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Lei Z, Zhao P, Pei XL, Ube H, Ehara M, Shionoya M. Photoluminescence control by atomically precise surface metallization of C-centered hexagold(i) clusters using N-heterocyclic carbenes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6207-6215. [PMID: 37325149 PMCID: PMC10266449 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01976d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The properties of metal clusters are highly dependent on their molecular surface structure. The aim of this study is to precisely metallize and rationally control the photoluminescence properties of a carbon(C)-centered hexagold(i) cluster (CAuI6) using N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands with one pyridyl, or one or two picolyl pendants and a specific number of silver(i) ions at the cluster surface. The results suggest that the photoluminescence of the clusters depends highly on both the rigidity and coverage of the surface structure. In other words, the loss of structural rigidity significantly reduces the quantum yield (QY). The QY in CH2Cl2 is 0.04 for [(C)(AuI-BIPc)6AgI3(CH3CN)3](BF4)5 (BIPc = N-isopropyl-N'-2-picolylbenzimidazolylidene), a significant decrease from 0.86 for [(C)(AuI-BIPy)6AgI2](BF4)4 (BIPy = N-isopropyl-N'-2-pyridylbenzimidazolylidene). This is due to the lower structural rigidity of the ligand BIPc because it contains a methylene linker. Increasing the number of capping AgI ions, i.e., the coverage of the surface structure, increases the phosphorescence efficiency. The QY for [(C)(AuI-BIPc2)6AgI4(CH3CN)2](BF4)6 (BIPc2 = N,N'-di(2-pyridyl)benzimidazolylidene) recovers to 0.40, 10-times that of the cluster with BIPc. Further theoretical calculations confirm the roles of AgI and NHC in the electronic structures. This study reveals the atomic-level surface structure-property relationships of heterometallic clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Lei
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Pei Zhao
- Research Center for Computational Science, Institute for Molecular Science Myodaiji Okazaki Aichi 444-8585 Japan
| | - Xiao-Li Pei
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ube
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Masahiro Ehara
- Research Center for Computational Science, Institute for Molecular Science Myodaiji Okazaki Aichi 444-8585 Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Shionoya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
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Lei Z, Endo M, Ube H, Shiraogawa T, Zhao P, Nagata K, Pei XL, Eguchi T, Kamachi T, Ehara M, Ozawa T, Shionoya M. N-Heterocyclic carbene-based C-centered Au(I)-Ag(I) clusters with intense phosphorescence and organelle-selective translocation in cells. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4288. [PMID: 35948553 PMCID: PMC9365809 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31891-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoluminescent gold clusters are functionally variable chemical modules by ligand design. Chemical modification of protective ligands and introduction of different metals into the gold clusters lead to discover unique chemical and physical properties based on their significantly perturbed electronic structures. Here we report the synthesis of carbon-centered Au(I)-Ag(I) clusters with high phosphorescence quantum yields using N-heterocyclic carbene ligands. Specifically, a heterometallic cluster [(C)(AuI-L)6AgI2]4+, where L denotes benzimidazolylidene-based carbene ligands featuring N-pyridyl substituents, shows a significantly high phosphorescence quantum yield (Φ = 0.88). Theoretical calculations suggest that the carbene ligands accelerate the radiative decay by affecting the spin-orbit coupling, and the benzimidazolylidene ligands further suppress the non-radiative pathway. Furthermore, these clusters with carbene ligands are taken up into cells, emit phosphorescence and translocate to a particular organelle. Such well-defined, highly phosphorescent C-centered Au(I)-Ag(I) clusters will enable ligand-specific, organelle-selective phosphorescence imaging and dynamic analysis of molecular distribution and translocation pathways in cells. Photoluminescent gold clusters have unique chemical and physical properties based on their perturbed electronic structures. Here, the authors report the synthesis of carbon-centered Au(I)-Ag(I) clusters with high phosphorescence quantum yields using N-heterocyclic carbene ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Lei
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Mizuki Endo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ube
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shiraogawa
- Research Center for Computational Science, Institute for Molecular Science and SOKENDAI, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Pei Zhao
- Research Center for Computational Science, Institute for Molecular Science and SOKENDAI, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Koichi Nagata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Xiao-Li Pei
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomoya Eguchi
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-M6-7 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Kamachi
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-M6-7 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ehara
- Research Center for Computational Science, Institute for Molecular Science and SOKENDAI, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.
| | - Takeaki Ozawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Mitsuhiko Shionoya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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Pei XL, Zhao P, Ube H, Lei Z, Nagata K, Ehara M, Shionoya M. Asymmetric Twisting of C-Centered Octahedral Gold(I) Clusters by Chiral N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligation. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:2156-2163. [PMID: 35084822 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric induction of metal clusters by ligation of chiral ligands is intriguing in terms of the mechanism of chirality transfer and the stability of the resulting chiral structure. Here we report the asymmetric induction of C-centered hexagold(I) CAuI6 clusters into an asymmetrically twisted structure through monodentate, chiral benzimidazolylidene-based N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the NHC-ligated CAuI6 cluster was diastereoselectively twisted with directionally selective, bond length expansion, and contraction of the Au···Au contacts and that the original cluster with high symmetry was transformed into an optically pure, asymmetric CAuI6 cluster with C1 symmetry. Moreover, the circular dichroism spectroscopy and the time-dependent density functional theory calculation confirmed that the asymmetrically twisted CAuI6 structure was maintained even in solution. Such asymmetric induction of configurationally stable metal clusters would greatly expand the molecular design possibilities of asymmetric catalysts and chiroptical materials by utilizing library chiral NHC ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Pei
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Pei Zhao
- Research Centre for Computational Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan.,Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ube
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Zhen Lei
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Koichi Nagata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ehara
- Research Centre for Computational Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan.,Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Shionoya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Abstract
Carbide complexes remain a rare class of molecules. Their paucity does not reflect exceptional instability but is rather due to the generally narrow scope of synthetic procedures for constructing carbide complexes. The preparation of carbide complexes typically revolves around generating LnM-CEx fragments, followed by cleavage of the C-E bonds of the coordinated carbon-based ligands (the alternative being direct C atom transfer). Prime examples involve deoxygenation of carbonyl ligands and deprotonation of methyl ligands, but several other p-block fragments can be cleaved off to afford carbide ligands. This Review outlines synthetic strategies toward terminal carbide complexes, bridging carbide complexes, as well as carbide-carbonyl cluster complexes. It then surveys the reactivity of carbide complexes, covering stoichiometric reactions where the carbide ligands act as C1 reagents, engage in cross-coupling reactions, and enact Fischer-Tropsch-like chemistry; in addition, we discuss carbide complexes in the context of catalysis. Finally, we examine spectroscopic features of carbide complexes, which helps to establish the presence of the carbide functionality and address its electronic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Reinholdt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Bendix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Li J, Li X, Sun L, Wang X, Yuan L, Wu L, Liu X, Wang Y. Syntheses of Triangular Gold Complexes and Their Applications in Hydroamination Reaction. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Liaocheng University 252059 Liaocheng China
| | - Xujun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Liaocheng University 252059 Liaocheng China
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Liaocheng University 252059 Liaocheng China
| | - Xiaoshuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Liaocheng University 252059 Liaocheng China
| | - Lixia Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Liaocheng University 252059 Liaocheng China
| | - Lingang Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Liaocheng University 252059 Liaocheng China
| | - Xiang Liu
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering Key laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials Material Analysis and Testing center China Three Gorges University Yichang Hubei 443002 China
| | - Yanlan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Liaocheng University 252059 Liaocheng China
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Lei Z, Pei XL, Ube H, Shionoya M. Reconstituting C-Centered Hexagold(I) Clusters with N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20210060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Lei
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Xiao-Li Pei
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ube
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Shionoya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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