1
|
Song S, Graham-Engeland JE, Kim J. Associations Between Psychological Stress and Hand Pain Among Rural and Urban Adults: Findings From the KoGES Community Cohort Study. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2024; 25:362-375. [PMID: 37659447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2023.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite known health disparities in chronic pain conditions between rural and urban adults, few studies have examined whether longitudinal associations between psychological stress and hand pain differ. Utilizing community-based cohort data, this study examined whether rural and urban adults differed in the extent to which psychological distress was associated with hand osteoarthritis (OA) symptoms and later functional limitations related to hand pain. Community-dwelling adults (mean age = 51.97, 52.3% women) in a rural (n = 2,971) and urban area (n = 2,782) provided demographic data at baseline and, at a 4-year follow-up, responded to questionnaires about psychological distress and clinical symptoms of hand OA. Levels of functional limitations in hands were assessed at an 8-year follow-up. Ordinal logistic and linear regression were conducted to examine the effects of psychological distress on hand OA symptoms and functional limitations, and whether associations between psychological distress and these pain outcomes were moderated by residential area. The results showed that psychological distress was associated with a higher risk for hand OA symptoms and functional limitations, even after adjusting for demographic and health covariates. There was significant moderation by residential area, such that the association between psychological distress and hand OA was significant only among rural adults and the association with functional limitations was stronger in rural adults than urban adults. Findings suggest greater vulnerability to hand arthritis and hand-related functional limitations among rural adults and the potential for tailored intervention programs to help resolve health disparities among rural communities. PERSPECTIVE: This study compares the association between psychological distress and hand pain outcomes between rural and urban adults using community-based cohort data and suggests that rural adults are more vulnerable to experiencing negative effects of psychological distress on concurrent hand OA symptoms and longitudinal functional limitations in hands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunmi Song
- Rehabilitation Science Program, Department of Health Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Health and Environmental Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Junesun Kim
- Rehabilitation Science Program, Department of Health Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Health and Environmental Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; BK21FOUR Program: Learning Health Systems, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mansfield M, Thacker M, Taylor JL, Bannister K, Spahr N, Jong ST, Smith T. The association between psychosocial factors and mental health symptoms in cervical spine pain with or without radiculopathy on health outcomes: a systematic review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2023; 24:235. [PMID: 36978016 PMCID: PMC10045438 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-023-06343-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neck pain, with or without radiculopathy, can have significant negative effects on physical and mental wellbeing. Mental health symptoms are known to worsen prognosis across a range of musculoskeletal conditions. Understanding the association between mental health symptoms and health outcomes in this population has not been established. Our aim was to systematically review the association between psychosocial factors and/or mental health symptoms on health outcomes in adults with neck pain, with or without radiculopathy. METHODS A systematic review of published and unpublished literature databases was completed. Studies reporting mental health symptoms and health outcomes in adults with neck pain with or without radiculopathy were included. Due to significant clinical heterogeneity, a narrative synthesis was completed. Each outcome was assessed using GRADE. RESULTS Twenty-three studies were included (N = 21,968 participants). Sixteen studies assessed neck pain only (N = 17,604 participants); seven studies assessed neck pain with radiculopathy (N = 4,364 participants). Depressive symptoms were associated with poorer health outcomes in people with neck pain and neck pain with radiculopathy. These findings were from seven low-quality studies, and an additional six studies reported no association. Low-quality evidence reported that distress and anxiety symptoms were associated with poorer health outcomes in people with neck pain and radiculopathy and very low-quality evidence showed this in people with neck pain only. Stress and higher job strain were negatively associated with poorer health outcomes measured by the presence of pain in two studies of very low quality. CONCLUSIONS Across a small number of highly heterogenous, low quality studies mental health symptoms are negatively associated with health outcomes in people with neck pain with radiculopathy and neck pain without radiculopathy. Clinicians should continue to utilise robust clinical reasoning when assessing the complex factors impacting a person's presentation with neck pain with or without radiculopathy. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020169497.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mansfield
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Mick Thacker
- School of Physiotherapy, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Joseph L Taylor
- Wolfson Centre of Age Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Central Modulation of Pain, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Kirsty Bannister
- Wolfson Centre of Age Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Central Modulation of Pain, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Nicolas Spahr
- Physiotherapy Department, Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, St Thomas Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London, UK
| | - Stephanie T Jong
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Toby Smith
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Damian K, Chad C, Kenneth L, David G. Time to evolve: the applicability of pain phenotyping in manual therapy. J Man Manip Ther 2022; 30:61-67. [PMID: 35344468 PMCID: PMC8967203 DOI: 10.1080/10669817.2022.2052560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Keter Damian
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Graduate Studies in Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Cook Chad
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Clinical Research Institution, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Learman Kenneth
- Department of Graduate Studies in Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Griswold David
- Department of Graduate Studies in Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
López-Solà M, Pujol J, Monfort J, Deus J, Blanco-Hinojo L, Harrison BJ, Wager TD. The neurologic pain signature responds to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory treatment vs placebo in knee osteoarthritis. Pain Rep 2022; 7:e986. [PMID: 35187380 PMCID: PMC8853614 DOI: 10.1097/pr9.0000000000000986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. fMRI-based measures, validated for nociceptive pain, respond to acute osteoarthritis pain, are not sensitive to placebo, and are mild-to-moderately sensitive to naproxen. Introduction: Many drug trials for chronic pain fail because of high placebo response rates in primary endpoints. Neurophysiological measures can help identify pain-linked pathophysiology and treatment mechanisms. They can also help guide early stop/go decisions, particularly if they respond to verum treatment but not placebo. The neurologic pain signature (NPS), an fMRI-based measure that tracks evoked pain in 40 published samples and is insensitive to placebo in healthy adults, provides a potentially useful neurophysiological measure linked to nociceptive pain. Objectives: This study aims to validate the NPS in knee osteoarthritis (OA) patients and test the effects of naproxen on this signature. Methods: In 2 studies (50 patients, 64.6 years, 75% females), we (1) test the NPS and other control signatures related to negative emotion in knee OA pain patients; (2) test the effect of placebo treatments; and (3) test the effect of naproxen, a routinely prescribed nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug in OA. Results: The NPS was activated during knee pain in OA (d = 1.51, P < 0.001) and did not respond to placebo (d = 0.12, P = 0.23). A single dose of naproxen reduced NPS responses (vs placebo, NPS d = 0.34, P = 0.03 and pronociceptive NPS component d = 0.38, P = 0.02). Naproxen effects were specific for the NPS and did not appear in other control signatures. Conclusion: This study provides preliminary evidence that fMRI-based measures, validated for nociceptive pain, respond to acute OA pain, do not appear sensitive to placebo, and are mild-to-moderately sensitive to naproxen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina López-Solà
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Serra Hunter Faculty Program, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesus Pujol
- MRI Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Monfort
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Deus
- MRI Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Blanco-Hinojo
- MRI Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ben J Harrison
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tor D Wager
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Dartmouth, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Temporomandibular disorders cases with high-impact pain are more likely to experience short-term pain fluctuations. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1657. [PMID: 35102207 PMCID: PMC8803984 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05598-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractTemporomandibular disorders (TMD) patients can present clinically significant jaw pain fluctuations which can be debilitating and lead to poor global health. The Graded Chronic Pain Scale evaluates pain-related disability and its dichotomous grading (high/low impact pain) can determine patient care pathways and in general high-impact pain patients have worse treatment outcomes. Individuals with low-impact TMD pain are thought to have better psychosocial functioning, more favorable disease course, and better ability to control pain, while individuals with high-impact pain can present with higher levels of physical and psychological symptoms. Thereby, there is reason to believe that individuals with low- and high-impact TMD pain could experience different pain trajectories over time. Our primary objective was to determine if short-term jaw pain fluctuations serve as a clinical marker for the impact status of TMD pain. To this end, we estimated the association between high/low impact pain status and jaw pain fluctuations over three visits (≤ 21-day-period) in 30 TMD cases. Secondarily, we measured the association between jaw pain intensity and pressure pain thresholds (PPT) over the face and hand, the latter measurements compared to matched pain-free controls (n = 17). Jaw pain fluctuations were more frequent among high-impact pain cases (n = 15) than low-impact pain cases (n = 15) (OR 5.5; 95% CI 1.2, 26.4; p value = 0.033). Jaw pain ratings were not associated with PPT ratings (p value > 0.220), suggesting different mechanisms for clinical versus experimental pain. Results from this proof-of-concept study suggest that targeted treatments to reduce short-term pain fluctuations in high-impact TMD pain is a potential strategy to achieve improved patient perception of clinical pain management outcomes.
Collapse
|
6
|
Fonseca-Rodrigues D, Rodrigues A, Martins T, Pinto J, Amorim D, Almeida A, Pinto-Ribeiro F. Correlation between pain severity and levels of anxiety and depression in osteoarthritis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 61:53-75. [PMID: 34152386 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative musculoskeletal disease that causes articular damage and chronic pain, with a prevalence of up to 50% in individuals >60 years of age. Patients suffering from chronic painful conditions, including OA, also frequently report anxiety or depression. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to assess the correlation between pain severity and depressive and anxious symptomatology in OA patients. METHODS A systematic search was conducted using four databases (PubMed, Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science) from inception up to 14th January of 2020. We included original articles evaluating pain severity and anxiety and/or depression severity in OA-diagnosed patients. Detailed data were extracted from each study, including patients' characteristics and pain, anxiety, and depression severity. When available, the Pearson correlation coefficient between pain and depression severity and pain and anxiety severity was collected and a meta-analysis of random effects was applied. RESULTS This systematic review included 121 studies, with a total of 38085 participants. The mean age was 64.3 years old and subjects were predominantly female (63%). The most used scale to evaluate pain severity was the Western Ontario and the McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, while for anxiety and depression, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was the most used. The meta-analysis showed a moderate positive correlation between pain severity and both anxious (r = 0.31, p < 0.001) and depressive symptomatology (r = 0.36, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate a significant correlation between pain and depression/anxiety severity in OA patients, highlighting the need for its routine evaluation by clinicians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Fonseca-Rodrigues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - André Rodrigues
- School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,Anesthesiology Department, Coimbra Hospital and Universitary Centre (CHUC), Praceta Prof. Mota Pinto, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Teresa Martins
- School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana Pinto
- School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Diana Amorim
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Armando Almeida
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Filipa Pinto-Ribeiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Disability-adjusted life expectancy lost due to pain severity and usual analgesic treatment among older adults with osteoarthritis in Spain. Aging Clin Exp Res 2021; 33:1285-1295. [PMID: 32562211 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-020-01630-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) is a seriously debilitating disease, which prevalence is growing in aging population becoming a substantial burden (BoD) to society. AIM To assess disability-adjusted life expectancy (DALE) lost by pain severity and usual analgesic treatment among OA adults 65 + year in Spain. METHODS The National Health Survey, a large, nationally representative, cross-sectional general health survey administered to 23,089 individuals was the data source. Data on subjects of 65 + years with a self-reported physician diagnosis of OA were analysed. Records were cross-classified by pain severity (no pain/mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain) and use of usual analgesics. DALE lost was used as a summary measure of BoD and expressed as both number of years of healthy life-expectancy lost due to disability and percentage of life-expectancy lost. RESULTS 3389 records were analysed [women 73.3%; age 77.4 (SD 7.5) years]. Older OA patients showed a mean (95% CI) DALE loss of 3.5 (3.3-3.7) years, that represented on average a loss of 35.6% (33.8-37.4) as a percentage of life expectancy. Higher pain severity and analgesic treatment was statistically linked to more years of DALE lost; from 2.8 (2.3-3.2), in no/mild, to 9.0 (8.6-9.4) years in severe pain, and from 32.2% (27.5-36.9) to 90.9% (86.5-95.3) of life expectancy, respectively. DISCUSSION In Spain, older adults with moderate to severe OA pain receiving usual analgesics showed a substantial BoD in terms of years of DALE lost and percentage of life expectancy lost. CONCLUSIONS Patients with treated moderate to severe pain showed a more significant burden in term of DALE lost despite analgesic treatment, which apparently fails to meet pain management needs.
Collapse
|
8
|
Wesolowicz DM, Bishop MD, Robinson ME. AN EXAMINATION OF DAY-TO-DAY AND INTRAINDIVIDUAL PAIN VARIABILITY IN LOW BACK PAIN. PAIN MEDICINE 2021; 22:2263-2275. [PMID: 33822203 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnab119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to capture day-to-day changes in pain intensity in individuals with low back pain (LBP), which may be indicative of patients' ability to modulate their pain levels. A secondary aim was to explore the presence of latent subgroups characterized by pain level, intraindividual pain variability, and change in pain over a 14-day period. SUBJECTS Participants were 54 adults with self-reported low back pain recruited from outpatient Physical Therapy clinics and the community. METHODS Over the course of 14 days, participants completed daily measures of pain intensity, catastrophizing, pain self-efficacy, and negative affect. Change in pain intensity as well as total amount of intraindividual pain variability were also calculated. RESULTS Daily increases in maladaptive coping and affective responses (i.e., higher catastrophizing, higher negative affect, lower pain self-efficacy) were associated with increases in pain intensity. A hierarchical cluster analysis revealed three subgroups: (1) moderate pain intensity, moderate pain variability, increase in pain over time; (2) low pain intensity, low pain variability, no change in pain over time; and (3) moderate pain intensity, high pain variability, decrease in pain over time. Cluster 2 demonstrated more adaptive coping and affective responses at baseline and during the 14-day period, and Cluster 1 and 3 did not differ in their coping nor affective responses. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide support that day-to-day changes in pain, coping and affective responses are meaningful and provide additional evidence of pain variability as a potential phenotypic characteristic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Wesolowicz
- Center for Pain Research, and Behavioral Health.,Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida
| | - Mark D Bishop
- Center for Pain Research, and Behavioral Health.,Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida
| | - Michael E Robinson
- Center for Pain Research, and Behavioral Health.,Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
García-López S, Llopart-Carles N, Castro-Domínguez F, Rejas-Gutierrez J. Patient self-reported functioning by pain severity and usual analgesic treatment among older adults with osteoarthritis: analysis of the 2017 Spanish National Health Survey. Eur Geriatr Med 2021; 12:989-1001. [PMID: 33772742 DOI: 10.1007/s41999-021-00488-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Osteoarthritis (OA) pain is among the leading causes of disability worldwide in older people. Since its prevalence is growing in aging, a significant burden for society is expected. This work ascertained whether level of disability in self-reported functioning differs by pain severity and usual analgesic treatment among older OA patients in Spain. METHODS The Spanish-National-Health-Survey, a large, nationally representative, cross-sectional general health survey including 23,089 persons, was analyzed. Patients aged 65 + years with a self-reported physician OA diagnosis were classified according to severity of pain (no/mild, moderate or severe pain) and treated or untreated with analgesia. Assessment of function included basic and instrumental activities-of-daily-living (BADL, IADL), mental, social, and cognitive functions, scored on a 0% (no limitation) to 100% (complete limitation) standardized metric. Caregiver need for BADL and IADL was also recorded. RESULTS A total of 3526 patients were analyzed (women 73.3%; age 77.4 [SD: 7.5]). Adjusted functioning scores showed significant association with pain severity, and for BADL, IADL and social function. Patients with severe pain and treated with analgesia had higher limitation scores, ranging on average between 31.5% on BADL, 34.1% on IADL, 45.0% on mental, 42.2% on social, and 23.4% in cognitive domain. The proportions of patients needing a caregiver for BADL (43.4%) and IADL (56.2%) were also the highest in patients with severe pain and treated with analgesia. CONCLUSIONS Regardless of usual utilization of analgesics, the severity of pain seemed to be the major determinant of functional impairment, and caregiving need, in all domains of functioning in older OA patients in Spain. Existing treatment strategies are analgesics based and do not meet patient needs for adequate pain management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofía García-López
- Master in Health Assessment and Market Access, Universidad Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Castro-Domínguez
- Rheumatology Unit, Centro Médico Teknon, Grupo Quirónsalud, Barcelona, Spain.,Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitari Sagrat Cor, Grupo Quirónsalud, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Rejas-Gutierrez
- Master in Health Assessment and Market Access, Universidad Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. .,Department of Pharmaco-Economics and Health Outcomes Research, Pfizer, S.L.U., Avda. de Europa, 20-B, 28108, Alcobendas (Madrid), Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kowitt SD, Aiello AE, Callahan LF, Fisher EB, Gottfredson NC, Jordan JM, Muessig KE. How Are Neighborhood Characteristics Associated With Mental and Physical Functioning Among Older Adults With Radiographic Knee Osteoarthritis? Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2021; 73:308-317. [PMID: 31841258 DOI: 10.1002/acr.24125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine how neighborhood characteristics are associated with health outcomes among older adults with osteoarthritis. METHODS In multilevel, cross-sectional, and longitudinal analyses we examined whether 4 neighborhood characteristics were associated with depressive symptoms and reported knee impact scores, and whether the neighborhood characteristics interacted with race/ethnicity among older adults with radiographic knee osteoarthritis (n = 656 for cross-sectional analyses and n = 434 for longitudinal analyses). The data came from the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project, a prospective cohort study in North Carolina designed to examine risk factors for osteoarthritis. RESULTS Although few longitudinal associations were found, cross-sectional results suggested that greater perceived neighborhood social cohesion (B = -0.04, P < 0.001) and perceived neighborhood resources for physical activity and walking (B = -0.03, P < 0.001) were associated with fewer depressive symptoms, and that greater perceived neighborhood resources for physical activity and walking were associated with higher (better) knee impact scores (B = 0.48, P = 0.008). We also observed 2 significant interactions among neighborhood characteristics and race/ethnicity related to depressive symptoms (P < 0.01); for African American adults, greater perceived neighborhood resources for physical activity and walking were associated with fewer depressive symptoms (B = -0.03, P < 0.001), but for White adults, greater perceived neighborhood safety was associated with fewer depressive symptoms (B = -0.04, P = 0.003). CONCLUSION In a sample of older adults with radiographic knee osteoarthritis, neighborhood context mattered, but in nuanced ways. Interventions aiming to improve mental and physical functioning of older adults with knee osteoarthritis can look to this study as evidence for the importance of neighborhood characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D Kowitt
- Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Allison E Aiello
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Leigh F Callahan
- Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Edwin B Fisher
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Nisha C Gottfredson
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Joanne M Jordan
- Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Kathryn E Muessig
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pifer MA, Segal DL, Jester DJ, Molinari V. Assessment of Anxiety in Long-Term Care Residents: Issues and Strategies. Int J Aging Hum Dev 2020; 93:807-833. [PMID: 32790476 DOI: 10.1177/0091415020943321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The experience of clinically significant anxiety and anxiety disorders represent significant and often debilitating problems for many residents in long-term care (LTC) settings. However, anxiety problems often go undetected and untreated in this growing population. The purposes of this paper are to examine the prevalence and impact of anxiety problems among residents in LTC facilities, describe the efficacy of the current instruments that are used to detect anxiety in these settings, and provide clinical guidance for the thorough assessment of anxiety. Regarding measurement tools, the GAI, GAI-SF, GAS-LTC, and the BADS are the only self-report measures designed for older adults that have been successfully validated for use with older adults living in LTC settings. Clinicians should focus on ways to educate LTC directors and staff to emphasize the importance of screening and assessing for anxiety, using validated measures, to improve the assessment and treatment of anxiety in their residents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marissa A Pifer
- 14676 Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - Daniel L Segal
- 14676 Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - Dylan J Jester
- 7831 School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Victor Molinari
- 7831 School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Marks R. Anxiety and Osteoarthritis Disability: Updated Overview and Commentary. Open Orthop J 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1874325002014010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction:
Osteoarthritis, a widespread highly painful often incapacitating joint disease continues to impose immense personal and societal challenges among adults of all ages, especially among older adults. In the absence of any effective cure or treatment, it has become essential to explore all correlates of this chronic disabling disease, especially those that might be preventable or modifiable. Anxiety, a potentially remediable state of mental distress - found linked to chronically disabling forms of arthritis, in various imperceptible ways, and which may have an immense bearing on the outcomes of osteoarthritis, has not received as much attention in the related literature as other topics, such as surgery.
Objective:
In line with previous promising work, this narrative review elected to explore the extent to which current researchers in the field are pursuing this topic, and if so, the degree to which prevailing peer-reviewed data sources support an important role for continued research in this realm, and in what regard.
Methods:
Primarily explored were the key databases housing relevant publications that emerged over Aug 1, 2018-Feb 26, 2020 using the keywords Osteoarthritis and Anxiety. Using a descriptive approach, the relative progress made over the past five previous years in this regard was assessed, in addition to what joints have been studied and with what frequency, and how the degree of interest compares to other currently researched osteoarthritis themes. The potential for intervening in the osteoarthritis pain cycle by addressing anxiety was also examined.
Results:
Findings show a high level of current interest in this topic, and that despite the paucity of prospective studies, studies on joints other than the knee and hip joints, some equivocal conclusions, small numbers of anxiety-related studies compared to other topics, and substantive design limitations, it appears that future research in this realm is strongly indicated.
Conclusion:
This topic if examined further is likely to produce highly advantageous results at all stages of the osteoarthritic disease process and in the context of primary, secondary, as well as tertiary measures to ameliorate osteoarthritis pain and disability.
Collapse
|
13
|
Chen YP, Huang YY, Wu Y, Kuo YJ, Lin CY. Depression negatively affects patient-reported knee functional outcome after intraarticular hyaluronic acid injection among geriatric patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Orthop Surg Res 2019; 14:387. [PMID: 31775836 PMCID: PMC6882243 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-019-1419-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Intraarticular hyaluronic acid injection (IAHA) is a popular treatment for knee osteoarthritis (OA). This study investigates whether depression, anxiety, and pain affect self-reported knee function in geriatric OA people who have received IAHA. METHODS Through convenience sampling, 102 geriatric patients (mean age = 70.91 ± 7.19; 28 males) with knee OA who had undergone IAHA participated in this study. All participants self-reported depression using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), anxiety using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), knee function using the Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and the International Knee Documentation Committee subjective knee evaluation form (IKDC), and pain severity using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). They completed the aforementioned questionnaires at baseline before injection and then again at 2-, 4-, and 6-month follow-ups. RESULTS Depression was significantly associated with IKDC, WOMAC physical function subscale, and total WOMAC scores. Anxiety was only significantly associated with the WOMAC pain subscale score. Pain severity was significantly associated with IKDC, WOMAC stiffness subscale, WOMAC physical function subscale, and total WOMAC scores. CONCLUSION Given that depression negatively affected patient-reported knee function among geriatric OA patients who had undergone IAHA, further attention should be paid to the depressive status of this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Pin Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yun Huang
- Graduate Institute of Nursing- Linkou campus, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yueh Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jie Kuo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ying Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 11 Yuk Choi Rd, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang Q, Young L, Li F. Network Meta-Analysis of Various Nonpharmacological Interventions on Pain Relief in Older Adults With Osteoarthritis. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2019; 98:469-478. [PMID: 31094857 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000001130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To compare the effectiveness of different nonpharmacological interventions on pain relief in older adults with osteoarthritis, literature databases, bibliographies, and other relevant sources were searched. No language limitations were applied. Thirty-two trials published from 1997 to 2017 were included in the systematic review and network meta-analyses. We included only randomized controlled trials and studies that evaluated the effects of nonpharmacological interventions on alleviating pain in elderly adults (age ≥60 yrs or mean age > 65 yrs) who experience osteoarthritis, irrespective of sex. In the network meta-analysis, resistance training was ranked as the most effective among all nonpharmacological interventions (surface under the cumulative ranking = 82.9%, standardized mean difference = 1.96, confidence interval = -1.39 to 5.31). In subgroup analyses, resistance training still ranked the most effective pain reduction intervention, followed by strengthening exercise and yoga. Among female subjects with intervention adherence rate more than 90%, the most effective intervention was yoga. Strengthening exercise was superior to all other forms of interventions when comparing long-term effect of selected interventions. Among older adults with osteoarthritis, resistance training can be considered a treatment option for pain relief. Yoga is an effective intervention strategy for female elderly, and strengthening exercise has a better long-term beneficial effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- From the School of Nursing, Jilin University, Jilin, China (QZ, FL); and College of Nursing, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia (LY)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Timmermans EJ, de Koning EJ, van Schoor NM, van der Pas S, Denkinger MD, Dennison EM, Maggi S, Pedersen NL, Otero Á, Peter R, Cooper C, Siviero P, Castell MV, Herbolsheimer F, Edwards M, Limongi F, Deeg DJH, Schaap LA. Within-person pain variability and physical activity in older adults with osteoarthritis from six European countries. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2019; 20:12. [PMID: 30611248 PMCID: PMC6320627 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-018-2392-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examines the association of both pain severity and within-person pain variability with physical activity (PA) in older adults with osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS Data from the European Project on OSteoArthritis were used. At baseline, clinical classification criteria of the American College of Rheumatology were used to diagnose OA in older adults (65-85 years). At baseline and 12-18 months follow-up, frequency and duration of participation in the activities walking, cycling, gardening, light and heavy household tasks, and sports activities were assessed with the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam Physical Activity Questionnaire. Physical activity was calculated in kcal/day, based on frequency, duration, body weight and the metabolic equivalent of each activity performed. At baseline and 12-18 months follow-up, pain severity was assessed using the pain subscales of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities OA Index and the Australian/Canadian Hand OA Index. Within-person pain variability was assessed using two-week pain calendars that were completed at baseline, 6 months follow-up and 12-18 months follow-up. RESULTS Of all 669 participants, 70.0% were women. Sex-stratified multiple linear regression analyses showed that greater pain severity at baseline was cross-sectionally associated with less PA in women (Ratio = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.90-0.99), but not in men (Ratio = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.85-1.15). The longitudinal analyses showed a statistically significant inverse association between pain severity at baseline and PA at follow-up in women (Ratio = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.89-0.99), but not in men (Ratio = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.87-1.11). Greater pain variability over 12-18 months was associated with more PA at follow-up in men (Ratio = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.01-1.38), but not in women (Ratio = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.86-1.03). CONCLUSIONS Greater pain severity and less pain variability are associated with less PA in older adults with OA. These associations are different for men and women. The observed sex differences in the various associations should be studied in more detail and need replication in future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik J. Timmermans
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, De Boelelaan 1089A, 1081HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elisa J. de Koning
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, De Boelelaan 1089A, 1081HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Natasja M. van Schoor
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, De Boelelaan 1089A, 1081HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Suzan van der Pas
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, De Boelelaan 1089A, 1081HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michael D. Denkinger
- Geriatric Research Unit / Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, AGAPLESION Bethesda Hospital, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Elaine M. Dennison
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Stefania Maggi
- National Research Council, Aging Branch, Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy
| | - Nancy L. Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ángel Otero
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Unit of Primary Care and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Richard Peter
- Institute of the History, Philosophy and Ethics of Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Cyrus Cooper
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Paola Siviero
- National Research Council, Aging Branch, Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Victoria Castell
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Unit of Primary Care and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Florian Herbolsheimer
- Institute of the History, Philosophy and Ethics of Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mark Edwards
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Federica Limongi
- National Research Council, Aging Branch, Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy
| | - Dorly J. H. Deeg
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, De Boelelaan 1089A, 1081HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Laura A. Schaap
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Salman Roghani R, Delbari A, Asadi-Lari M, Rashedi V, Lökk J. Neuropathic Pain Prevalence of Older Adults in an Urban Area of Iran: A Population-Based Study. PAIN RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2019; 2019:9015695. [PMID: 30719350 PMCID: PMC6334371 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9015695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain prevalence would increase as the population grows older, but the exact prevalence rate is not apparent in Iran. OBJECTIVES This study, therefore, set out to reveal the prevalence of pain, especially neuropathic type and explore its associated comorbidities among Iranian older adults in a large urban population-based survey. METHODS 5326 older people, aged ≥ 60 years, were randomly chosen by a multistage, cluster sampling method. The selected people then were interviewed by using the following instruments: a standard questionnaire about pain, questions of interview part of Douleur Neuropathique 4 Questions (DN4) and its comorbidities, GHQ-28, and a sociodemographic checklist. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis were conducted to analyze the gathered data. RESULTS The average of the participants' age was 68.92 ± 7.02 years. Of 5326 participants, 2529 (47.5%) of participants were male. About one-third of this population had chronic pain. Chronic neuropathic pain prevalence was 13.7% and nociceptive in 30%. Knee pain (20.6%) and feet dysesthesia (7.8%) were the most common sites of nociceptive and neuropathic pain, respectively. Results of multiple regression analysis revealed that the major comorbidities of chronic pain were osteoporosis, disability, diabetes mellitus, and stroke. Neuropathic pain experiences were significantly associated with GHQ-28 scores (t=-11.42, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS In addition to neuropathic pain, other subtypes of pain prevalence and the comorbidities are determined in the community-dwelling elder adults. This study highlights the importance of neuropathic pain and its adverse consequences and can be used to manage this populations' needs in Iran effectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Salman Roghani
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Delbari
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Asadi-Lari
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Rashedi
- School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Johan Lökk
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chen YP, Wang SM, Wu Y, Lin HY, Wu CC, Chuang TY, Ho WP, Kuo YJ, Leu TH, Lin CY. Worsen depression after viscosupplementation treatment for geriatric people with knee osteoarthritis? Int J Clin Health Psychol 2018; 19:31-40. [PMID: 30619495 PMCID: PMC6300725 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/objective: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) in older people may result in psychological impairment, including anxiety and depression. This study investigates the effect of intraarticular hyaluronic acid injection (IAHA) on geriatric patients with OA. Method: A total of 102 geriatric patients with knee OA undergoing IAHA were prospectively enrolled in this study. Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and the International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Evaluation Form (IKDC), and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain were recorded. All outcomes were measured at baseline before injection and during two, four, and six month follow-ups. Results: IAHA had a significant short-term effect, relieving pain at the two month follow-up, but the effect was weaker at the four month follow-up. Both IKDC and WOMAC scores were significantly improved at the two month follow-up. Viscosupplementation did not improve STAI. GDS exhibited significant deterioration at the four month follow-up. Conclusions: Although IAHA for the treatment of OA provided short-term efficiency, it had no effects on anxiety and increased depression of geriatric people. Health education should be provided with caution before viscosupplementation treatment to manage expectations of the efficacy of treatment for geriatric OA patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Pin Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Mei Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Yueh Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yu Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chun Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Yuan Chuang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Pin Ho
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jie Kuo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Hsueh Leu
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei City Hospital, Renai Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ying Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|