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De Nardi F, Gorreta G, Meazzo C, Parisotto S, Blangetti M, Prandi C. Wittig Reaction in Deep Eutectic Solvents: Expanding the DES Toolbox in Synthesis. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202402090. [PMID: 38945826 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202402090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Wittig reaction between substituted phosphonium salts and (hetero)aromatic and alkyl carbonyl compounds in Deep Eutectic Solvents has been developed under a scalable and friendly protocol. Highly efficient reactions were successfully run with a wide range of bases including organic (DBU, LiTMP, t-BuOK) and inorganic (NaOH, K2CO3) ones in ChCl/Gly 1 : 2 (mol/mol) as solvent under mild conditions, at room temperature and under air. The proposed protocol was applied to a wide range of substrates, including (hetero)aromatic aldehydes with substituents as halogens (I, Br, Cl), EDG (alkoxy, methyl), EWG (NO2, CF3) or reactive groups as CN, esters, and ketones. Vinylic, alkynyl and cycloalkyl, alicyclic and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes can also be used. Highly electrophilic ketones gave good yields. The diastereoselectivity of the reaction is in complete agreement with the E/Z ratio predictable under traditional conditions. We demonstrated that the protocol is scalable to 2 g (5 mmol) of phosphonium salt, furthermore the proposed workup protocol allows to remove TPPO without need of additional chromatographic purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica De Nardi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, I-10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Giulia Gorreta
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, I-10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Carolina Meazzo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, I-10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Stefano Parisotto
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, I-10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Blangetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, I-10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Cristina Prandi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, I-10125, Torino, Italy
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Mishra A, Yadav P, Awasthi SK. Nitrogen-Enriched Biguanidine-Functionalized Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles as a Heterogeneous Base Catalyst for Knoevenagel Condensation under Solvent-Free Conditions. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2023; 3:254-265. [PMID: 37810412 PMCID: PMC10557060 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.3c00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Designing efficient, economical heterogeneous catalysts for the Knoevenagel condensation reaction is highly significant owing to the importance of reaction products in industries as well as pharmaceutics. Herein, we have designed and synthesized biguanidine-functionalized basic magnetically retrievable cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (CFNPs) for the synthesis of Knoevenagel condensation products using benzaldehydes and active methylene compounds (malononitrile/ethyl cyanoacetate/cyanoacetamide). Several advanced techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and vibration sample magnetometry (VSM), were utilized to precisely characterize the catalyst. The robust features of the current approach involve outstanding catalytic performance, solvent-free reaction conditions, ease of catalyst retrievability, easy workup procedure, large substrate tolerance, high turnover frequency (TOF) values (up to 486.88 h-1), values of green chemistry metrics such as E-factor (0.15), reaction mass efficiency (RME) value (87.07%), carbon efficiency (93.4%), and atom economy (AE) value (88.10%) close to their ideal values, and recyclability up to eight runs without a considerable reduction in activity, boosting the appeal of this approach from a commercial and ecological point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Satish K. Awasthi
- Chemical Biology Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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3
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Sheikh S, Nasseri MA, Chahkandi M, Reiser O, Allahresani A. Dendritic structured palladium complexes: magnetically retrievable, highly efficient heterogeneous nanocatalyst for Suzuki and Heck cross-coupling reactions. RSC Adv 2022; 12:8833-8840. [PMID: 35424882 PMCID: PMC8985118 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00487a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The recyclable nanomagnetic Pd-complex PAMAM G0-Pd@γ-Fe2O3 is reported for catalytic C-C cross-coupling reactions of challenging substrates. Mainly, a great variety of aryl chlorides can be used as substrates for Suzuki-Miyaura and Mizoroki-Heck reactions under mild reaction conditions (60-90 °C) and low catalyst loading (<1 mol% Pd) in aqueous media. The presence of numerous polar groups in the polymer matrix increases the solubility of the catalyst in water, thus facilitating its operation in aqueous environments. The immobilization of the catalyst on the surface of a magnetic platform allows its effective recovery and reuse without significant loss of catalytic activity for at least six cycles with total leaching of <1% palladium metal, meeting the requirements for acceptable metal residues in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safoora Sheikh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Birjand P. O. Box 97175-615 Birjand Iran
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg German
| | - Mohammad Ali Nasseri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Birjand P. O. Box 97175-615 Birjand Iran
| | - Mohammad Chahkandi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University P. O. Box 96179-76487 Sabzevar Iran
| | - Oliver Reiser
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg German
| | - Ali Allahresani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Birjand P. O. Box 97175-615 Birjand Iran
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Gholinejad M, Esmailoghli H, Khosravi F, Sansano JM. Ionic Liquid Modified Carbon Nanotube Supported Palladium Nanoparticles for Efficient Sonogashira-Hagihara Reaction. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2022.122295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Kuchkina NV, Sorokina SA, Bykov AV, Sulman MG, Bronstein LM, Shifrina ZB. Magnetically Recoverable Nanoparticulate Catalysts for Cross-Coupling Reactions: The Dendritic Support Influences the Catalytic Performance. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:3345. [PMID: 34947694 PMCID: PMC8708486 DOI: 10.3390/nano11123345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Carbon-carbon cross-coupling reactions are among the most important synthetic tools for the preparation of pharmaceuticals and bioactive compounds. However, these reactions are normally carried out using copper, phosphines, and/or amines, which are poisonous for pharmaceuticals. The use of nanocomposite catalysts holds promise for facilitating these reactions and making them more environmentally friendly. In the present work, the PEGylated (PEG stands for poly(ethylene glycol) pyridylphenylene dendrons immobilized on silica loaded with magnetic nanoparticles have been successfully employed for the stabilization of Pd2+ complexes and Pd nanoparticles. The catalyst developed showed excellent catalytic activity in copper-free Sonogashira and Heck cross-coupling reactions. The reactions proceeded smoothly in green solvents at low palladium loading, resulting in high yields of cross-coupling products (from 80% to 97%) within short reaction times. The presence of magnetic nanoparticles allows easy magnetic separation for repeated use without a noticeable decrease of catalytic activity due to the strong stabilization of Pd species by rigid and bulky dendritic ligands. The PEG dendron periphery makes the catalyst hydrophilic and better suited for green solvents. The minor drop in activity upon the catalyst reuse is explained by the formation of Pd nanoparticles from the Pd2+ species during the catalytic reaction. The magnetic separation and reuse of the nanocomposite catalyst reduces the cost of target products as well as energy and material consumption and diminishes residual contamination by the catalyst. These factors as well as the absence of copper in the catalyst makeup pave the way for future applications of such catalysts in cross-coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina V. Kuchkina
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.V.K.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Svetlana A. Sorokina
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.V.K.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Alexey V. Bykov
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemistry, Tver State Technical University, 22 A. Nikitina St., 170026 Tver, Russia; (A.V.B.); (M.G.S.)
| | - Mikhail G. Sulman
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemistry, Tver State Technical University, 22 A. Nikitina St., 170026 Tver, Russia; (A.V.B.); (M.G.S.)
| | - Lyudmila M. Bronstein
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.V.K.); (S.A.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Av., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80303, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zinaida B. Shifrina
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.V.K.); (S.A.S.)
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Bizzarri BM, Fanelli A, Botta L, Zippilli C, Cesarini S, Saladino R. Dendrimeric Structures in the Synthesis of Fine Chemicals. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:5318. [PMID: 34576547 PMCID: PMC8471025 DOI: 10.3390/ma14185318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dendrimers are highly branched structures with a defined shape, dimension, and molecular weight. They consist of three major components: the central core, branches, and terminal groups. In recent years, dendrimers have received great attention in medicinal chemistry, diagnostic field, science of materials, electrochemistry, and catalysis. In addition, they are largely applied for the functionalization of biocompatible semiconductors, in gene transfection processes, as well as in the preparation of nano-devices, including heterogeneous catalysts. Here, we describe recent advances in the design and application of dendrimers in catalytic organic and inorganic processes, sustainable and low environmental impact, photosensitive materials, nano-delivery systems, and antiviral agents' dendrimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Mattia Bizzarri
- Biological and Ecological Sciences Department (DEB), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (A.F.); (L.B.); (C.Z.); (S.C.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Raffaele Saladino
- Biological and Ecological Sciences Department (DEB), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (A.F.); (L.B.); (C.Z.); (S.C.)
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Palladium Loaded Dendronized Polymer as Efficient Polymeric Sustainable Catalyst for Heck Coupling Reaction. Catal Letters 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-021-03767-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Vanbellingen Q, Servin P, Coinaud A, Mallet-Ladeira S, Laurent R, Caminade AM. Dendrimers Functionalized with Palladium Complexes of N-, N,N-, and N,N,N-Ligands. Molecules 2021; 26:2333. [PMID: 33920516 PMCID: PMC8073930 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyridine, pyridine imine, and bipyridine imine ligands functionalized by a phenol have been synthesized and characterized, in many cases by X-ray diffraction. Several of these N-, N,N-, and N,N,N,-ligands have been grafted onto the surface of phosphorhydrazone dendrimers, from generation 1 to generation 3. The complexation ability of these monomers and dendrimers towards palladium(II) has been assayed. The corresponding complexes have been either isolated or prepared in situ. In both cases, the monomeric and dendritic complexes have been tested as catalysts in Heck couplings and in Sonogashira couplings. In some cases, a positive dendritic effect has been observed, that is, an increase of the catalytic efficiency proportional to the dendrimer generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Vanbellingen
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, CEDEX 4, 31077 Toulouse, France; (Q.V.); (P.S.); (A.C.); (S.M.-L.); (R.L.)
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, CEDEX 4, 31077 Toulouse, France
- Technologie Servier—Center of Excellence in Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics 25/27 rue Eugène Vignat, CS 11749, CEDEX 1, 45007 Orléans, France
| | - Paul Servin
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, CEDEX 4, 31077 Toulouse, France; (Q.V.); (P.S.); (A.C.); (S.M.-L.); (R.L.)
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, CEDEX 4, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Anaïs Coinaud
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, CEDEX 4, 31077 Toulouse, France; (Q.V.); (P.S.); (A.C.); (S.M.-L.); (R.L.)
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, CEDEX 4, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Sonia Mallet-Ladeira
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, CEDEX 4, 31077 Toulouse, France; (Q.V.); (P.S.); (A.C.); (S.M.-L.); (R.L.)
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, CEDEX 4, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Régis Laurent
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, CEDEX 4, 31077 Toulouse, France; (Q.V.); (P.S.); (A.C.); (S.M.-L.); (R.L.)
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, CEDEX 4, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Anne-Marie Caminade
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, CEDEX 4, 31077 Toulouse, France; (Q.V.); (P.S.); (A.C.); (S.M.-L.); (R.L.)
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, CEDEX 4, 31077 Toulouse, France
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Bimetallic Ni/Cu mesoporous silica nanoparticles as an efficient and reusable catalyst for the Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.121703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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