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He L, Xu C, Wang Z, Duan S, Xu J, Li C, Yao X, Gonzalez FJ, Qin Z, Yao Z. Identification of naturally occurring inhibitors in Xian-Ling-Gu-Bao capsule against the glucuronidation of estrogens. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:935685. [PMID: 35991901 PMCID: PMC9386001 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.935685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Xian-Ling-Gu-Bao (XLGB) capsule, a well-known traditional Chinese medicine prescription, is widely used for the treatment of osteoporosis. It could significantly increase the levels of estrogen in ovariectomized rats and mice. However, this working mechanism has not been well elucidated. Considering that UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes are the important enzymes that inactivate and regulate estrogen activity in vivo, this study aimed to identify the bioactive compounds from XLGB against the glucuronidation of estrogens. First, thirty compounds were considered as candidate bioactive compounds based on our previous studies including pharmacological evaluation, chemical profiles, and metabolic profiles. Second, the characteristics of estrogen glucuronidation by uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid (UDPGA)-supplemented human liver microsomes (HLM), human intestine microsomes (HIM), and expressed UGT enzymes were determined, and the incubation systems of their key UGT enzymes were optimized. Then, inhibitory effects and mechanisms of XLGB and its main compounds toward the key UGT isozymes were further investigated. As a result, estrogen underwent efficient glucuronidation by HLM and HIM. UGT1A10, 1A1, and 2B7 were mainly responsible for the glucuronidation of estrone, β-estradiol, and estriol, respectively. For E1 and E2, UGT1A10 and 1A1 tended to mediate estrogen-3-O-glucuronidation, while UGT2B7 preferred catalyzing estrogen-16-O-glucuronidation. Furthermore, the incubation system for active UGT isoforms was optimized including Tris-HCl buffer, detergents, MgCl2 concentration, β-glucuronidase inhibitors, UDPGA concentration, protein concentration, and incubation time. Based on optimal incubation conditions, eleven, nine, and nine compounds were identified as the potent inhibitors for UGT1A10, 1A1, and 2B7, respectively (IC50 < 4.97 μM and Ki < 3.35 μM). Among them, six compounds (bavachin, isobavachin, isobavachalcone, neobavaisoflavone, corylifol A, and icariside II) simultaneously demonstrated potent inhibitory effects against these three active enzymes. Prenylated flavanols from Epimedium brevicornu Maxim., prenylated flavonoids from Psoralea corylifolia L., and salvianolic acids from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. were characterized as the most important and effective compounds. The identification of potent natural inhibitors of XLGB against the glucuronidation of estrogen laid an important foundation for the pharmacodynamic material basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang He
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunxia Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziying Wang
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Shuyi Duan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinjin Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuan Li
- State key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinsheng Yao
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development Ministry of P.R. China, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Zifei Qin
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhihong Yao, ; Zifei Qin,
| | - Zhihong Yao
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- State key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development Ministry of P.R. China, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhihong Yao, ; Zifei Qin,
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Li X, Xing H, Qin Z, Yang J, Wang P, Zhang X, Yao Z, Yao X. Potential metabolism determinants and drug-drug interactions of a natural flavanone bavachinin. RSC Adv 2020; 10:35141-35152. [PMID: 35515695 PMCID: PMC9056855 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06961b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bavachinin, a natural bioactive flavanone, is reported to have many pharmacological proprieties, especially anti-osteoporosis activity. Here we aim to determine the roles of cytochrome P450s (CYP), UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT), and efflux transporters in metabolism and drug–drug interactions (DDI) of bavachinin. Phase I metabolism and glucuronidation were performed by human liver microsomes (HLM) and human intestine microsomes (HIM). Reaction phenotyping was used to identify the main CYPs and UGTs. Gene silencing methods were employed to investigate the roles of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) in HeLa1A1 cells. Inhibition mechanisms towards CYPs and UGTs were explored through kinetic modeling. Three phase I metabolites (M1–M3) and one glucuronide (G1) were detected after incubation of bavachinin with HLM and HIM. The intrinsic clearance (CLint) values of M1 and G1 by HLM were 89.4 and 270.2 μL min−1 mg−1, respectively, while those of M3 and G1 by HIM were 25.8 and 247.1 μL min−1 mg−1, respectively. CYP1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2C8, 2C19, and UGT1A1, 1A8 participated more in bavachinin metabolism. The metabolism showed marked species difference. BCRP and MRP4 were identified as the main contributors. Bavachinin displayed potent inhibitory effects against several CYP and UGT isozymes (Ki = 0.28–2.53 μM). Bavachinin was subjected to undergo metabolism and disposition by CYPs, UGTs, BCRP, MRP4, and was also a potent non-selective inhibitor against several CYPs and UGTs. Metabolism, efflux transport and drug–drug interactions of bavachinin.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinqiang Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450052 China
| | - Han Xing
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450052 China
| | - Zifei Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450052 China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450052 China
| | - Peile Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450052 China
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450052 China
| | - Zhihong Yao
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development Ministry of P. R. China, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 China .,College of Pharmacy, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Xinsheng Yao
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development Ministry of P. R. China, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 China .,College of Pharmacy, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 China
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Serum copper levels are associated with bone mineral density and total fracture. J Orthop Translat 2018; 14:34-44. [PMID: 30035031 PMCID: PMC6034109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Both copper deficiency and overexposure have been associated with adverse health effects. Evidence linking copper to bone mineral density (BMD) and total fracture, however, is limited. Methods This nationally representative cross-sectional study enrolled participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2011–2014) in the United States. Using unadjusted and multivariate adjusted logistic regression analyses and a two-piecewise linear regression model with a smoothing function, we evaluated the associations between serum copper levels, bone mineral density and total fracture in 722 participants. Results The study sample (n = 722, mean age: 56.47 ± 11.55 y) represented a population of which 47.2% were men; 43.91% were non-Hispanic white, 18.84% non-Hispanic black and 13.71% Mexican American; 25.9% had total fracture. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, individuals in the lowest category (<98.5 μg/dL) of serum copper concentration had 0.049 g/cm2 lower total femur BMD and 0.045 g/cm2 lower femoral neck BMD than those in the second concentration category (98.5–114 μg/dL). Individuals in the highest category (≥134 μg/dL) of serum copper concentration had an approximately 4-fold increase in the risk of total fracture than those in the second concentration category. There were no significant associations between per 10 μg/dL increases in serum copper levels and total fracture in multivariate logistic regression analysis after multivariate adjustment (all p > 0.05). However, a differential association between serum copper levels and total fractures between men and women was observed (odds ratio = 1.81, 95% confidence interval 1.08–3.03, p = 0.026 for men and odds ratio = 1.07, 95% confidence interval 0.86–1.32, p = 0.552 for women). Conclusion Moderate serum copper levels are critically important for bone health. Lower serum copper levels are significantly associated with decreased BMD in the total femur and femoral neck. Higher serum copper levels are significantly associated with increased total fracture, especially in men. The Translational Potential of this Article The impact of serum copper concentrations on bone mineral density and total fracture can provide insights into clinical application of copper-containing supplements and biomaterials.
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Key Words
- Bone mineral density
- Bone mineral density, BMD
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC
- Confidence interval, CI
- Diastolic blood pressure, DBP
- Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, DXA
- Fracture
- High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, HDL-C
- Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, LDL-C
- National Center for Health Statistics, NCHS
- National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES
- Odds ratio
- Serum copper levels
- Standard deviation, SD
- Systolic blood pressure, SBP
- Total cholesterol, TC
- Triglycerides, TG
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