1
|
Kim SJ, Yeo JH, Yoon SY, Roh DH. GV16 acupoint stimulation with bee venom reduces peripheral hypersensitivity via activation of α2 adrenoceptors in a nitroglycerin-induced migraine mouse model. Integr Med Res 2023; 12:100999. [PMID: 37953754 PMCID: PMC10638029 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2023.100999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Peripheral hypersensitivities develop in the face and hindpaws of mice with nitroglycerin (NTG)-induced migraine. We evaluated whether diluted bee venom (DBV) injections at acupoints prevented these peripheral hypersensitivities and c-Fos expression in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC). Methods NTG (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal, i.p.) was administered every other day for nine days. DBV (0.1 mg/kg) was subcutaneously injected into the ST36 (Zusanli), LI4 (Hegu), or GV16 (Fengfu) acupoints 75 min after each NTG injection. Mice were pretreated with naloxone (5 mg/kg, i.p.) or yohimbine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min before the DBV injections. Results NTG injection caused facial cold allodynia, hindpaw mechanical allodynia, and increased c-Fos-immunoreactive (ir) cells in the TNC. Repetitive DBV injections at GV16, but not the ST36, or LI4 acupoints, suppressed NTG-induced hindpaw mechanical allodynia and facial cold allodynia. The number of c-Fos-ir cells also decreased in response to DBV injections at the GV16 acupoint. Remarkably, pretreatment with yohimbine reversed the anti-allodynic effects of DBV injections and attenuated the decreased c-Fos expression in response to GV16 DBV treatment. Naloxone did not block the effects of GV16 DBV stimulation. Conclusion These findings demonstrate that repetitive DBV treatment at the GV16 acupoint relieves NTG-induced facial and hindpaw hypersensitivities and decreases in c-Fos expression in the TNC via activation of the alpha-2 adrenoceptors, but not the opioid receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sol-Ji Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, College of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hee Yeo
- Department of Oral Physiology, College of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Yeon Yoon
- Department of Companion Animals, Yuhan University, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14780, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Roh
- Department of Oral Physiology, College of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kang SY, Ryu Y. Editorial: Chronic Inflammation and Related Diseases: From Mechanisms to Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10460. [PMID: 37445636 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this Special Issue is to identify the exact mechanism underlying inflammation to direct more effective strategies for inflammation management and to provide basic data for the development of anti-inflammatory and analgesic treatment methods for patients with inflammatory pain [...].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suk-Yun Kang
- KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonhee Ryu
- KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kang SY, Seo SY, Bang SK, Cho SJ, Choi KH, Ryu Y. Inhibition of Spinal TRPV1 Reduces NMDA Receptor 2B Phosphorylation and Produces Anti-Nociceptive Effects in Mice with Inflammatory Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011177. [PMID: 34681836 PMCID: PMC8539417 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) has been implicated in peripheral inflammation and is a mediator of the inflammatory response to various noxious stimuli. However, the interaction between TRPV1 and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the regulation of inflammatory pain remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the analgesic effects of intrathecal administration of capsazepine, a TRPV1 antagonist, on carrageenan-induced inflammatory pain in mice and to identify its interactions with NMDA receptors. Inflammatory pain was induced by intraplantar injection of 2% carrageenan in male ICR mice. To investigate the analgesic effects of capsazepine, pain-related behaviors were evaluated using von Frey filaments and a thermal stimulator placed on the hind paw. TRPV1 expression and NMDA receptor phosphorylation in the spinal cord and glutamate concentration in the spinal cord and serum were measured. Intrathecal treatment with capsazepine significantly attenuated carrageenan-induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. Moreover, carrageenan-enhanced glutamate and phosphorylation of NMDA receptor subunit 2B in the spinal cord were suppressed by capsazepine administration. These results indicate that TRPV1 and NMDA receptors in the spinal cord are associated with inflammatory pain transmission, and inhibition of TRPV1 may reduce inflammatory pain via NMDA receptors.
Collapse
|
4
|
Bee Venom Acupuncture Effects on Pain and Its Mechanisms: An Updated Review. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090608. [PMID: 34564611 PMCID: PMC8472865 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bee venom (BV) is a complex natural toxin that contains various pharmaceutical compounds. Bee venom acupuncture (BVA), involving a BV injection into a certain acupuncture point, has been utilized to relieve a range of pain conditions. Regardless of whether pain is caused by disease or injury, if not effectively treated, pain can exert a detrimental effect on all aspects of life. In the past decade, many researchers have investigated the anti-nociceptive effects of BVA through clinical use and experimental evaluation. This report reviews the existing knowledge on the analgesic effects of BVA, focusing on musculoskeletal pain, inflammatory pain and neuropathic pain, and its analgesic mechanisms. Although further clinical trials are needed to clinical application of experimental results, this review will contribute to the standardization and generalization of BVA.
Collapse
|
5
|
Khalil A, Elesawy BH, Ali TM, Ahmed OM. Bee Venom: From Venom to Drug. Molecules 2021; 26:4941. [PMID: 34443529 PMCID: PMC8400317 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects of the order Hymenoptera have a defensive substance that contains many biologically active compounds. Specifically, venom from honeybees (Apis mellifera) contains many enzymes and peptides that are effective against various diseases. Different research papers stated the possibility of using bee venom (a direct bee sting or in an injectable form) in treating several complications; either in vivo or in vitro. Other reports used the active fractions of bee venom clinically or at labratory scale. Many reports and publications have stated that bee venom and its constituents have multiple biological activities including anti-microbial, anti-protozoan, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-arthritic properties. The present review aims to refer to the use of bee venom itself or its fractions in treating several diseases and counteracting drug toxicities as an alternative protocol of therapy. The updated molecular mechanisms of actions of bee venom and its components are discussed in light of the previous updated publications. The review also summarizes the potential of venom loaded on nanoparticles as a drug delivery vehicle and its molecular mechanisms. Finally, the products of bee venom available in markets are also demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelwahab Khalil
- Entomology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt;
| | - Basem H. Elesawy
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Tarek M. Ali
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Osama M. Ahmed
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kang DW, Choi JG, Kim J, Park JB, Lee JH, Kim HW. Bee venom reduces burn-induced pain via the suppression of peripheral and central substance P expression in mice. J Vet Sci 2021; 22:e9. [PMID: 33522161 PMCID: PMC7850793 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Scalding burn injuries can occur in everyday life but occur more frequently in young children. Therefore, it is important to develop more effective burn treatments. Objectives This study examined the effects of bee venom (BV) stimulation on scalding burn injury-induced nociception in mice as a new treatment for burn pain. Methods To develop a burn injury model, the right hind paw was immersed temporarily in hot water (65°C, 3 seconds). Immediately after the burn, BV (0.01, 0.02, or 0.1 mg/kg) was injected subcutaneously into the ipsilateral knee area once daily for 14 days. A von Frey test was performed to assess the nociceptive response, and the altered walking parameters were evaluated using an automated gait analysis system. In addition, the peripheral and central expression changes in substance P (Sub P) were measured in the dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord by immunofluorescence. Results Repeated BV treatment at the 2 higher doses used in this study (0.02 and 0.1 mg/kg) alleviated the pain responses remarkably and recovered the gait performances to the level of acetaminophen (200 mg/kg, intraperitoneal, once daily), which used as the positive control group. Moreover, BV stimulation had an inhibitory effect on the increased expression of Sub P in the peripheral and central nervous systems by a burn injury. Conclusions These results suggest that a peripheral BV treatment may have positive potency in treating burn-induced pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wook Kang
- Department of Physiology and Medical Science, College of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Jae Gyun Choi
- Department of Physiology and Medical Science, College of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Jaehyuk Kim
- Department of Physiology and Medical Science, College of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Jin Bong Park
- Department of Physiology and Medical Science, College of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Jang Hern Lee
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Kim
- Department of Physiology and Medical Science, College of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rengasamy KRR, Mahomoodally MF, Joaheer T, Zhang Y. A Systematic Review of Traditionally Used Herbs and Animal-Derived Products as Potential Analgesics. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 19:553-588. [PMID: 32781962 PMCID: PMC8206464 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200808151522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is a distressing but fundamental manifestation that prepares the body for potentially detrimental stimuli while ensuring its protection. Plant and animal products have traditionally been used to relieve pain for centuries. However, no attempt has been made to compile a single report of plant and animal products possessing analgesic properties. This review enadeavours to recover data from published articles to establish a collective literature review on folk remedies from plant and animal sources used as analgesics and in the treatment of pain-related conditions, identifying gaps in existing knowledge and future works. Relevant information was systematically retrieved using the PRISMA method. In this review, in total, 209 plants were found to be either used raw or prepared by decoctions or maceration. Administration was either oral or topical, and they were predominantly used in Asian countries. In vivo studies of plants with analgesic properties, which were tested using different methods including acetic-induced writhing test, hotplate test, tail-flick test, and formalin-induced pain test, were compiled. Animal products with analgesic properties were obtained mainly from compounds present in venom; their bioactive compounds were also identified. In the literature search, certain gaps were noted, which could be reviewed in future studies. For instance, there was a disparity of information regarding the traditional uses of medicinal plants. In this review, an attempt was made to critically assess and describe the pharmacological properties and bioactive composition of indigenous plants, some animal species, and animal venom by scrutinizing databases and looking for published articles. Therefore, it can be concluded that the compounds obtained from these sources can serve as important ingredients in therapeutic agents to alleviate pain once their limitations are assessed and improved upon. In the literature search, certain gaps were noted, which could be reviewed in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kannan R R Rengasamy
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam.,Faculty of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam,Indigenous Knowledge Systems Centre, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2745, North West Province, South Africa
| | - Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam,Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Teshika Joaheer
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
| | - Yansheng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lin TY, Hsieh CL. Clinical Applications of Bee Venom Acupoint Injection. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12100618. [PMID: 32992601 PMCID: PMC7601520 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bee venom is a complex natural mixture with various pharmaceutical properties. Among these properties, its peptides and enzymes have potential medical therapy for pain relief and inflammation. In clinical settings, this therapy has been used widely to treat diseases by injecting into acupoints. In this article, we have conducted various research from PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Clinical Key from inception of July 2020. The results revealed that bee venom therapy has been reported effective in anti-inflammatory, antiapoptosis, and analgesic effects. Moreover, bee venom acupuncture has been commonly used for clinical disorders such as Parkinson disease, neuropathic pain, Alzheimer disease, intervertebral disc disease, spinal cord injury, musculoskeletal pain, arthritis, multiple sclerosis, skin disease and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yen Lin
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan;
| | - Ching-Liang Hsieh
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2205-3366-3128
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chia JSM, Izham NAM, Farouk AAO, Sulaiman MR, Mustafa S, Hutchinson MR, Perimal EK. Zerumbone Modulates α 2A-Adrenergic, TRPV1, and NMDA NR2B Receptors Plasticity in CCI-Induced Neuropathic Pain In Vivo and LPS-Induced SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma In Vitro Models. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:92. [PMID: 32194397 PMCID: PMC7064019 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Zerumbone has shown great potential in various pathophysiological models of diseases, particularly in neuropathic pain conditions. Further understanding the mechanisms of action is important to develop zerumbone as a potential anti-nociceptive agent. Numerous receptors and pathways function to inhibit and modulate transmission of pain signals. Previously, we demonstrated involvement of the serotonergic system in zerumbone's anti-neuropathic effects. The present study was conducted to determine zerumbone's modulatory potential involving noradrenergic, transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced in vitro and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced SH-SY5Y in vitro neuroinflammatory models. von Frey filament and Hargreaves plantar tests were used to assess allodynia and hyperalgesia in the chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic pain mouse model. Involvement of specific adrenoceptors were investigated using antagonists- prazosin (α1-adrenoceptor antagonist), idazoxan (α2-adrenoceptor antagonist), metoprolol (β1-adrenoceptor antagonist), ICI 118,551 (β2-adrenoceptor antagonist), and SR 59230 A (β3-adrenoceptor antagonist), co-administered with zerumbone (10 mg/kg). Involvement of excitatory receptors; TRPV and NMDA were conducted using antagonists capsazepine (TRPV1 antagonist) and memantine (NMDA antagonist). Western blot was conducted to investigate the effect of zerumbone on the expression of α2A-adrenoceptor, TRPV1 and NMDA NR2B receptors in CCI-induced whole brain samples of mice as well as in LPS-induced SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Pre-treatment with α1- and α2-adrenoceptor antagonists significantly attenuated both anti-allodynic and anti-hyperalgesic effects of zerumbone. For β-adrenoceptors, only β2-adrenoceptor antagonist significantly reversed the anti-allodynic and anti-hyperalgesic effects of zerumbone. β1-adrenoceptor antagonist only reversed the anti-allodynic effect of zerumbone. The anti-allodynic and anti-hyperalgesic effects of zerumbone were both absent when TRPV1 and NMDA receptors were antagonized in both nociceptive assays. Zerumbone treatment markedly decreased the expression of α2A-adrenoceptor, while an up-regulation was observed of NMDA NR2B receptors. Expression of TRPV1 receptors however did not significantly change. The in vitro study, representing a peripheral model, demonstrated the reduction of both NMDA NR2B and TRPV1 receptors while significantly increasing α2A-adrenoceptor expression in contrast to the brain samples. Our current findings suggest that the α1-, α2-, β1- and β2-adrenoceptors, TRPV1 and NMDA NR2B are essential for the anti-allodynic and antihyperalgesic effects of zerumbone. Alternatively, we demonstrated the plasticity of these receptors through their response to zerumbone's administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Siew Min Chia
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Centre for Community Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noor Aishah Mohammed Izham
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Akira Omar Farouk
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Roslan Sulaiman
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Sanam Mustafa
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Mark R Hutchinson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Enoch Kumar Perimal
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Extending Metabolomic Studies of Apis mellifera Venom: LC-MS-Based Targeted Analysis of Organic Acids. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 12:toxins12010014. [PMID: 31905643 PMCID: PMC7020594 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic acids are important active small molecules present in venoms and toxins, which have not been fully explored yet. The aim of the study was the determination of organic acids in honeybee venom (HBV) samples by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Two protocols for sample preparation were employed. A solid-phase extraction was used for the determination of malonic acid, fumaric acid, glutaric acid, and kynurenic acid. A dilute-and-shoot method was optimal for: citric acid, malic acid, and succinic acid. Chromatographic separation was performed using a Synergi Hydro-RP column. Detection was performed on a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer operating in multiple reaction monitoring mode. Among the analytes, glutaric acid and kynurenic acid were present in HBV samples in the lowest concentrations, whereas citric acid was the most abundant acid in each sample, and accounted for an average of 86 mg/g (8.6%) of the venom dry weight. Organic acids were discussed in terms of function. This is the first study in the available literature that provides specific data on the content of organic acids in HBV using a validated quantitative method.
Collapse
|
11
|
Suppressive Effects of Bee Venom-Derived Phospholipase A2 on Mechanical Allodynia in a Rat Model of Neuropathic Pain. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11080477. [PMID: 31430923 PMCID: PMC6723753 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11080477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bee venom (BV) has a long history of being used in traditional Korean medicine to relieve pain. Here, we investigated the effect of BV-derived phospholipase A2 (bvPLA2), a major component of BV, on peripheral nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain in rats. Spinal nerve ligation (SNL) was performed in Sprague Dawley rats to induce neuropathic pain, and paw withdrawal thresholds were measured using von Frey test. Mechanical allodynia, the representative symptom of neuropathic pain, was manifested following SNL and persisted for several weeks. The repetitive bvPLA2 treatment (0.2 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for two days significantly relieved the SNL-induced mechanical allodynia. The antiallodynic effect of bvPLA2 was blocked by spinal pretreatment with α1-adrenergic antagonist prazosin (30 μg, i.t.) but not with α2-adrenergic antagonist idazoxan (50 μg, i.t.). Also, the spinal application of α1-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine (50 μg, i.t.) reduced mechanical allodynia. These results indicate that bvPLA2 could relieve nerve injury-induced neuropathic mechanical allodynia through the activation of spinal α1-adrenergic receptors.
Collapse
|
12
|
Pharmacopuncture With Scolopendra subspinipes Suppresses Mechanical Allodynia in Oxaliplatin-Induced Neuropathic Mice and Potentiates Clonidine-induced Anti-allodynia Without Hypotension or Motor Impairment. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2018; 19:1157-1168. [PMID: 29758357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain is a common dose-limiting side effect of anticancerdrugs but lacks an effective treatment strategy. Scolopendra subspinipes has been used in traditional medicine to treat chronic neuronal diseases. Moreover, pharmacopuncture with S subspinipes (SSP) produces potent analgesia in humans and experimental animals. In this study, we examined the effect of SSP into the ST36 acupoint on oxaliplatin-induced mechanical allodynia in mice. Acupoint treatment with SSP (0.5%/20 μL) significantly decreased mechanical allodynia produced by a single oxaliplatin injection (10mg/kg i.p.), which was completely prevented by acupoint preinjection of lidocaine. Intrathecal treatment with yohimbine (25 μg/5 μL), an α2-adrenoceptor antagonist, prevented the anti-allodynic effect of SSP. In contrast, a high dose (0.1mg/kg i.p.) ofclonidine,an α2-adrenoceptor agonist, suppressed oxaliplatin-induced mechanical allodynia butproduced severe side effects including hypotension, bradycardia, and motor impairment. The combination of SSP with a lower dose of clonidine (0.03 mg/kg) produced a comparable analgesic effect without side effects. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that SSP produces an analgesic effect in oxaliplatin-induced pain via neuronal conduction at the acupoint and activation of spinal α2-adrenoceptors. Moreover, acombination of low-dose clonidine with SSP represents a novel and safe therapeutic strategy for chemotherapy-induced chronic pain. PERSPECTIVE SSP can relieve oxaliplatin-induced mechanical allodynia. Moreover, SSP potentiates clonidine-induced anti-allodynia, allowing a lower dose of clonidine with no significant side effects. The combination of SSP and low-dose clonidine might provide a novel strategy for the management of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy.
Collapse
|
13
|
Antiallodynic Effects of Bee Venom in an Animal Model of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1 (CRPS-I). Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9090285. [PMID: 28914784 PMCID: PMC5618218 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9090285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain in a chronic post-ischaemic pain (CPIP) model mimics the symptoms of complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS I). The administration of bee venom (BV) has been utilized in Eastern medicine to treat chronic inflammatory diseases accompanying pain. However, the analgesic effect of BV in a CPIP model remains unknown. The application of a tight-fitting O-ring around the left ankle for a period of 3 h generated CPIP in C57/Bl6 male adult mice. BV (1 mg/kg ; 1, 2, and 3 times) was administered into the SC layer of the hind paw, and the antiallodynic effects were investigated using the von Frey test and by measuring the expression of neurokinin type 1 (NK-1) receptors in dorsal root ganglia (DRG). The administration of BV dose-dependently reduced the pain withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimuli compared with the pre-administration value and with that of the control group. After the development of the CPIP model, the expression of NK-1 receptors in DRG increased and then decreased following the administration of BV. SC administration of BV results in the attenuation of allodynia in a mouse model of CPIP. The antiallodynic effect was objectively proven through a reduction in the increased expression of NK-1 receptors in DRG.
Collapse
|
14
|
Santos PL, Brito RG, Matos JPSCF, Quintans JSS, Quintans-Júnior LJ. Fos Protein as a Marker of Neuronal Activity: a Useful Tool in the Study of the Mechanism of Action of Natural Products with Analgesic Activity. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:4560-4579. [PMID: 28695537 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0658-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pain treatment is still ineffective in many conditions and remains one of the greatest challenges of modern medicine. Historically, due to the incredible variety of pharmacologically promising natural products (NPs) and the chemical complexity of their compounds, scientists have explored their use as a source of treatment for diseases or symptomatology. Fos protein and its precursor, the gene c-Fos, have been the subject of study in relation to the pathophysiology of pain as a possible tool to aid in its understanding. More recently, it has become a useful tool in the study of NPs with analgesic profile. Thus, this systematic review aimed to investigate the analgesic effect of NPs and derivatives through changes in Fos protein or c-Fos expression in nervous system central. The search terms "analgesics," "Fos," and "drug effects" were used in the databases PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Embase. Forty-six articles were identified. Twenty-five articles investigated Fos expression in the spinal cord, 1 in dorsal root ganglion, 11 in brain areas, and 9 investigated the association between the spinal cord and brain areas. Although Fos protein expression has been used as a tool in the studies of the mechanism of action of pain in relation to NPs with analgesic activity, the associations between brain areas and the spinal cord-and the possible pathways involved-have not yet been fully elucidated and deserve further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priscila L Santos
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Pharmacological Assays (LANEF), Department of Physiology (DFS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), Av. Marechal Rondom, s/n, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Zip Code: 49.100-000, Brazil
| | - Renan G Brito
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Pharmacological Assays (LANEF), Department of Physiology (DFS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), Av. Marechal Rondom, s/n, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Zip Code: 49.100-000, Brazil
| | - João Pedro S C F Matos
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Pharmacological Assays (LANEF), Department of Physiology (DFS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), Av. Marechal Rondom, s/n, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Zip Code: 49.100-000, Brazil
| | - Jullyana S S Quintans
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Pharmacological Assays (LANEF), Department of Physiology (DFS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), Av. Marechal Rondom, s/n, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Zip Code: 49.100-000, Brazil
| | - Lucindo J Quintans-Júnior
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Pharmacological Assays (LANEF), Department of Physiology (DFS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), Av. Marechal Rondom, s/n, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Zip Code: 49.100-000, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pak SC. An Introduction to the Toxins Special Issue on "Bee and Wasp Venoms: Biological Characteristics and Therapeutic Application". Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8110315. [PMID: 27801836 PMCID: PMC5127112 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8110315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sok Cheon Pak
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW 2795, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Antibacterial Activity and Antibiotic-Enhancing Effects of Honeybee Venom against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Molecules 2016; 21:79. [PMID: 26771592 PMCID: PMC6273778 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), along with other antibiotic resistant bacteria, has become a significant social and clinical problem. There is thus an urgent need to develop naturally bioactive compounds as alternatives to the few antibiotics that remain effective. Here we assessed the in vitro activities of bee venom (BV), alone or in combination with ampicillin, penicillin, gentamicin or vancomycin, on growth of MRSA strains. The antimicrobial activity of BV against MRSA strains was investigated using minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) and a time-kill assay. Expression of atl which encodes murein hydrolase, a peptidoglycan-degrading enzyme involved in cell separation, was measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The MICs of BV were 0.085 µg/mL and 0.11 µg/mL against MRSA CCARM 3366 and MRSA CCARM 3708, respectively. The MBC of BV against MRSA 3366 was 0.106 µg/mL and that against MRSA 3708 was 0.14 µg/mL. The bactericidal activity of BV corresponded to a decrease of at least 3 log CFU/g cells. The combination of BV with ampicillin or penicillin yielded an inhibitory concentration index ranging from 0.631 to 1.002, indicating a partial and indifferent synergistic effect. Compared to ampicillin or penicillin, both MRSA strains were more susceptible to the combination of BV with gentamicin or vancomycin. The expression of atl gene was increased in MRSA 3366 treated with BV. These results suggest that BV exhibited antibacterial activity and antibiotic-enhancing effects against MRSA strains. The atl gene was increased in MRSA exposed to BV, suggesting that cell division was interrupted. BV warrants further investigation as a natural antimicrobial agent and synergist of antibiotic activity.
Collapse
|
17
|
Yeo JH, Yoon SY, Kwon SK, Kim SJ, Lee JH, Beitz AJ, Roh DH. Repetitive Acupuncture Point Treatment with Diluted Bee Venom Relieves Mechanical Allodynia and Restores Intraepidermal Nerve Fiber Loss in Oxaliplatin-Induced Neuropathic Mice. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2015; 17:298-309. [PMID: 26604098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The chemotherapeutic agent, oxaliplatin, produces a robust painful neuropathy that results in the loss of intraepidermal nerve fibers (IENFs). We have previously reported that an acupuncture point (acupoint) injection of diluted bee venom (DBV) produces a temporary antiallodynic effect in oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic mice. Herein we show a significant long-lasting antinociceptive effect of repetitive DBV acupoint treatment on oxaliplatin-induced mechanical allodynia and a significant reduction in the loss of IENFs. DBV (0.1 mg/kg, subcutaneous) was administered once a day for 18 days beginning on day 15 after oxaliplatin injection. Immunohistochemistry for IENF was performed on the glabrous skin of the hind paw footpad using the pan-neuronal marker, protein gene product 9.5. A temporary increase in mechanical threshold was observed 60 minutes after a single DBV injection into the Zusanli acupoint, and this effect was enhanced over time with repetitive DBV treatments. The basal mechanical threshold before daily DBV injection also increased from day 7 after DBV injections, and peaked at day 14 after DBV treatment. Moreover, the oxaliplatin-induced loss of IENFs was significantly reduced in mice treated repetitively with DBV. Repetitive pretreatment with the α-2 adrenoceptor antagonist, yohimbine, (5 mg/kg, subcutaneous) completely prevented the antiallodynic effects and the increase in IENFs observed in mice treated repetitively with DBV. PERSPECTIVE We showed that repetitive acupoint stimulation with DBV gradually and significantly reduced oxaliplatin-induced mechanical allodynia and restored the loss of IENFs in neuropathic mice via an α-2 adrenoceptor mechanism. Collectively, results of this study suggest that repetitive acupoint treatment with DBV can be a potential strategy for the management of chemotherapy-induced neuropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hee Yeo
- Department of Oral Physiology and Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Tissue Regeneration, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Yeon Yoon
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences College of Natural Sciences, Dental Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Keun Kwon
- Department of Oral Physiology and Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Tissue Regeneration, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol-Ji Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology and Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Tissue Regeneration, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Hern Lee
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Alvin J Beitz
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota
| | - Dae-Hyun Roh
- Department of Oral Physiology and Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Tissue Regeneration, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Repetitive Treatment with Diluted Bee Venom Attenuates the Induction of Below-Level Neuropathic Pain Behaviors in a Rat Spinal Cord Injury Model. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:2571-85. [PMID: 26184310 PMCID: PMC4516929 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7072571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The administration of diluted bee venom (DBV) into an acupuncture point has been utilized traditionally in Eastern medicine to treat chronic pain. We demonstrated previously that DBV has a potent anti-nociceptive efficacy in several rodent pain models. The present study was designed to examine the potential anti-nociceptive effect of repetitive DBV treatment in the development of below-level neuropathic pain in spinal cord injury (SCI) rats. DBV was applied into the Joksamli acupoint during the induction and maintenance phase following thoracic 13 (T13) spinal hemisection. We examined the effect of repetitive DBV stimulation on SCI-induced bilateral pain behaviors, glia expression and motor function recovery. Repetitive DBV stimulation during the induction period, but not the maintenance, suppressed pain behavior in the ipsilateral hind paw. Moreover, SCI-induced increase in spinal glia expression was also suppressed by repetitive DBV treatment in the ipsilateral dorsal spinal cord. Finally, DBV injection facilitated motor function recovery as indicated by the Basso–Beattie–Bresnahan rating score. These results indicate that the repetitive application of DBV during the induction phase not only decreased neuropathic pain behavior and glia expression, but also enhanced locomotor functional recovery after SCI. This study suggests that DBV acupuncture can be a potential clinical therapy for SCI management.
Collapse
|
19
|
Li D, Lee Y, Kim W, Lee K, Bae H, Kim SK. Analgesic Effects of Bee Venom Derived Phospholipase A(2) in a Mouse Model of Oxaliplatin-Induced Neuropathic Pain. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:2422-34. [PMID: 26131771 PMCID: PMC4516921 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7072422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A single infusion of oxaliplatin, which is widely used to treat metastatic colorectal cancer, induces specific sensory neurotoxicity signs that are triggered or aggravated when exposed to cold or mechanical stimuli. Bee Venom (BV) has been traditionally used in Korea to treat various pain symptoms. Our recent study demonstrated that BV alleviates oxaliplatin-induced cold allodynia in rats, via noradrenergic and serotonergic analgesic pathways. In this study, we have further investigated whether BV derived phospholipase A2 (bvPLA2) attenuates oxaliplatin-induced cold and mechanical allodynia in mice and its mechanism. The behavioral signs of cold and mechanical allodynia were evaluated by acetone and a von Frey hair test on the hind paw, respectively. The significant allodynia signs were observed from one day after an oxaliplatin injection (6 mg/kg, i.p.). Daily administration of bvPLA2 (0.2 mg/kg, i.p.) for five consecutive days markedly attenuated cold and mechanical allodynia, which was more potent than the effect of BV (1 mg/kg, i.p.). The depletion of noradrenaline by an injection of N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine hydrochloride (DSP4, 50 mg/kg, i.p.) blocked the analgesic effect of bvPLA2, whereas the depletion of serotonin by injecting DL-p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 150 mg/kg, i.p.) for three successive days did not. Furthermore, idazoxan (α2-adrenegic receptor antagonist, 1 mg/kg, i.p.) completely blocked bvPLA2-induced anti-allodynic action, whereas prazosin (α1-adrenegic antagonist, 10 mg/kg, i.p.) did not. These results suggest that bvPLA2 treatment strongly alleviates oxaliplatin-induced acute cold and mechanical allodynia in mice through the activation of the noradrenergic system, via α2-adrenegic receptors, but not via the serotonergic system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongxing Li
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdamoon-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Younju Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdamoon-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Woojin Kim
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdamoon-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Kyungjin Lee
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdamoon-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Hyunsu Bae
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdamoon-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Sun Kwang Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdamoon-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdamoon-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hwang DS, Kim SK, Bae H. Therapeutic Effects of Bee Venom on Immunological and Neurological Diseases. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:2413-21. [PMID: 26131770 PMCID: PMC4516920 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7072413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bee Venom (BV) has long been used in Korea to relieve pain symptoms and to treat inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis. The underlying mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory and analgesic actions of BV have been proved to some extent. Additionally, recent clinical and experimental studies have demonstrated that BV and BV-derived active components are applicable to a wide range of immunological and neurodegenerative diseases, including autoimmune diseases and Parkinson's disease. These effects of BV are known to be mediated by modulating immune cells in the periphery, and glial cells and neurons in the central nervous system. This review will introduce the scientific evidence of the therapeutic effects of BV and its components on several immunological and neurological diseases, and describe their detailed mechanisms involved in regulating various immune responses and pathological changes in glia and neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deok-Sang Hwang
- Department of Korean Medicine Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Sun Kwang Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Hyunsu Bae
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Serotonergic mechanism of the relieving effect of bee venom acupuncture on oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic cold allodynia in rats. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:471. [PMID: 25481535 PMCID: PMC4295325 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Oxaliplatin, an important chemotherapy drug for advanced colorectal cancer, often induces peripheral neuropathy, especially cold allodynia. Our previous study showed that bee venom acupuncture (BVA), which has been traditionally used in Korea to treat various pain symptoms, potently relieves oxaliplatin-induced cold allodynia in rats. However, the mechanism for this anti-allodynic effect of BVA remains poorly understood. We investigated whether and how the central serotonergic system, a well-known pathway for acupuncture analgesia, mediates the relieving effect of BVA on cold allodynia in oxaliplatin-injected rats. Methods The behavioral signs of cold allodynia in Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats were induced by a single injection of oxaliplatin (6 mg/kg, i.p.). Before and after BVA treatment, the cold allodynia signs were evaluated by immersing the rat’s tail into cold water (4°C) and measuring the withdrawal latency. For BVA treatment, a diluted BV (0.25 mg/kg) was subcutaneously administered into Yaoyangguan (GV3) acupoint, which is located between the spinous processes of the fourth and the fifth lumbar vertebra. Serotonin was depleted by a daily injection of DL-p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 150 mg/kg, i.p.) for 3 days. The amount of serotonin in the spinal cord was measured by ELISA. Serotonergic receptor antagonists were administered intraperitoneally or intrathecally before BVA treatment. Results The serotonin levels in the spinal cord were significantly increased by BVA treatment and such increase was significantly reduced by PCPA. This PCPA pretreatment abolished the relieving effect of BVA on oxaliplatin-induced cold allodynia. Either of methysergide (mixed 5-HT1/5-HT2 receptor antagonist, 1 mg/kg, i.p.) or MDL-72222 (5-HT3 receptor antagonist, 1 mg/kg, i.p) blocked the anti-allodynic effect of BVA. Further, an intrathecal injection of MDL-72222 (12 μg) completely blocked the BVA-induced anti-allodynic action, whereas NAN-190 (5-HT1A receptor antagonist, 15 μg, i.t.) or ketanserin (5-HT2A receptor antagonist, 30 μg, i.t.) did not. Conclusions These results suggest that BVA treatment alleviates oxaliplatin-induced acute cold allodynia in rats via activation of the serotonergic system, especially spinal 5-HT3 receptors. Thus, our findings may provide a clinically useful evidence for the application of BVA as an alternative therapeutic option for the management of peripheral neuropathy, a dose-limiting side effect that occurs after an administration of oxaliplatin.
Collapse
|
22
|
Koh WU, Choi SS, Lee JH, Lee SH, Lee SK, Lee YK, Leem JG, Song JG, Shin JW. Perineural pretreatment of bee venom attenuated the development of allodynia in the spinal nerve ligation injured neuropathic pain model; an experimental study. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:431. [PMID: 25366818 PMCID: PMC4246472 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background Diluted bee venom (BV) is known to have anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects. We therefore assessed whether perineural bee venom pretreatment could attenuate the development of neuropathic pain in the spinal nerve ligation injured animal model. Methods Neuropathic pain was surgically induced in 30 male Sprague Dawley rats by ligation of the L5 and L6 spinal nerves, with 10 rats each treated with saline and 0.05 and 0.1 mg BV. Behavioral testing for mechanical, cold, and thermal allodynia was conducted on postoperative days 3 to 29. Three rats in each group and 9 sham operated rats were sacrificed on day 9, and the expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1), ankyrin type 1 (TRPA1), and melastatin type 8 (TRPM8) receptors in the ipsilateral L5 dorsal root ganglion was analyzed. Results The perineural administration of BV to the spinal nerves attenuated the development of mechanical, thermal, and cold allodynia, and the BV pretreatment reduced the expression of TRPV1, TRPA1, TRPM8 and c − Fos in the ipsilateral dorsal root ganglion. Conclusion The current study demonstrates that the perineural pretreatment with diluted bee venom before the induction of spinal nerve ligation significantly suppresses the development of neuropathic pain. Furthermore, this bee venom induced suppression was strongly related with the involvement of transient receptor potential family members.
Collapse
|
23
|
Seo BK, Lee JH, Kim PK, Baek YH, Jo DJ, Lee S. Bee venom acupuncture, NSAIDs or combined treatment for chronic neck pain: study protocol for a randomized, assessor-blind trial. Trials 2014; 15:132. [PMID: 24746224 PMCID: PMC3999728 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic neck pain (CNP) is a common painful medical condition with a significant socioeconomic impact. In spite of widespread usage, the effectiveness and safety of combined treatments between conventional and complementary alternative medical treatment modalities has not been fully established in a rigorous randomized clinical trial (RCT). This pilot study will provide the clinical evidence to evaluate the feasibility and refine the protocol for a full-scale RCT on combined treatment of bee venom acupuncture (BVA) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in patients with CNP. METHODS/DESIGN This is a randomized, single-blind clinical trial with three parallel arms. Sixty patients between 18 and 65 years of age with non-specific, uncomplicated neck pain lasting for at least three months will be enrolled. Participants will be randomly allocated into the BVA, NSAIDs or combined treatment group. Assessors and statisticians will be blinded to the random allocation. All researchers will receive training to ensure their strict adherence to the study protocol. Patients from the BVA and combined treatment group will be treated with a bee venom increment protocol into predefined acupoints for six sessions over a three week period. BVA intervention is developed through a comprehensive discussion among interdisciplinary spine disorder experts, according to the guidelines of Standards for Reporting Interventions in Clinical Trials of Acupuncture (STRICTA). Patients from the NSAIDs and combined treatment groups will be prescribed loxoprofen (one tablet to be taken orally, three times a day for three weeks). Bothersomeness from CNP measured using a visual analogue scale (VAS) will be the primary outcome assessed at screening, visit two (baseline), four, six, eight (4th week assessment) and nine (8th week assessment) follow-up session. VAS for pain intensity, neck disability index (NDI), quality of life, depressive status and adverse experiences will also be analyzed. DISCUSSION Our study results will contribute to feasibility evaluation and to relevant RCT protocol development for a full-scale RCT on combined treatment of BVA and NSAIDs for CNP patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study is registered with the United States (US) National Institutes of Health Clinical Trials Registry: NCT01922466.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sanghun Lee
- Acupuncture, Moxibustion & Meridian Research Group, Medical Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Han SM, Lee KG, Pak SC. Effects of cosmetics containing purified honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) venom on acne vulgaris. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2014; 11:320-6. [PMID: 24063779 DOI: 10.3736/jintegrmed2013043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acne vulgaris is a chronic dermatologic problem with multiple factors involved in its pathogenesis. Alternative solutions to acne treatment were instigated by antibiotic resistance despite of its extensive use. Purified bee venom (PBV) has been proposed as a promising candidate for that purpose. The present study was designed to confirm the antibacterial effect of PBV and access the efficacy of cosmetics containing PBV in subjects with acne vulgaris. METHODS The skin bacterium Propionibacterium acnes was incubated with PBV at various concentrations and bacterial growth was evaluated using the colony forming unit (CFU) assay. The mechanism of PBV employed in killing P. acnes was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In addition, a total of 12 subjects were randomized in a double-blind, controlled trial to receive either cosmetics containing PBV or cosmetics without PBV for two weeks. Evaluations included lesion counts and skin microorganism. RESULTS PBV exhibited antimicrobial activity in a concentration-dependent manner, reducing the number of P. acnes CFU by approximately 6 logs at a concentration of 0.5 mg. When PBV concentration was higher than 1.0 mg, no P. acnes colonies were spotted on an agar. TEM and SEM of untreated P. acnes illustrated the normal pleomorphic structure, whereas the PBV-treated bacterium lost the integrity of surface architecture. Significant difference (P=0.027) in the grading levels based on numbers of lesion counts for inflammatory and noninflammatory was observed in favour of the PBV group compared with the control group. In terms of average decrement of skin microorganism, subjects receiving cosmetics containing PBV experienced a significant 57.5% decrease of adenosine triphosphate levels, whereas participants receiving cosmetics without PBV experienced a nonsignificant decrease of 4.7%. CONCLUSION These results show that the in vitro actions of antimicrobial activity of PBV were translated in vivo. Cosmetics containing PBV provided a certain degree of efficacy in terms of lesion counts and skin microorganism concentration compared with cosmetics without PBV in subjects with acne vulgaris. PBV may be a good candidate compound for developing therapeutic drug for the treatment of acne vulgaris.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Mi Han
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Suwon 441-100, Korea; E-mail:
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Blockade of Adrenal Medulla-Derived Epinephrine Potentiates Bee Venom-Induced Antinociception in the Mouse Formalin Test: Involvement of Peripheral β -Adrenoceptors. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:809062. [PMID: 24089621 PMCID: PMC3781998 DOI: 10.1155/2013/809062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The injection of diluted bee venom (DBV) into an acupoint has been used traditionally in eastern medicine to treat a variety of inflammatory chronic pain conditions. We have previously shown that DBV had a potent antinociceptive efficacy in several rodent pain models. However, the peripheral mechanisms underlying DBV-induced antinociception remain unclear. The present study was designed to investigate the role of peripheral epinephrine on the DBV-induced antinociceptive effect in the mouse formalin assay. Adrenalectomy significantly enhanced the antinociceptive effect of DBV during the late phase of the formalin test, while chemical sympathectomy had no effect. Intraperitoneal injection of epinephrine blocked this adrenalectomy-induced enhancement of the DBV-induced antinociceptive effect. Moreover, injection of a phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) inhibitor enhanced the DBV-induced antinociceptive effect. Administration of nonselective β-adrenergic antagonists also significantly potentiated this DBV-induced antinociception, in a manner similar to adrenalectomy. These results demonstrate that the antinociceptive effect of DBV treatment can be significantly enhanced by modulation of adrenal medulla-derived epinephrine and this effect is mediated by peripheral β-adrenoceptors. Thus, DBV acupoint stimulation in combination with inhibition of peripheral β-adrenoceptors could be a potentially novel strategy for the management of inflammatory pain.
Collapse
|
26
|
Yoon SY, Yeo JH, Han SD, Bong DJ, Oh B, Roh DH. Diluted bee venom injection reduces ipsilateral mechanical allodynia in oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2013; 36:1787-93. [PMID: 23985901 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b13-00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxaliplatin, which is used as one of anti-cancer drugs, commonly induces peripheral neuropathic pain. We have previously reported that an injection of diluted bee venom (DBV) produced a significant anti-nociceptive effects in several pain models of mice or rats. In this study, we evaluated time- and dose-dependent development of oxaliplatin-induced mechanical allodynia in bilateral hind paws of mice, and investigated the effect of DBV injection on this mechanical allodynia. DBV (0.1 mg/kg) was subcutaneously injected into the Zusanli acupoint 2 weeks after oxaliplatin (10 mg/kg) injection. One hour after DBV injection, we observed a significant reduction of mechanical allodynia in the ipsilateral hind paw, but not in the contralateral hind paw to DBV injection site. We subsequently examined whether this effect of DBV was related to the activation of peripheral nerves in DBV injected site, and then whether it was mediated by the activation of spinal cord alpha-2 adrenoceptors or opioid receptors. Subcutaneous pre-injection of 2% lidocaine (40 mg/kg) into the Zusanli acupoint completely blocked the anti-allodynic effect of DBV. Intrathecal pretreatment with yohimbine (25 µg/mouse), an alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist, also prevented the anti-allodynic effect of DBV, whereas pretreatment with naloxone (20 µg/mouse), an opioid receptor antagonist, did not block the effect of DBV. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that DBV injection into the Zusanli acupoint significantly reduces ipsilateral mechanical allodynia generated by oxaliplatin in mice, and also suggest that this anti-allodynic effect is dependent on the peripheral nerve activation in injected site and spinal cord alpha-2 adrenoceptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Yeon Yoon
- Laboratory of Molecular Signal Transduction, Center for Neural Science, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Effect of bee venom acupuncture on oxaliplatin-induced cold allodynia in rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:369324. [PMID: 24058370 PMCID: PMC3766591 DOI: 10.1155/2013/369324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Oxaliplatin, a chemotherapy drug, often leads to neuropathic cold allodynia after a single administration. Bee venom acupuncture (BVA) has been used in Korea to relieve various pain symptoms and is shown to have a potent antiallodynic effect in nerve-injured rats. We examined whether BVA relieves oxaliplatin-induced cold allodynia and which endogenous analgesic system is implicated. The cold allodynia induced by an oxaliplatin injection (6 mg/kg, i.p.) was evaluated by immersing the rat's tail into cold water (4°C) and measuring the withdrawal latency. BVA (1.0 mg/kg, s.c.) at Yaoyangguan (GV3), Quchi (LI11), or Zusanli (ST36) acupoints significantly reduced cold allodynia with the longest effect being shown in the GV3 group. Conversely, a high dose of BVA (2.5 mg/kg) at GV3 did not show a significant antiallodynic effect. Phentolamine (α-adrenergic antagonist, 2 mg/kg, i.p.) partially blocked the relieving effect of BVA on allodynia, whereas naloxone (opioid antagonist, 2 mg/kg, i.p.) did not. We further confirmed that an intrathecal administration of idazoxan (α2-adrenergic antagonist, 50 μg) blocked the BVA-induced anti-allodynic effect. These results indicate that BVA alleviates oxaliplatin-induced cold allodynia in rats, at least partly, through activation of the noradrenergic system. Thus, BVA might be a potential therapeutic option in oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy.
Collapse
|
28
|
Can medical herbs stimulate regeneration or neuroprotection and treat neuropathic pain in chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy? EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:423713. [PMID: 23983777 PMCID: PMC3747437 DOI: 10.1155/2013/423713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced neuropathy (CIPN) has a relevant impact on the quality of life of cancer patients. There are no curative conventional treatments, so further options have to be investigated. We conducted a systematic review in English and Chinese language databases to illuminate the role of medical herbs. 26 relevant studies on 5 single herbs, one extract, one receptor-agonist, and 8 combinations of herbs were identified focusing on the single herbs Acorus calamus rhizoma, Cannabis sativa fructus, Chamomilla matricaria, Ginkgo biloba, Salvia officinalis, Sweet bee venom, Fritillaria cirrhosae bulbus, and the herbal combinations Bu Yang Huan Wu, modified Bu Yang Huan Wu plus Liuwei Di Huang, modified Chai Hu Long Gu Mu Li Wan, Geranii herba plus Aconiti lateralis praeparata radix , Niu Che Sen Qi Wan (Goshajinkigan), Gui Zhi Jia Shu Fu Tang (Keishikajutsubuto), Huang Qi Wu Wu Tang (Ogikeishigomotsuto), and Shao Yao Gan Cao Tang (Shakuyakukanzoto). The knowledge of mechanism of action is still limited, the quality of clinical trials needs further improvement, and studies have not yielded enough evidence to establish a standard practice, but a lot of promising substances have been identified. While CIPN has multiple mechanisms of neuronal degeneration, a combination of herbs or substances might deal with multiple targets for the aim of neuroprotection or neuroregeneration in CIPN.
Collapse
|
29
|
Szabadi E. Modulation of physiological reflexes by pain: role of the locus coeruleus. Front Integr Neurosci 2012; 6:94. [PMID: 23087627 PMCID: PMC3474280 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2012.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC) is activated by noxious stimuli, and this activation leads to inhibition of perceived pain. As two physiological reflexes, the acoustic startle reflex and the pupillary light reflex, are sensitive to noxious stimuli, this review considers evidence that this sensitivity, at least to some extent, is mediated by the LC. The acoustic startle reflex, contraction of a large body of skeletal muscles in response to a sudden loud acoustic stimulus, can be enhanced by both directly ("sensitization") and indirectly ("fear conditioning") applied noxious stimuli. Fear-conditioning involves the association of a noxious (unconditioned) stimulus with a neutral (conditioned) stimulus (e.g., light), leading to the ability of the conditioned stimulus to evoke the "pain response". The enhancement of the startle response by conditioned fear ("fear-potentiated startle") involves the activation of the amygdala. The LC may also be involved in both sensitization and fear potentiation: pain signals activate the LC both directly and indirectly via the amygdala, which results in enhanced motoneurone activity, leading to an enhanced muscular response. Pupil diameter is under dual sympathetic/parasympathetic control, the sympathetic (noradrenergic) output dilating, and the parasympathetic (cholinergic) output constricting the pupil. The light reflex (constriction of the pupil in response to a light stimulus) operates via the parasympathetic output. The LC exerts a dual influence on pupillary control: it contributes to the sympathetic outflow and attenuates the parasympathetic output by inhibiting the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, the preganglionic cholinergic nucleus in the light reflex pathway. Noxious stimulation results in pupil dilation ("reflex dilation"), without any change in the light reflex response, consistent with sympathetic activation via the LC. Conditioned fear, on the other hand, results in the attenuation of the light reflex response ("fear-inhibited light reflex"), consistent with the inhibition of the parasympathetic light reflex via the LC. It is suggested that directly applied pain and fear-conditioning may affect different populations of autonomic neurones in the LC, directly applied pain activating sympathetic and fear-conditioning parasympathetic premotor neurones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elemer Szabadi
- Psychopharmacology Section, Division of Psychiatry, University of NottinghamNottingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Activation of Spinal α2-Adrenoceptors Using Diluted Bee Venom Stimulation Reduces Cold Allodynia in Neuropathic Pain Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:784713. [PMID: 22969830 PMCID: PMC3434467 DOI: 10.1155/2012/784713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cold allodynia is an important distinctive feature of neuropathic pain. The present study examined whether single or repetitive treatment of diluted bee venom (DBV) reduced cold allodynia in sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI) rats and whether these effects were mediated by spinal adrenergic receptors. Single injection of DBV (0.25 or 2.5 mg/kg) was performed into Zusanli acupoint 2 weeks post CCI, and repetitive DBV (0.25 mg/kg) was injected for 2 weeks beginning on day 15 after CCI surgery. Single treatment of DBV at a low dose (0.25 mg/kg) did not produce any anticold allodynic effect, while a high dose of DBV (2.5 mg/kg) significantly reduced cold allodynia. Moreover, this effect of high-dose DBV was completely blocked by intrathecal pretreatment of idazoxan (α2-adrenoceptor antagonist), but not prazosin (α1-adrenoceptor antagonist) or propranolol (nonselective β-adrenoceptor antagonist). In addition, coadministration of low-dose DBV (0.25 mg/kg) and intrathecal clonidine (α2-adrenoceptor agonist) synergically reduced cold allodynia. On the other hand, repetitive treatments of low-dose DBV showing no motor deficit remarkably suppressed cold allodynia from 7 days after DBV treatment. This effect was also reversed by intrathecal idazoxan injection. These findings demonstrated that single or repetitive stimulation of DBV could alleviate CCI-induced cold allodynia via activation of spinal α2-adrenoceptor.
Collapse
|
31
|
Han SM, Lee KG, Park KK, Pak SC. Skin sensitization study of bee venom (Apis mellifera L.) in guinea pigs and rats. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2012; 32:27-30. [PMID: 22813357 DOI: 10.3109/15569527.2012.698402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bee venom (Apis mellifera L., BV) possessing a rich source of pharmacologically active substances has the potential to be used as a cosmetic ingredient for antiaging, antiinflammatory and antibacterial functions. The aim of this study was to assess the skin sensitization of BV on experimental animals using the Buehler test. MATERIALS AND METHODS Guinea pigs were randomly allocated into three groups of BV-sensitization, positive control-sensitization, and ethyl alcohol-sensitization group for induction and challenge. On the other hand, two groups of rats were administered with BV at doses of 0 and 1500 mg/kg. Clinical signs, mortality and body weight changes were continually monitored during the study period. RESULTS No treatment-related clinical signs or body weight changes were observed in both animal models. The average skin reaction evaluated by erythema and edema on the challenge sites, and sensitization rate in the BV-sensitization group of guinea pigs were substantially low compared with those in positive control group, representing a negligible sensitizing potential of BV. CONCLUSION It was concluded that BV was well tolerated and exhibited no dermal irritation potential in guinea pigs and rats. Our findings may provide a developmental basis of BV for a cosmetic ingredient or external application for topical uses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Mi Han
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Suwon, Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kapoor S. Bee venom therapy: neuro therapeutic benefits besides pain amelioration. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2012; 13:608. [PMID: 22657937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|