transfer hydrogenations of (κ2-CNHC,Y)-ruthenacyclic compounds where the Y donor atom is a N, P, O, or S atom, and where the N-heterocyclic carbene ligand is a classical imidazol-2-ylidene, a benzimidazol-2-ylidene, a mesoionic 1,2,3-triazolylidene, or an imidazol-4-ylidene ligand. Tridentate donor-functionalized N-heterocyclic carbene complexes thus fall outside the scope of the review. Applications in (asymmetric) transfer hydrogenation of ketones, aldehydes, imines, alkenes, and nitrobenzene are discussed.
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3
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Chen Z, Kacmaz A, Xiao J. Recent Development in the Synthesis and Catalytic Application of Iridacycles. CHEM REC 2021; 21:1506-1534. [PMID: 33939250 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyclometallated complexes are well-known and have found many applications. This article provides a short review on the progress made in the synthesis and application to catalysis of cyclometallated half-sandwich Cp*Ir(III) complexes (Cp*: pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) since 2017. Covered in the review are iridacycles featuring conventional C,N chelates and less common metallocene and carbene-derived C,N and C,C ligands. This is followed by an overview of the studies of their applications in catalysis ranging from asymmetric hydrogenation, transfer hydrogenation, hydrosilylation to dehydrogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Aysecik Kacmaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, Istanbul, 34320, Turkey
| | - Jianliang Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
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4
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Rago A, Guérin C, Framery E, Jean‐Gérard L, Comby‐Zerbino C, Dugourd P, Andrioletti B. Dipyrromethene‐Triazolylidene Silver Complexes: Synthesis, Structure and Opportunities. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Rago
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaire et Supramoléculaire, UMR CNRS 7246 Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon 43, Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex France
| | - Charles Guérin
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaire et Supramoléculaire, UMR CNRS 7246 Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon 43, Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex France
| | - Eric Framery
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaire et Supramoléculaire, UMR CNRS 7246 Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon 43, Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex France
| | - Ludivine Jean‐Gérard
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaire et Supramoléculaire, UMR CNRS 7246 Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon 43, Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex France
| | - Clothilde Comby‐Zerbino
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR CNRS 5306 Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex France
| | - Philippe Dugourd
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR CNRS 5306 Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex France
| | - Bruno Andrioletti
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaire et Supramoléculaire, UMR CNRS 7246 Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon 43, Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex France
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5
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Navarro M, Segarra C, Pfister T, Albrecht M. Structural, Electronic, and Catalytic Modulation of Chelating Pyridylideneamide Ruthenium(II) Complexes. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Navarro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Candela Segarra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tim Pfister
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Albrecht
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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6
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Volpe A, Sartorel A, Graiff C, Bonchio M, Biffis A, Baron M, Tubaro C. Chelating di(N-heterocyclic carbene) complexes of iridium(III): Structural analysis, electrochemical characterisation and catalytic oxidation of water. J Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2020.121260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Ramollo GK, Strydom I, Fernandes MA, Lemmerer A, Ojwach SO, van Wyk JL, Bezuidenhout DI. Fischer Carbene Complexes of Iridium(I) for Application in Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:4810-4815. [PMID: 32212623 PMCID: PMC7311058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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New examples of the very rare class
of iridium(I) Fischer carbene complexes (FCCs) are reported from the
facile transmetalation from group 6 FCCs. Postcomplexation modification
of either the carbene ligand or the ancillary coligands results in
a tunable IrI metal center, for unprecedented application
as a (pre)catalyst in a benchmark transfer hydrogenation reaction.
The introduction of an aminocarbene ligand with a pendant N-donor
moiety capable of hemilabile coordination yielded the best catalytic
results with turnover frequencies reaching 445 h–1 and requiring 0.1 mol % catalyst and 0.5 mol % base loading, respectively. A benchmark transfer hydrogenation is
catalyzed by an iridium(I) acyclic aminocarbene of the Fischer type
with a pendant N donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kabelo Ramollo
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Ian Strydom
- Chemistry Department, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Manuel A Fernandes
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Andreas Lemmerer
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Stephen O Ojwach
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Juanita L van Wyk
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Daniela I Bezuidenhout
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa.,Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
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8
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Ruthenium(II) complexes bearing N-heterocyclic carbene ligands with wingtip groups and their catalytic activity in the transfer hydrogenation of ketones. Inorganica Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2019.119199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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9
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Pilar Lamata M, Passarelli V, Carmona D. Recent Advances in Iridium-Catalysed Transfer Hydrogenation Reactions. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2020_59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Pretorius R, McDonald A, Regueira Beltrão da Costa L, Müller‐Bunz H, Albrecht M. Palladium(II), Rhodium(I), and Iridium(I) Complexes Containing
O
‐Functionalized 1,2,3‐Triazol‐5‐ylidene Ligands. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201900724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- René Pretorius
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology University College Dublin 4 Dublin Ireland
| | - Ava McDonald
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology University College Dublin 4 Dublin Ireland
| | | | - Helge Müller‐Bunz
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology University College Dublin 4 Dublin Ireland
| | - Martin Albrecht
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology University College Dublin 4 Dublin Ireland
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11
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Sultana S, Borah G, Gogoi PK. Mont-K10 Supported Fe(II) Schiff-Base Complex as an Efficient Catalyst for Hydrogenation of Ketones. Catal Letters 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-019-02810-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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12
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Topchiy MA, Dzhevakov PB, Kirilenko NY, Rzhevskiy SA, Ageshina AA, Khrustalev VN, Paraschuk DY, Bermeshev MV, Nechaev MS, Asachenko AF. Cyclometallated 1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene iridium(III) complexes: synthesis, structure, and photoluminescence properties. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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13
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Byrne JP, Musembi P, Albrecht M. Carbohydrate-functionalized N-heterocyclic carbene Ru(ii) complexes: synthesis, characterization and catalytic transfer hydrogenation activity. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:11838-11847. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt02614b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Triazolylidene NHCs decorated with a carbohydrate wingtip group were complexed to a ruthenium(ii) center. Deprotection of the carbohydrate in the metal complex affords a carbohydrate–NHC hybrid system for use as a transfer hydrogenation catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P. Byrne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Bern
- 3012 Bern
- Switzerland
| | - Pauline Musembi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Bern
- 3012 Bern
- Switzerland
| | - Martin Albrecht
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Bern
- 3012 Bern
- Switzerland
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14
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Baltrun M, Watt FA, Schoch R, Wölper C, Neuba AG, Hohloch S. A new bis-phenolate mesoionic carbene ligand for early transition metal chemistry. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:14611-14625. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03099a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A new chelating mesoionic carbene ligand, derived from 1,2,3-triazoles, with two redox-active tert-butyl-phenolate linkers has been synthesized and explored towards its reactivity and electrochemical properties in early transition metal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Baltrun
- Universität Paderborn
- Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften
- Department Chemie Warburger Straße 100
- 33098 Paderborn
- Germany
| | - Fabian A. Watt
- Universität Paderborn
- Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften
- Department Chemie Warburger Straße 100
- 33098 Paderborn
- Germany
| | - Roland Schoch
- Universität Paderborn
- Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften
- Department Chemie Warburger Straße 100
- 33098 Paderborn
- Germany
| | | | - Adam G. Neuba
- Universität Paderborn
- Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften
- Department Chemie Warburger Straße 100
- 33098 Paderborn
- Germany
| | - Stephan Hohloch
- Universität Paderborn
- Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften
- Department Chemie Warburger Straße 100
- 33098 Paderborn
- Germany
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15
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Malan FP, Singleton E, van Rooyen PH, Landman M. Tandem transfer hydrogenation–epoxidation of ketone substrates catalysed by alkene-tethered Ru( ii)–NHC complexes. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj01220f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Eight novel alkene-tethered Ru(ii)–NHC complexes were employed as catalysts in tandem transfer hydrogenation–epoxidation reactions using phenacyl bromide derivatives as substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Singleton
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pretoria
- Hatfield
- South Africa
| | | | - Marilé Landman
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pretoria
- Hatfield
- South Africa
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16
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Hey DA, Reich RM, Baratta W, Kühn FE. Current advances on ruthenium(II) N-heterocyclic carbenes in hydrogenation reactions. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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17
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Huang S, Wu SP, Zhou Q, Cui HZ, Hong X, Lin YJ, Hou XF. Iridium(III)- benzoxazolyl and benzothiazolyl phosphine ligands catalyzed versatile alkylation reactions with alcohols and the synthesis of quinolines and indole. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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18
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Vivancos Á, Segarra C, Albrecht M. Mesoionic and Related Less Heteroatom-Stabilized N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis, Catalysis, and Other Applications. Chem Rev 2018; 118:9493-9586. [PMID: 30014699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mesoionic carbenes are a subclass of the family of N-heterocyclic carbenes that generally feature less heteroatom stabilization of the carbenic carbon and hence impart specific donor properties and reactivity schemes when coordinated to a transition metal. Therefore, mesoionic carbenes and their complexes have attracted considerable attention both from a fundamental point of view as well as for application in catalysis and beyond. As a follow-up of an earlier Chemical Reviews overview from 2009, the organometallic chemistry of N-heterocyclic carbenes with reduced heteroatom stabilization is compiled for the 2008-2017 period, including specifically the chemistry of complexes containing 1,2,3-triazolylidenes, 4-imidazolylidenes, and related 5-membered N-heterocyclic carbenes with reduced heteratom stabilization such as (is)oxazolylidenes, pyrrazolylidenes, and thiazolylidenes, as well as pyridylidenes as 6-membered N-heterocyclic carbenes with reduced heteroatom stabilization. For each ligand subclass, metalation strategies, electronic and steric properties, and applications, in particular, in metal-mediated catalysis, are compiled. Mesoionic carbenes demonstrate particularly high activity in (water) oxidation, hydrogen transfer reactions, and cyclization reactions. Unique features of these ligands are identified such as their dipolar structure, their specific donor properties, as well as stability aspects of the ligand and the complexes, which provides opportunities for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Vivancos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Bern , Freiestrasse 3 , CH-3012 Bern , Switzerland.,Departamento de Química Inorgánica , Universidad de Murcia , Apartado 4021 , 30071 Murcia , Spain
| | - Candela Segarra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Bern , Freiestrasse 3 , CH-3012 Bern , Switzerland.,Instituto de Tecnología Química , Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Avenida de los Naranjos s/n , 46022 Valencia , Spain
| | - Martin Albrecht
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Bern , Freiestrasse 3 , CH-3012 Bern , Switzerland
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19
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Marichev KO, Patil SA, Bugarin A. Recent advances in the synthesis, structural diversity, and applications of mesoionic 1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene metal complexes. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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20
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Altan O, Yılmaz MK. New phosphine-amino-alcohol tridentate ligands for ruthenium catalyzed asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of ketones. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Jiménez MV, Fernández-Tornos J, González-Lainez M, Sánchez-Page B, Modrego FJ, Oro LA, Pérez-Torrente JJ. Mechanistic studies on the N-alkylation of amines with alcohols catalysed by iridium(i) complexes with functionalised N-heterocyclic carbene ligands. Catal Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cy02488f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Experimental and theoretical studies give support for an iridium-catalyzed C–N bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Victoria Jiménez
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH-CSIC)
- University of Zaragoza
- Zaragoza
- Spain
| | - Javier Fernández-Tornos
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH-CSIC)
- University of Zaragoza
- Zaragoza
- Spain
| | - Miguel González-Lainez
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH-CSIC)
- University of Zaragoza
- Zaragoza
- Spain
| | - Beatriz Sánchez-Page
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH-CSIC)
- University of Zaragoza
- Zaragoza
- Spain
| | - F. Javier Modrego
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH-CSIC)
- University of Zaragoza
- Zaragoza
- Spain
| | - Luis A. Oro
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH-CSIC)
- University of Zaragoza
- Zaragoza
- Spain
| | - Jesús J. Pérez-Torrente
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH-CSIC)
- University of Zaragoza
- Zaragoza
- Spain
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22
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Mazloomi Z, Pretorius R, Pàmies O, Albrecht M, Diéguez M. Triazolylidene Iridium Complexes for Highly Efficient and Versatile Transfer Hydrogenation of C═O, C═N, and C═C Bonds and for Acceptorless Alcohol Oxidation. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:11282-11298. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Mazloomi
- Departament de Química
Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·lí
Domingo, 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - René Pretorius
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Oscar Pàmies
- Departament de Química
Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·lí
Domingo, 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Martin Albrecht
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Montserrat Diéguez
- Departament de Química
Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·lí
Domingo, 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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