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Zhou H, Zhang Z, Mu Y, Yao H, Zhang Y, Wang DA. Harnessing Nanomedicine for Cartilage Repair: Design Considerations and Recent Advances in Biomaterials. ACS NANO 2024; 18:10667-10687. [PMID: 38592060 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Cartilage injuries are escalating worldwide, particularly in aging society. Given its limited self-healing ability, the repair and regeneration of damaged articular cartilage remain formidable challenges. To address this issue, nanomaterials are leveraged to achieve desirable repair outcomes by enhancing mechanical properties, optimizing drug loading and bioavailability, enabling site-specific and targeted delivery, and orchestrating cell activities at the nanoscale. This review presents a comprehensive survey of recent research in nanomedicine for cartilage repair, with a primary focus on biomaterial design considerations and recent advances. The review commences with an introductory overview of the intricate cartilage microenvironment and further delves into key biomaterial design parameters crucial for treating cartilage damage, including microstructure, surface charge, and active targeting. The focal point of this review lies in recent advances in nano drug delivery systems and nanotechnology-enabled 3D matrices for cartilage repair. We discuss the compositions and properties of these nanomaterials and elucidate how these materials impact the regeneration of damaged cartilage. This review underscores the pivotal role of nanotechnology in improving the efficacy of biomaterials utilized for the treatment of cartilage damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqun Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yulei Mu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Hang Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Dong-An Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, InnoHK, HKSTP, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
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Zheng K, Ma Y, Chiu C, Xue M, Zhang C, Du D. Enhanced articular cartilage regeneration using costal chondrocyte-derived scaffold-free tissue engineered constructs with ascorbic acid treatment. J Orthop Translat 2024; 45:140-154. [PMID: 38559899 PMCID: PMC10979122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cartilage tissue engineering faces challenges related to the use of scaffolds and limited seed cells. This study aims to propose a cost-effective and straightforward approach using costal chondrocytes (CCs) as an alternative cell source to overcome these challenges, eliminating the need for special culture equipment or scaffolds. Methods CCs were cultured at a high cell density with and without ascorbic acid treatment, serving as the experimental and control groups, respectively. Viability and tissue-engineered constructs (TEC) formation were evaluated until day 14. Slices of TEC samples were used for histological staining to evaluate the secretion of glycosaminoglycans and different types of collagen proteins within the extracellular matrix. mRNA sequencing and qPCR were performed to examine gene expression related to cartilage matrix secretion in the chondrocytes. In vivo experiments were conducted by implanting TECs from different groups into the defect site, followed by sample collection after 12 weeks for histological staining and scoring to evaluate the extent of cartilage regeneration. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE), Safranin-O-Fast Green, and Masson's trichrome stainings were used to examine the content of cartilage-related matrix components in the in vivo repair tissue. Immunohistochemical staining for type I and type II collagen, as well as aggrecan, was performed to assess the presence and distribution of these specific markers. Additionally, immunohistochemical staining for type X collagen was used to observe any hypertrophic changes in the repaired tissue. Results Viability of the chondrocytes remained high throughout the culture period, and the TECs displayed an enriched extracellular matrix suitable for surgical procedures. In vitro study revealed glycosaminoglycan and type II collagen production in both groups of TEC, while the TEC matrix treated with ascorbic acid displayed greater abundance. The results of mRNA sequencing and qPCR showed that genes related to cartilage matrix secretion such as Sox9, Col2, and Acan were upregulated by ascorbic acid in costal chondrocytes. Although the addition of Asc-2P led to an increase in COL10 expression according to qPCR and RNA-seq results, the immunofluorescence staining results of the two groups of TECs exhibited similar distribution and fluorescence intensity. In vivo experiments showed that both groups of TEC could adhere to the defect sites and kept hyaline cartilage morphology until 12 weeks. TEC treated with ascorbic acid showed superior cartilage regeneration as evidenced by significantly higher ICRS and O'Driscoll scores and stronger Safranin-O and collagen staining mimicking native cartilage when compared to other groups. In addition, the immunohistochemical staining results of Collgan X indicated that, after 12 weeks, the ascorbic acid-treated TEC did not exhibit further hypertrophy upon transplantation into the defect site, but maintained an expression profile similar to untreated TECs, while slightly higher than the sham-operated group. Conclusion These results suggest that CC-derived scaffold-free TEC presents a promising method for articular cartilage regeneration. Ascorbic acid treatment enhances outcomes by promoting cartilage matrix production. This study provides valuable insights and potential advancements in the field of cartilage tissue engineering. The translational potential of this article Cartilage tissue engineering is an area of research with immense clinical potential. The approach presented in this article offers a cost-effective and straightforward solution, which can minimize the complexity of cell culture and scaffold fabrication. This simplification could offer several translational advantages, such as ease of use, rapid scalability, lower costs, and the potential for patient-specific clinical translation. The use of costal chondrocytes, which are easily obtainable, and the scaffold-free approach, which does not require specialized equipment or membranes, could be particularly advantageous in clinical settings, allowing for in situ regeneration of cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwen Zheng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiyang Ma
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Chiu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengxin Xue
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Changqing Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dajiang Du
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Yang M, Zhang ZC, Yuan FZ, Deng RH, Yan X, Mao FB, Chen YR, Lu H, Yu JK. An immunomodulatory polypeptide hydrogel for osteochondral defect repair. Bioact Mater 2023; 19:678-689. [PMID: 35600970 PMCID: PMC9112113 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteochondral injury is a common and frequent orthopedic disease that can lead to more serious degenerative joint disease. Tissue engineering is a promising modality for osteochondral repair, but the implanted scaffolds are often immunogenic and can induce unwanted foreign body reaction (FBR). Here, we prepare a polypept(o)ide-based PAA-RGD hydrogel using a novel thiol/thioester dual-functionalized hyperbranched polypeptide P(EG3Glu-co-Cys) and maleimide-functionalized polysarcosine under biologically benign conditions. The PAA-RGD hydrogel shows suitable biodegradability, excellent biocompatibility, and low immunogenicity, which together lead to optimal performance for osteochondral repair in New Zealand white rabbits even at the early stage of implantation. Further in vitro and in vivo mechanistic studies corroborate the immunomodulatory role of the PAA-RGD hydrogel, which induces minimum FBR responses and a high level of polarization of macrophages into the immunosuppressive M2 subtypes. These findings demonstrate the promising potential of the PAA-RGD hydrogel for osteochondral regeneration and highlight the importance of immunomodulation. The results may inspire the development of PAA-based materials for not only osteochondral defect repair but also various other tissue engineering and bio-implantation applications. A polypept(o)ide-based hydrogel. Prominent and early osteochondral repair. Minimized immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zheng-Chu Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Zhen Yuan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Rong-Hui Deng
- Department of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Feng-Biao Mao
- Institute of Medicine Innovation and Research Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - You-Rong Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Hua Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Jia-Kuo Yu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Duan WP, Huang LA, Dong ZQ, Li HQ, Guo L, Song WJ, Yang YF, Li PC, Wei XC. Studies of Articular Cartilage Repair from 2009 to 2018: A Bibliometric Analysis of Articles. Orthop Surg 2021; 13:608-615. [PMID: 33554478 PMCID: PMC7957388 DOI: 10.1111/os.12888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To perform a bibliometric analysis of research on articular cartilage repair published in Chinese and English over the past decade. Fundamental and clinical research topics of high interest were further comparatively analyzed. Methods Relevant studies published from 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2018 (10 years) were retrieved from the Wanfang database (Chinese articles) and six databases, including MEDLINE, WOS, INSPEC, SCIELO, KJD, and RSCI on the website “Web of Science” (English articles), using key words: “articular cartilage” AND “injury” AND “repair”. The articles were categorized according to research focuses for a comparative analysis between those published in Chinese vs English, and further grouped according to publication date (before and after 2014). A comparative analysis was performed on research focus to characterize the variation in research trends between two 5‐year time spans. Moreover, articles were classified as basic and clinical research studies. Results Overall, 5762 articles were retrieved, including 2748 in domestic Chinese journals and 3014 in international English journals. A total of 4937 articles focused on the top 10 research topics, with the top 3 being stem cells (32.1%), tissue‐engineered scaffold (22.8%), and molecular mechanisms (16.4%). Differences between the numbers of Chinese and English papers were observed for 3 topics: chondrocyte implantation (104 vs 316), osteochondral allograft (27 vs 86), and microfracture (127 vs 293). The following topics gained more research interest in the second 5‐year time span compared with the first: microfracture, osteochondral allograft, osteochondral autograft, stem cells, and tissue‐engineered scaffold. Articles with a focus on three‐dimensional‐printing technology have shown the fastest increase in publication numbers. Among 5613 research articles, basic research studies accounted for the majority (4429), with clinical studies described in only 1184 articles. The top 7 research topics of clinical studies were: chondrocyte implantation (28.7%), stem cells (21.9%), microfracture (19.2%), tissue scaffold (10.6%), osteochondral autograft (10.5%), osteochondral allograft (6.3%), and periosteal transplantation (2.8%). Conclusion Studies focused on stem cells and tissue‐engineered scaffolds led the field of damaged articular cartilage repair. International researchers studied allograft‐related implantation approaches more often than Chinese researchers. Traditional surgical techniques, such as microfracture and osteochondral transplantation, gained high research interest over the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Ping Duan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ling-An Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zheng-Quan Dong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hao-Qian Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, China
| | - Li Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wen-Jie Song
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yan-Fei Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, China
| | - Peng-Cui Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, China
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Thorey F, Malahias MA, Giotis D. Sustained benefit of autologous matrix-induced chondrogenesis for hip cartilage repair in a recreational athletic population. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2020; 28:2309-2315. [PMID: 31781800 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-019-05801-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the clinical outcome of autologous matrix-induced chondrogenesis (AMIC) implementation for mid-sized chondral lesions of the acetabulum in young active patients, and assess their potential to resume an active lifestyle including return to recreational athletic activities. METHODS Sixty-two patients with full-thickness mid-sized acetabular chondral lesions were studied. All patients who underwent an arthroscopic AMIC procedure for reconstruction of chondral defects were assessed pre-operatively and at least 2 years post-operatively using the Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HOOS), modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain. RESULTS A significant improvement in all three scores at the time of follow-up was found. The mean HOOS improved from 58.8 ± 7.4 pre-operatively to 90.6 ± 7.1 at follow-up (p < 0.001) while the mean mHHS improved from 53.4 ± 6.6 to 82.4 ± 8.2 (p < 0.001). There was a significant decrease from 4.9 ± 1.1 pre-operatively to 1.1 ± 0.8 post-operatively (p < 0.001) in the VAS pain evaluation, indicating that the patients were satisfied with their relief of pain. CONCLUSIONS The AMIC procedure is an effective single-stage technique for the reconstruction of mid-size chondral defects of acetabulum in amateur athletes. This intervention enhanced the potential for patients to resume recreational athletic activities and the 2-year clinical outcome as evaluated by the HOOS, mHHS and VAS showed significant improvement over the pre-operative evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fritz Thorey
- International Center for Hip, Knee and Foot Surgery (HKF), ATOS Clinic Heidelberg, Bismarckstr. 9-15, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael-Alexander Malahias
- International Center for Hip, Knee and Foot Surgery (HKF), ATOS Clinic Heidelberg, Bismarckstr. 9-15, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Complex Joint Reconstruction Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
| | - Dimitrios Giotis
- General Hospital of Grevena, Region Military Camp, 51100, Grevena, Greece
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Bozhokin MS, Sopova YV, Kachkin DV, Rubel AA, Khotin MG. Mechanisms of TGFβ3 Action as a Therapeutic Agent for Promoting the Synthesis of Extracellular Matrix Proteins in Hyaline Cartilage. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:436-447. [PMID: 32569551 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920040045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Hyaline cartilage is a nonvascular connective tissue covering the joint surface. It consists mostly of the extracellular matrix proteins and a small number of highly differentiated chondrocytes. At present, various techniques for repairing joint surfaces damage, for example, the use of modified cell cultures and biodegradable scaffolds, are under investigation. Molecular mechanisms of cartilage tissue proliferation have been also actively studied in recent years. TGFβ3, which plays a critical role in the proliferation of normal cartilage tissue, is one of the most important protein among cytokines and growth factors affecting chondrogenesis. By interacting directly with receptors on the cell membrane surface, TGFβ3 triggers a cascade of molecular interactions involving transcription factor Sox9. In this review, we describe the effects of TGFβ3 on the receptor complex activation and subsequent intracellular trafficking of Smad proteins and analyze the relation between these processes and upregulation of expression of major extracellular matrix genes, such as col2a1 and acan.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Bozhokin
- Vreden Russian Scientific Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, St. Petersburg, 195427, Russia. .,Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Y V Sopova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg Branch, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia.,St. Petersburg State University, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia.,St. Petersburg State University, Laboratory of Amyloid Biology, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - D V Kachkin
- St. Petersburg State University, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia.,St. Petersburg State University, Laboratory of Amyloid Biology, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - A A Rubel
- St. Petersburg State University, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia.,St. Petersburg State University, Laboratory of Amyloid Biology, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - M G Khotin
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
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Ecke A, Lutter AH, Scholka J, Hansch A, Becker R, Anderer U. Tissue Specific Differentiation of Human Chondrocytes Depends on Cell Microenvironment and Serum Selection. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080934. [PMID: 31430976 PMCID: PMC6721655 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic options to cure osteoarthritis (OA) are not yet available, although cell-based therapies for the treatment of traumatic defects of cartilage have already been developed using, e.g., articular chondrocytes. In order to adapt cell-based therapies to treat OA, appropriate cell culture conditions are necessary. Chondrocytes require a 3-dimensional (3D) environment for redifferentiation after 2-dimensional (2D) expansion. Fetal bovine serum (FBS) is commonly used as a medium supplement, although the usage of a xenogeneic serum could mask the intrinsic behavior of human cells in vitro. The aim of this study was to compare human articular chondrocytes cultivated as monolayers (2D) and the development of microtissues (3D) in the presence of FBS with those cultivated with human serum (HS). Evaluation of the expression of various markers via immunocytochemistry on monolayer cells revealed a higher dedifferentiation degree of chondrocytes cultivated with HS. Scaffold-free microtissues were generated using the agar overlay technique, and their differentiation level was evaluated via histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. Microtissues cultivated in the medium with FBS showed a higher redifferentiation level. This was evidenced by bigger microtissues and a more cartilage-like composition of the matrix with not any/less positivity for cartilage-specific markers in HS versus moderate-to-high positivity in FBS-cultured microtissues. The present study showed that the differentiation degree of chondrocytes depends both on the microenvironment of the cells and the serum type with FBS achieving the best results. However, HS should be preferred for the engineering of cartilage-like microtissues, as it rather enables a "human-based" situation in vitro. Hence, cultivation conditions might be further optimized to gain an even more adequate and donor-independent redifferentiation of chondrocytes in microtissues, e.g., designing a suitable chemically-defined serum supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Ecke
- Department of Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Universitaetsplatz 1, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Anne-Helen Lutter
- Department of Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Universitaetsplatz 1, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany.
| | - Jenny Scholka
- Department of Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Universitaetsplatz 1, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Anna Hansch
- Department of Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Universitaetsplatz 1, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Roland Becker
- Center for Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Brandenburg Hospital, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, 14770 Brandenburg/Havel, Germany
| | - Ursula Anderer
- Department of Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Universitaetsplatz 1, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany.
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