Bioactive isatin (oxime)-triazole-thiazolidinedione ferrocene molecular conjugates: Design, synthesis and antimicrobial activities

Medicinal Perspective of 2,4-Thiazolidinediones Derivatives: An Insight into Recent Advancements

2,4-Thiazolidinedione derivatives represent nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds utilized in type 2 diabetes mellitus management. Recent advances in medicinal chemistry have unveiled diverse therapeutic potentials and structural modifications of these derivatives. This review delves into novel TZD derivatives, encompassing their synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and pharmacokinetic profiles. Various therapeutic potentials of TZDs are explored, including anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, antihyperlipidemic, anticorrosive, and antitubercular activities. Additionally, it addresses mitigating side effects associated with marketed TZD derivatives such as weight gain, oedema, fractures, and congestive heart failure in type 2 diabetes mellitus management. The review elaborates on in vivo, in vitro, and ex vivo studies supporting different biological activities, alongside predicting ADME and drug-likeness properties of TZDs. Computational studies are also integrated to elucidate binding modes and affinities of novel TZD derivatives. Furthermore, a plethora of novel TZD derivatives with varied and enhanced therapeutic potentials are presented, warranting further evaluation of their biological activities.

A Comprehensive Review of the Diverse Spectrum Activity of 1,2,3-Triazole-linked Isatin Hybrids

Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2,3-triazole and isatin as core structures have emerged as promising drug candidates due to their diverse biological activities such as anti-cancer, antifungal, antimicrobial, antitumor, anti-epileptic, antiviral, and more. The presence of 1,2,3-triazoles and isatin heterocycles in these hybrids, both individually known for their medicinal significance, has increasingly piqued the interest of drug discovery researchers, as they seek to delve deeper into their extensive pharmacological potential for enhancing therapeutic efficacy. Moreover, these hybrid compounds are synthetically accessible using readily available materials. Therefore, there is a pressing need to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing knowledge in this field, offering valuable insights to readers and paving the way for the discovery of novel 1,2,3-triazole-linked isatin hybrids with therapeutic potential.

Ferrocene-Based Drugs, Delivery Nanomaterials and Fenton Mechanism: State of the Art, Recent Developments and Prospects

Ferrocene has been the most used organometallic moiety introduced in organic and bioinorganic drugs to cure cancers and various other diseases. Following several pioneering studies, two real breakthroughs occurred in 1996 and 1997. In 1996, Jaouen et al. reported ferrocifens, ferrocene analogs of tamoxifen, the chemotherapeutic for hormone-dependent breast cancer. Several ferrocifens are now in preclinical evaluation. Independently, in 1997, ferroquine, an analog of the antimalarial drug chloroquine upon the introduction of a ferrocenyl substituent in the carbon chain, was reported by the Biot-Brocard group and found to be active against both chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Ferroquine, in combination with artefenomel, completed phase IIb clinical evaluation in 2019. More than 1000 studies have been published on ferrocenyl-containing pharmacophores against infectious diseases, including parasitic, bacterial, fungal, and viral infections, but the relationship between structure and biological activity has been scarcely demonstrated, unlike for ferrocifens and ferroquines. In a majority of ferrocene-containing drugs, however, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), in particular the OH. radical, produced by Fenton catalysis, plays a key role and is scrutinized in this mini-review, together with the supramolecular approach utilizing drug delivery nanosystems, such as micelles, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), polymers, and dendrimers.

New ferrocene integrated amphiphilic guanidines: Synthesis, spectroscopic elucidation, DFT calculation and in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition combined with molecular docking approach

Three N, N', N″-trisubstituted ferrocenyl guanidines (MG-10, MG-12 and MG-14) were synthesized, characterized by several analytical methods such as FT-IR, ¹H and ¹³C NMR, elemental analysis and UV-visible spectroscopy. These compounds have long chain aliphatic groups therefore their aliphatic nature has been evaluated by determining their critical micelle concentration (CMC). CMC point decreases from 0.036 mM to 0.013 mM with increase in the aliphatic chain length. The quantum mechanical parameters such as the energy of frontier molecular orbitals (E_HOMO and E_LUMO) and the Mulliken charge distribution on the optimized structures were determined using a DFT/B3LYP method combined with the 6-31G (d,p) basis set in the gas phase. The in vitro antidiabetic activity of synthesized compounds showed that MG-12 has IC₅₀value 23.10 μg/mL against α-amylase while MG-10 has IC₅₀value 27.32 μg/mL against α-glucosidase with the respective standard Acarbose (IC₅₀value 20.12 μg/mL). Theoretical docking analysis demonstrated that MG-10 and MG-12 interacted with α-amylase by 3 types of interaction, including hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions and electrostatic interactions.

Ferrocene-triazole conjugates: do we know why they are biologically active?

The bioorganometallic chemistry of ferrocene has been gaining significance in recent years. This review presents ferrocene-triazole conjugates displaying significant biological properties. The conjugates have been synthesized via azide-alkyne cycloaddition reactions. The data are summarized according to the type of activity (anticancer, antibacterial and/or antifungal, antiprotozoal, and other effects). The results of studies concerning the understanding of the role of the ferrocene core in their biological activity are highlighted. While generally the mode of action of these organometallic species remains unclear, the importance of redox properties of ferrocene has been postulated in several cases.

Biological, toxicological and molecular docking evaluations of isoxazoline-thiazolidine-2,4-dione analogues as new class of anti-hyperglycemic agents

In this work, three isoxazoline-thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives were synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR and ESI-MS spectrometry. All compounds have been investigated for their α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. In vitro enzymatic evaluation revealed that all compounds were inhibitory potent against α-glucosidase with IC₅₀ values varied from 40.67 ± 1.81 to 92.54 ± 0.43 µM, and α-amylase with IC₅₀ in the range of 07.01 ± 0.02 to 75.10 ± 1.06 µM. One of the tested compounds were found to be more potent inhibitor compared to other compounds and standard drug Acarbose (IC_{50 glucosidase}= 97.12 ± 0.35 µM and IC_{50 amylase}= 2.97 ± 0.01 μM). All compounds were then evaluated for their acute toxicity in vivo and shown their safety at a high dose with LD > 2000mg/kg BW. A cell-based toxicity evaluation was performed to determine the safety of compounds on liver cells, using the MTT assay against HepG2 cells, and the results shown that all compounds have non-toxic impact against cell viability and proliferation compared to reference drug (Pioglitazone). Furthermore, the molecular homology analysis, SAR and the molecular binding properties of compound with the active site of α-amylase and α-glucosidase were confirmed through computational analysis. This study has identified the inhibitory potential of a new class of synthesized isoxazoline-thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives in controlling both hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus without any hepatic toxicity.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Synthesis, Biocidal and Antibiofilm Activities of New Isatin-Quinoline Conjugates against Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Pathogens along with Their In Silico Screening

Isatin-quinoline conjugates 10a-f and 11a-f were assembled by the reaction of N-(bromobutyl) isatin derivatives 3a, b with aminoquinolines 6a-c and their corresponding hydrazinyl 9a-c in good yields. The structures of the resulting conjugates were established by spectroscopic tools and showed data consistent with the proposed structures. In vitro antibacterial activity against different bacterial strains was evaluated. All tested conjugates showed significant biocidal activity with lower MIC than the first line drugs chloramphenicol and ampicillin. Conjugates 10a, 10b and 10f displayed the most potent activity against all clinical isolates. The antibiofilm activity for all tested conjugates was screened against the reference drug vancomycin using the MRSA strain. The results revealed that all conjugates had an inhibitory activity against biofilm formation and conjugate. Conjugate 11a showed 83.60% inhibition at 10 mg/mL. In addition, TEM studies were used to prove the mechanism of antibacterial action of conjugates 10a and 11a against (MRSA). Modeling procedures were performed on 10a-f and 11a-f and interestingly the results were nearly consistent with the biological activities. In addition, in silico pharmacokinetic evaluation was performed and revealed that the synthesized compounds 10a-f and 11a-f were considered drug-like molecules with promising bioavailability and high GI absorption. The results confirmed that the title compounds caused the disruption of bacterial cell membranes and could be used as potential leads for the further development and optimization of antibacterial agents.

The medicinal perspective of 2,4-thiazolidinediones based ligands as antimicrobial, antitumor and antidiabetic agents: A review

2,4-Thiazolidinedione (2,4-TZD), commonly known as glitazone, is a ubiquitous heterocyclic pharmacophore possessing a plethora of pharmacological activities and offering a vast opportunity for structural modification. The diverse range of biological activities endowed with a novel mode of action, low cost, and easy synthesis has attracted the attention of medicinal chemists. Several researchers have integrated the TZD core with different structural fragments to develop a wide range of lead molecules against various clinical disorders. The most common sites for structural modifications at the 2,4-TZD nucleus are the N-3 and the active methylene at C-5. The review covers the recent development of TZD derivatives such as antimicrobial, anticancer, and antidiabetic agents. Various 2,4-TZD based agents or drugs, which are either under clinical development or in the market, are discussed in the study. Different synthetic methodologies for synthesizing the 2,4-TZD core are also included in the manuscript. The importance of various substitutions at N-3 and C-5 and the mechanisms of action and structure-activity relationships are also discussed. We hope this study will serve as a valuable tool for the scientific community engaged in the structural exploitation of the 2,4-TZD core for developing novel drug m\olecules for life-threatening ailments.

A Mini Review on Isatin, an Anticancer Scaffold with Potential Activities against Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)

Isatin, chemically an indole-1H-2,3-dione, is recognised as one of the most attractive therapeutic fragments in drug design and development. The template has turned out to be exceptionally useful for developing new anticancer scaffolds, as evidenced by the increasing number of isatin-based molecules which are either in clinical use or in trials. Apart from its promising antiproliferative properties, isatin has shown potential in treating Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) not only as a parent core, but also by attenuating the activities of various pharmacophores. The objective of this mini-review is to keep readers up to date on the latest developments in the biological potential of isatin-based scaffolds, targeting cancer and NTDs such as tuberculosis, malaria, and microbial infections.

The crystal structure of (E)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-1-ferrocenylprop-2-en-1-one, C19H15ClFeO

C19H15ClFeO, triclinic, P 1 ‾ $P\bar{1}$ (no. 2), a = 10.2693(5) Å, b = 11.2568(6) Å, c = 20.8930(10) Å, α = 80.350(2)°, β = 76.9640(10)°, γ = 86.921(2)°, V = 2319.4(2) Å3, Z = 6, R gt (F) = 0.0534, wR ref(F 2) = 0.0968, T = 170 K.

The synthesis and characterization of ylideneisoindolinones

1,3-Diiminoisoindoline (DII) and the closely related molecule, iminoisoindolinone are important precursors in the synthesis of macrocycles and chelates such as phthalocyanines, and bis(arylimino)isoindolines, as well as chromophores including aza-BODIPY dyes. A series of seven ylideneisoindolinones are presented in this report. The reaction of various organic CH acids and iminoisoindolinone produce compounds that show strong [Formula: see text]* transitions in the UV region. The chromophores have been characterized spectroscopically and the X-ray structures show electronic delocalization across the chromophore. Additionally, DFT and time-dependent DFT calculations confirm the lower energy absorbances are primarily HOMO-LUMO transitions.