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Bresciani G, Cervinka J, Kostrhunova H, Biancalana L, Bortoluzzi M, Pampaloni G, Novohradsky V, Brabec V, Marchetti F, Kasparkova J. N-Indolyl diiron vinyliminium complexes exhibit antiproliferative effects in cancer cells associated with disruption of mitochondrial homeostasis, ROS scavenging, and antioxidant activity. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 385:110742. [PMID: 37802407 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The indole scaffold has been established as a key organic moiety for developing new drugs; on the other hand, a range of diiron bis-cyclopentadienyl complexes have recently emerged for their promising anticancer potential. Here, we report the synthesis of novel diiron complexes with an indole-functionalized vinyliminium ligand (2-5) and an indole-lacking analogue for comparative purposes (6), which were characterized by analytical and spectroscopic techniques. Complexes 2-6 are substantially stable in DMSO‑d6 and DMEM-d solutions at 37 °C (8% average degradation after 48 h) and display a balanced hydrophilic/lipophilic behaviour (LogPow values in the range -0.32 to 0.47), associated with appreciable water solubility. The complexes display selective antiproliferative potency towards several cancer cells in monolayer cultures, mainly in the low micromolar range, with reduced toxicity towards noncancerous epithelial cells. Thus, the cytotoxicity of the complexes is comparable to or better than clinically used metallopharmaceutical cisplatin. Comparing the antiproliferative activity obtained for complexes containing different ligands, we confirmed the importance of the indolyl group in the mechanism of antiproliferative activity of these complexes. Cell-based mechanistic studies suggest that the investigated diiron vinyliminium complexes (DVCs) show cytostatic rather than cytotoxic effects and subsequently induce a population of cells to undergo apoptosis. Furthermore, the molecular mechanism of action involves interactions with mitochondrial DNA and proteins, the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging properties and antioxidant activity of these complexes in cancer cells. This study highlights the importance of DVCs to their cancer cell activity and reinforces their prospective therapeutic potential as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Bresciani
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jakub Cervinka
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61200, Brno, Czech Republic; Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Kamenice 5, CZ-62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kostrhunova
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lorenzo Biancalana
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Bortoluzzi
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Via Torino 155, I-30175, Mestre, Venezia, Italy
| | - Guido Pampaloni
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Vojtech Novohradsky
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Brabec
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61200, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Biophysics, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Fabio Marchetti
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Jana Kasparkova
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61200, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Campanella B, Braccini S, Bresciani G, De Franco M, Gandin V, Chiellini F, Pratesi A, Pampaloni G, Biancalana L, Marchetti F. The choice of μ-vinyliminium ligand substituents is key to optimize the antiproliferative activity of related diiron complexes. METALLOMICS : INTEGRATED BIOMETAL SCIENCE 2023; 15:6901513. [PMID: 36515681 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfac096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diiron vinyliminium complexes constitute a large family of organometallics displaying a promising anticancer potential. The complexes [Fe2Cp2(CO)(μ-CO){μ-η1:η3-C(R3)C(R4)CN(R1)(R2)}]CF3SO3 (2a-c, 4a-d) were synthesized, assessed for their behavior in aqueous solutions (D2O solubility, Log Pow, stability in D2O/Me2SO-d6 mixture at 37°C over 48 h) and investigated for their antiproliferative activity against A2780 and A2780cisR ovarian cancer cell lines and the nontumoral one Balb/3T3 clone A31. Cytotoxicity data collected for 50 vinyliminium complexes were correlated with the structural properties (i.e. the different R1-R4 substituents) using the partial least squares methodology. A clear positive correlation emerged between the octanol-water partition coefficient and the relative antiproliferative activity on ovarian cancer cell lines, both of which appear as uncorrelated to the cancer cell selectivity. However, the different effects played by the R1-R4 substituents allow tracing guidelines for the development of novel, more effective compounds. Based on these results, three additional complexes (4p-r) were designed, synthesized and biologically investigated, revealing their ability to hamper thioredoxin reductase enzyme and to induce cancer cell production of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Campanella
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via G. Moruzzi 1, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Braccini
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulio Bresciani
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Michele De Franco
- University of Padova, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Via F. Marzolo 5, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Valentina Gandin
- University of Padova, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Via F. Marzolo 5, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Federica Chiellini
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pratesi
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Guido Pampaloni
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Biancalana
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Marchetti
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
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Swaminathan S, Haribabu J, Balakrishnan N, Vasanthakumar P, Karvembu R. Piano stool Ru(II)-arene complexes having three monodentate legs: A comprehensive review on their development as anticancer therapeutics over the past decade. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Nabiyeva T, Roufosse B, Odachowski M, Baumgartner J, Marschner C, Verma AK, Blom B. Osmium Arene Germyl, Stannyl, Germanate, and Stannate Complexes as Anticancer Agents. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:19252-19268. [PMID: 34337263 PMCID: PMC8320079 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the synthesis, full spectroscopic characterization, DFT (density functional theory) calculations, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses of a series of osmium arene σ-germyl, germanate, σ-stannyl, and stannate complexes, along with their cytotoxic (anticancer) investigations. The known dimer complexes [OsCl2(η6-C6H6)]2 (1) and [OsCl2(η6-p-cymene)]2 (2) were reacted with PPh3 to form the known mononuclear complex [OsCl2(η6-p-cymene)(PPh3)] (3) and the new complex [OsCl2(η6-C6H6)(PPh3)] (6); complex 3 was reacted with GeCl2·(dioxane) and SnCl2 to afford, by insertion into the Os-Cl bond, the neutral σ-germyl and stannyl complexes [OsCl(η6-p-cymene)(PPh3)(GeCl3)] (7) and [OsCl(η6-p-cymene)(PPh3)(SnCl3)] (11), respectively, as a mixture of enantiomers. Similarly, the reaction of complex 6 with GeCl2·(dioxane) afforded [OsCl(η6-C6H6)(PPh3)(GeCl3)] (9). Complex 2, upon reaction with 1,1-bis(diphenylphosphino)methane (dppm), formed a mixture of [OsCl2(η6-p-cymene)(κ1-dppm)] (4) and [Os(η6-p-cymene)(κ2-dppm)Cl]+Cl- (5) when prepared in acetonitrile and a mixture of 4 and the dinuclear complex [[OsCl2(η6-p-cymene)]2(μ-dppm)] (0) when prepared in dichloromethane. By utilizing either isolated 4 or a mixture of 4 and 5, the synthesis of κ2-dppm germanate and stannate salts, [OsCl(η6-p-cymene)(κ2-dppm)]+GeCl3 - (8) and [OsCl(η6-p-cymene)(κ2-dppm)]+SnCl3 - (10), were accomplished via halide-abstracting reactions with GeCl2·(dioxane) or SnCl2, respectively. All resulting complexes were characterized by means of multinuclear NMR, FT-IR, ESI-MS, and UV/Vis spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction analyses of 4, 8, 9, 10, and 11 were performed and are reported. DFT studies (B3LYP, basis set LANL2DZ for Os, and def2-TZVPP for Sn, Ge, Cl, P, C, and H) were performed on complex 9 and the benzene analogue of complex 11, 11-benzene, to evaluate the structural changes and the effects on the frontier molecular orbitals arising from the substitution of Ge for Sn. Finally, complexes 3 and 7-11 were investigated for potential anticancer activities considering cell cytotoxicity and apoptosis assays against Dalton's lymphoma (DL) and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) malignant cancer cell lines. The complexes were also tested against healthy peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). All cell lines were also treated with the reference drug cisplatin to draw a comparison with the results obtained from the reported complexes. The study was further corroborated with in silico molecular interaction simulations and a pharmacokinetic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomiris Nabiyeva
- Maastricht
Science Programme, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Paul-Henri Spaaklaan, 1, P.O.
Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Basile Roufosse
- Maastricht
Science Programme, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Paul-Henri Spaaklaan, 1, P.O.
Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Matylda Odachowski
- Maastricht
Science Programme, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Paul-Henri Spaaklaan, 1, P.O.
Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Judith Baumgartner
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie, Technische
Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Marschner
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie, Technische
Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Akalesh Kumar Verma
- Department
of Zoology, Cell & Biochemical Technology Laboratory, Cotton University, Guwahati 781001, India
| | - Burgert Blom
- Maastricht
Science Programme, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Paul-Henri Spaaklaan, 1, P.O.
Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Guimarães IDL, Marszaukowski F, Ribeiro R, de Lazaro SR, de Oliveira KM, Batista AA, Castellen P, Wrobel E, Garcia JR, Boeré RT, Wohnrath K. Synthesis and characterization of η6-p-cymene ruthenium(II) complexes containing alkyl- and methoxy-substituted triarylphosphines. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2020.121599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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6
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Aldeghi N, Romano D, Marschner C, Biswas S, Chakraborty S, Prince S, Ngubane S, Blom B. Facile entry to germanate and stannate complexes [(η6-arene)RuCl(η2-dppm)]+[ECl3]- (E = Ge, Sn) as potent anti-cancer agents. J Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2020.121214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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7
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Selvi G, Özdemir FA, Aykutoglu G, Özdemir N, Şerbetçi Z, Çetinkaya B, Dayan O. A neutral arene ruthenium(II) complex with a sulfonated N,O-chelating ligand: Synthesis, characterization, in vitro cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity. Polyhedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2019.114300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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