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Ballico M, Alessi D, Aneggi E, Busato M, Zuccaccia D, Allegri L, Damante G, Jandl C, Baratta W. Cyclometalated and NNN Terpyridine Ruthenium Photocatalysts and Their Cytotoxic Activity. Molecules 2024; 29:2146. [PMID: 38731639 PMCID: PMC11085208 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The cyclometalated terpyridine complexes [Ru(η2-OAc)(NC-tpy)(PP)] (PP = dppb 1, (R,R)-Skewphos 4, (S,S)-Skewphos 5) are easily obtained from the acetate derivatives [Ru(η2-OAc)2(PP)] (PP = dppb, (R,R)-Skewphos 2, (S,S)-Skewphos 3) and tpy in methanol by elimination of AcOH. The precursors 2, 3 are prepared from [Ru(η2-OAc)2(PPh3)2] and Skewphos in cyclohexane. Conversely, the NNN complexes [Ru(η1-OAc)(NNN-tpy)(PP)]OAc (PP = (R,R)-Skewphos 6, (S,S)-Skewphos 7) are synthesized in a one pot reaction from [Ru(η2-OAc)2(PPh3)2], PP and tpy in methanol. The neutral NC-tpy 1, 4, 5 and cationic NNN-tpy 6, 7 complexes catalyze the transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone (S/C = 1000) in 2-propanol with NaOiPr under light irradiation at 30 °C. Formation of (S)-1-phenylethanol has been observed with 4, 6 in a MeOH/iPrOH mixture, whereas the R-enantiomer is obtained with 5, 7 (50-52% ee). The tpy complexes show cytotoxic activity against the anaplastic thyroid cancer 8505C and SW1736 cell lines (ED50 = 0.31-8.53 µM), with the cationic 7 displaying an ED50 of 0.31 µM, four times lower compared to the enantiomer 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Ballico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università di Udine, Via Cotonificio 108, I-33100 Udine, Italy; (D.A.); (E.A.); (M.B.); (D.Z.)
| | - Dario Alessi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università di Udine, Via Cotonificio 108, I-33100 Udine, Italy; (D.A.); (E.A.); (M.B.); (D.Z.)
| | - Eleonora Aneggi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università di Udine, Via Cotonificio 108, I-33100 Udine, Italy; (D.A.); (E.A.); (M.B.); (D.Z.)
| | - Marta Busato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università di Udine, Via Cotonificio 108, I-33100 Udine, Italy; (D.A.); (E.A.); (M.B.); (D.Z.)
| | - Daniele Zuccaccia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università di Udine, Via Cotonificio 108, I-33100 Udine, Italy; (D.A.); (E.A.); (M.B.); (D.Z.)
| | - Lorenzo Allegri
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Istituto di Genetica Medica, Università di Udine, Via Chiusaforte, F3, I-33100 Udine, Italy; (L.A.); (G.D.)
| | - Giuseppe Damante
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Istituto di Genetica Medica, Università di Udine, Via Chiusaforte, F3, I-33100 Udine, Italy; (L.A.); (G.D.)
| | - Christian Jandl
- Department of Chemistry & Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 1, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany;
| | - Walter Baratta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università di Udine, Via Cotonificio 108, I-33100 Udine, Italy; (D.A.); (E.A.); (M.B.); (D.Z.)
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Riegel G, Orvain C, Recberlik S, Spaety ME, Poschet G, Venkatasamy A, Yamamoto M, Nomura S, Tsukamoto T, Masson M, Gross I, Le Lagadec R, Mellitzer G, Gaiddon C. The unfolded protein response-glutathione metabolism axis: A novel target of a cycloruthenated complexes bypassing tumor resistance mechanisms. Cancer Lett 2024; 585:216671. [PMID: 38290658 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Platinum-based drugs remain the reference treatment for gastric cancer (GC). However, the frequency of resistance, due to mutations in TP53 or alterations in the energy and redox metabolisms, impairs the efficacy of current treatments, highlighting the need for alternative therapeutic options. Here, we show that a cycloruthenated compound targeting the redox metabolism, RDC11, induces higher cytotoxicity than oxaliplatin in GC cells and is more potent in reducing tumor growth in vivo. Detailed investigations into the mode of action of RDC11 indicated that it targets the glutathione (GSH) metabolism, which is an important drug resistance mechanism. We demonstrate that cycloruthenated complexes regulate the expression of enzymes of the transsulfuration pathway via the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) and its effector ATF4. Furthermore, RDC11 induces the expression of SLC7A11 encoding for the cystine/glutamate antiporter xCT. These effects lead to a lower cellular GSH content and elevated oxygen reactive species production, causing the activation of a caspase-independent apoptosis. Altogether, this study provides the first evidence that cycloruthenated complexes target the GSH metabolism, neutralizing thereby a major resistance mechanism towards platinum-based chemotherapies and anticancer immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Riegel
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM UMR_S 1113, "Streinth" Laboratory, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christophe Orvain
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM UMR_S 1113, "Streinth" Laboratory, Strasbourg, France; INSERM, UMR 1260, CRBS, Regenerative Nanomedicine, "HERIIT" Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sevda Recberlik
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM UMR_S 1113, "Streinth" Laboratory, Strasbourg, France; INSERM, UMR 1260, CRBS, Regenerative Nanomedicine, "HERIIT" Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marie-Elodie Spaety
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM UMR_S 1113, "Streinth" Laboratory, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gernot Poschet
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aina Venkatasamy
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM UMR_S 1113, "Streinth" Laboratory, Strasbourg, France; IHU-Strasbourg, Institute of Image-Guided Surgery, Strasbourg, France
| | - Masami Yamamoto
- Department of Laboratory of Physiological Pathology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Nomura
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsyua Tsukamoto
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Murielle Masson
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM UMR_S 1113, "Streinth" Laboratory, Strasbourg, France; University of Strasbourg, CNRS BSC-UMR 7242, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie, Illkirch, France
| | - Isabelle Gross
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM UMR_S 1113, "SMART" Laboratory, Strasbourg, France; INSERM, UMR 1260, CRBS, Regenerative Nanomedicine, "HERIIT" Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ronan Le Lagadec
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Georg Mellitzer
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM UMR_S 1113, "Streinth" Laboratory, Strasbourg, France; INSERM, UMR 1260, CRBS, Regenerative Nanomedicine, "HERIIT" Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Christian Gaiddon
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM UMR_S 1113, "Streinth" Laboratory, Strasbourg, France.
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Ali M, Cornaton Y, Djukic JP, Pfeffer M. Follow-Up Study of Trans-C to Cis-C Thermally or Photochemically Induced Isomerization of Terpyridine Adducts of Cycloruthenated 2-Aryl-2'-pyridine Compounds. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:4867-4874. [PMID: 38450604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The mechanism of isomerization of the known 2-phenyl,pyridine (phpy) derivatives [Ru(phpy-κC,N) (MeCN-trans-N)(terpy)]PF6, 2, to [Ru(phpy-κC,N)(MeCN-trans-C)(terpy)]PF6 (terpy = 2,2';6',2″-terpyridine), 3, at temperatures >50 °C has been investigated both by 1H NMR spectroscopy and by DFT calculations. The photoisomerization of 2 to 3 by UV light occurred also quantitatively in MeCN after 20 h at room temperature. A similar behavior to that of 2 could be established for the related compound [Ru(3-acridine-2'-C5H4N-κC,N)(MeCN-trans-N)(2,2';6',2″-terpyridine)]PF6, 6 (acridine = dibenzo[b,e]pyridine or 2,3-benzoquinoline), that was obtained from the reaction between [Ru(3-acridine-2'-C5H4N-κC,N) (MeCN)4]PF6, 4, and terpy in MeOH/MeCN at 60 °C for 24 h. Similar to 2, the isomerization of 6 to [Ru(3-acridine-2'-C5H4N-κC,N)(MeCN-trans-C) (terpy)]PF6, 7, could be induced thermally (48 h at 60 °C in pure MeOH) or photochemically under UV radiation in MeCN at room temperature. A compound closely related to 7 but in which MeCN was replaced by H2O was described earlier (Tanaka et al. Inorg. Chem. 2012, 51, 5386-539). The presence of water on this compound had a dramatic effect as far as the coordination of terpy was concerned as its isomerization to a compound related to 6 (in which H2O instead of MeCN is coordinated to Ru) occurred indeed photochemically via irradiation with visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa Ali
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Yann Cornaton
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Djukic
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Michel Pfeffer
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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