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Lin H, Du X, Wang Y, Cai C, Gao J, Xiang H, Pan F. The Potential Mechanisms of Qufeng Zhitong Capsule against Rheumatoid Arthritis Based on Network Pharmacology and In Vitro Experiments. Crit Rev Immunol 2024; 44:1-16. [PMID: 37947068 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2023050214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Qufeng Zhitong capsule (QFZTC) is a traditional Chinese herbal formula with potential therapeutic efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study seeks to clarify the potential effects and mechanisms of QFZTC against RA. Active compounds and targets of QFZTC were retrieved from the Herbal Ingredients' Targets (HIT), Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP), and Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Database (TCMID) databases. RA-related targets were searched on GeneCards and DisGeNET databases. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was established using the STRING database. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genome (KEGG) enrichment analyses were performed on hub targets. Molecular docking was conducted on hub targets and active compounds. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was applied to characterize the active compounds in QFZTC. RA-fibroblast like synoviocytes (RA-FLSs) were cultured and treated by QFZTC-containing serum, in which proinflammatory cytokines and hub targets were detected. Cell viability was determined by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. A total of 360 active compounds and 445 potential targets are identified for QFZTC against RA. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network determined five hub targets, interleukin 6 (IL6), IL1B, VEGFA, JUN, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). GO and KEGG analyses revealed that the MAPK pathway may be a critical signaling in QFZTC treating RA. Molecular docking showed that luteolin, kaempferol, and myricetin has good affinity with TNF, and they were identified by HPLC. In vitro experiments confirmed that QFZTC restrained the cell viability and inflammation in RA. This study revealed the active compounds and molecular targets for QFZTC treating RA. QFZTC is a promising drug and ameliorates RA by inhibiting inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haili Lin
- The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Xiaokang Du
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yilu Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Chengsong Cai
- The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Jin Gao
- Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Haiyan Xiang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Feng Pan
- Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310015, China
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Xue M, Zhao Y, Cui Y, Yang J, Wang Y, Chai X. Quantitative Analysis of Multicomponents in Qufeng Zhitong Capsule and Application of Network Pharmacology to Explore the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Focused Compounds. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2022; 2022:4229945. [PMID: 35815311 PMCID: PMC9259231 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4229945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Qufeng Zhitong capsule (QZC) is a well-known Chinese patent medicine that has been widely applied for the clinical treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory diseases. To date, its material basis is still unclear, which has greatly limited its clinical application. In this study, by taking advantage of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem Q-Exactive Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry, 16 chemical components such as gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, and neochlorogenic acid in QZC were characterized and unambiguously identified based on comparison with the corresponding reference standards. In addition, the correlation between the focused components and their corresponding raw herbs from QZC prescription was investigated. For the first time, the relationship between the components mentioned above and their anti-inflammatory activity was explored via network pharmacology analysis, and a visualized network of "medicinal materials-QZC-compounds-targets-pathways" was established. Based on the brief prediction results of network pharmacological analysis, ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detector method was validated in terms of linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, precision, repeatability, stability, and recovery test and was successfully employed to determine 16 compounds in 28 batches of QZCs, which confirmed the feasibility and reliability of the established method for the quantitative analysis of 16 compounds in QZC. Considering the content and bioactivity of the tested components, four compounds were recommended as candidate indicators for quality evaluation ultimately. The potential value of this study could not only support a quality evaluation of QZC but also provide a theoretical basis for further in-depth research of QZC in clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yuting Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Ying Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yuefei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xin Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
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Liao YC, Wang JW, Zhang JL, Guo C, Xu XL, Wang K, Zhao C, Wen AD, Li RL, Ding Y. Component-target network and mechanism of Qufeng Zhitong capsule in the treatment of neuropathic pain. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 283:114532. [PMID: 34416296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Qufeng Zhitong capsule (QFZTC) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) clinically used for treating pain. However, the active ingredients of QFZTC and its pharmacological mechanism in the treatment of neuropathic pain (NP) remain unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY We aimed to identify the active ingredients of QFZTC and reveal its target genes and underlying mechanism of action in NP. MATERIALS AND METHODS High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to identify the active ingredients of QFZTC. Network pharmacology analysis was conducted to determine the core targets and pathway enrichment of QFZTC. An NP mice model was established through chronic compression injury (CCI) surgery of the sciatic nerve, while von Frey instrumentation and a thermal stimulator were employed to measure the sensitivity of mice to mechanical and thermal stimuli. Immunofluorescence was used to observe the expression of TLR4 and p-P65 in microglia. Western blotting was used to detect the levels of protein expression of Iba-1, TLR4, MyD88, P65, p-P65, and c-Fos, while ELISA kits were used to detect the release of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. RESULTS Seven active ingredients were identified in QFZTC: gallic acid, loganylic acid, syringin, corilagin, loganin, ellagic acid, and osthole. Network analysis identified TLR4, TNF, IL6, IL1β, and c-Fos as core targets, and Toll-like receptors and NF-κB as core signaling pathways. Treatment with QFZTC significantly relieved mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in CCI mice models. CCI induced an increase in the expression of TLR4 and p-P65 in microglia, whereas QFZTC dose-dependently reduced the expression of Iba-1, TLR4, MyD88, and p-P65 in the spinal cord. QFZTC inhibited the expression of the c-Fos pain marker and reduced the expression of the TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β inflammatory factors. CONCLUSION We combined the active ingredients of QFZTC with network pharmacology research to clarify its biological mechanism in the treatment of NP. We demonstrated that QFZTC reduced NP in mice probably through regulating the spinal microglia via the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. Hence, QFZTC could be regarded as a potential drug for relieving NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Liao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China; School of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Jing-Wen Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Juan-Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Chao Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xin-Liang Xu
- Department of Pain, Jining No.1 Peoples Hospital, Jining, 272011, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ai-Dong Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Rui-Li Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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Wei W, Ma Y, Zhang X, Zhou W, Wu H, Zhang J, Lin J, Tang C, Liao Y, Li C, Wang X, Yao X, Koh YW, Huang W, Ouyang H. Biomimetic Joint Paint for Efficient Cartilage Repair by Simultaneously Regulating Cartilage Degeneration and Regeneration in Pigs. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:54801-54816. [PMID: 34706537 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Irregular partial-thickness cartilage defect is a common pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) with no available treatment in clinical practice. Currently, cartilage tissue engineering is only suitable for a limited area of full-thickness cartilage defect. Here, we design a biomimetic joint paint for the intractable partial-thickness cartilage defect repair. The joint paint, composed of a bridging layer of chondroitin sulfate and a surface layer of gelatin methacrylate with hyaluronic acid, can quickly and tightly adhere to the cartilage defect by light activation. Being treated by the joint paint, the group of rabbit and pig models with partial-thickness cartilage defects showed a restoration of a smooth cartilage surface and the preservation of normal glycosaminoglycan content, whereas the untreated control group exhibited serious progressive OA development. This paint treatment functions by prohibiting chondrocyte apoptosis, maintaining chondrocyte phenotype, and preserving the content of glycosaminoglycan in the partial-thickness cartilage defects. These findings illustrated that the biomimetic joint paint is an effective and revolutionary therapeutics for the patients with noncurable partial-thickness cartilage defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- International Institutes of Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanzhu Ma
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xianzhu Zhang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenyan Zhou
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongwei Wu
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingwei Zhang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junxin Lin
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenqi Tang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Youguo Liao
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenglin Li
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaozhao Wang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xudong Yao
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- International Institutes of Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Wen Koh
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenwen Huang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongwei Ouyang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
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Gan K, Wu W, Li J, Xu D, Liu Y, Bi M, Lu L, Li J. Positive feedback loop of lncRNA FAM201A/miR‑146a‑5p/POU2F1 regulates IL‑1β‑induced chondrocyte injury in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2021; 25:20. [PMID: 34796909 PMCID: PMC8628288 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have previously demonstrated that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) serve an important regulatory role in osteoarthritis (OA). In particular, the lncRNA family with sequence similarity 201 member A (FAM201A) was previously found to be downregulated in necrotic femoral head samples. However, the role of FAM201A in IL-1β-induced chondrocyte injury remains unclear. It was hypothesized that FAM201A may exert a protective effect on IL-1β-induced chondrocyte injury in OA by sponging microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs). The purpose of the present study was to explore the role and molecular mechanism of FAM201A in IL-1β-induced chondrocyte injury. A model of OA was established by stimulation C-28/I2 cell with IL-1β in vitro. The expression levels of FAM201A following IL-1β-induced chondrocyte injury were detected via reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Luciferase reporter assay was used to assess the possible associations among FAM201A, miR-146a-5p and POU class 2 homeobox 1 (POU2F1). Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay was performed to analyze the interaction between POU2F1 and miR-146a-5p. ELISA, TUNEL and western blotting were performed to measure the level of inflammation, lactate dehydrogenase release, apoptosis and the expression of apoptosis-related proteins (Bcl-2, Bax, cleaved caspase 3 and cleaved caspase 9), respectively. The expression levels of FAM201A were found to be downregulated following IL-1β-induced chondrocyte injury. Overexpression of FAM201A exerted a protective effect against IL-1β-induced chondrocyte injury. In addition, FAM201A could upregulate the expression levels of POU2F1 by sponging miR-146a-5p. Further experiments revealed that POU2F1 could bind to the promoter region of FAM201A and subsequently regulate the expression levels of POU2F1, indicating a role for the FAM201A/miR-146a-5p/POU2F1 positive feedback loop in IL-1β-induced chondrocyte injury. The present study revealed the protective effects of the FAM201A/miR-146a-5p/POU2F1 positive feedback loop on IL-1β-induced chondrocyte injury and provided a potential therapeutic target for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifeng Gan
- Department of Orthopedics, Lihuili Hospital Affiliated to Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, P.R. China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Lihuili Hospital Affiliated to Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Dingli Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, P.R. China
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- Faculty of Electronics and Computers, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, P.R. China
| | - Mingguang Bi
- Department of Orthopedics, Lihuili Hospital Affiliated to Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Liangjie Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Lihuili Hospital Affiliated to Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Lihuili Hospital Affiliated to Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
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