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Shi L, Fang J, Yu Y, Wu H, Song Q, Liang F, Rong P. WITHDRAWN: Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation on PC6 Can not Relieve Chronic Stable Angina Pectoris in a Short Term Therapy: a Randomized Parallel Controlled Trial. Complement Ther Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Birelli B, Oliveira M, Santos ADO, Manso W, Vicente A, Etchebehere E. SPECT/CT with 99mTc-sestamibi for the evaluation of skeletal muscle perfusion after electrical muscle stimulation in athletes. Radiol Bras 2019; 52:92-96. [PMID: 31019337 PMCID: PMC6472863 DOI: 10.1590/0100-3984.2018.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of electrical muscle
stimulation (EMS) on muscles, using 99mTc-sestamibi SPECT/CT. Materials and Methods We prospectively enrolled 20 consecutive male professional water polo
players. The mean age was 25 years (range, 18-36 years). All athletes
underwent 99mTc-sestamibi SPECT/CT of the thigh (rectus femoris
and vastus medialis muscle groups) before and after EMS. Images were
quantified to identify increases in perfusion after EMS. Results Before EMS, there were no significant differences between the right and left
thigh (rectus femoris and vastus medialis muscles) in terms of perfusion
(p = 0.4). However, the comparison between the pre- and
post-EMS analyses of the same muscle groups showed significant differences
in radiotracer uptake (p < 0.001), with a mean increase
in perfusion of 128% for the rectus femoris muscle group (95% CI: 0.86-1.61)
and 118% for the vastus medialis muscle group (95% CI: 0.96-1.79). Conclusion 99mTc-sestamibi SPECT/CT is an objective means of evaluating blood
flow in muscles submitted to EMS, which appears to promote significant
increases in such blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Elba Etchebehere
- Campinas State University, Brazil; Sírio-Libanês Hospital, Brazil
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Unilateral repetitive tibial nerve stimulation improves neurogenic claudication and bilateral F-wave conduction in central lumbar spinal stenosis. J Orthop Sci 2018; 23:282-288. [PMID: 29352625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jos.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repetitive electrical nerve stimulation of the lower limb may improve neurogenic claudication in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) as originally described by Tamaki et al. We tested if this neuromodulation technique affects the F-wave conduction on both sides to explore the underlying physiologic mechanisms. METHODS We studied a total of 26 LSS patients, assigning 16 to a study group receiving repetitive tibial nerve stimulation at the ankle (RTNS) on one leg, and 10 to a group without RTNS. RTNS conditioning consisted of a 0.3-ms duration square-wave pulse with an intensity 20% above the motor threshold, delivered at a rate of 5 Hz for 5 min. All patients underwent the walking test and the F-wave and M-wave studies for the tibial nerve on both sides twice; once as the baseline, and once after either the 5-min RTNS or 5-min rest. RESULTS Compared to the baselines, a 5-min RTNS increased claudication distance (176 ± 96 m vs 329 ± 133 m; p = 0.0004) and slightly but significantly shortened F-wave minimal onset latency (i.e., increased F-wave conduction velocity) not only on the side receiving RTNS (50.7 ± 4.0 ms vs 49.2 ± 4.2 ms; p = 0.00081) but also on the contralateral side (50.1 ± 4.6 ms vs 47.9 ± 4.2 ms; p = 0.011). A 5-min rest in the group not receiving RTNS neither had a significant change on claudication distance nor on any F-wave measurements. The M response remained unchanged in both groups. CONCLUSIONS The present study verified a beneficial effect of unilaterally applied RTNS of a mild intensity on neurogenic claudication and bilateral F-wave conduction. Our F-wave data suggest that this type of neuromodulation could be best explained by an RTNS-induced widespread sympathetic tone reduction with vasodilation, which partially counters a walking-induced further decline in nerve blood flow in LSS patients who already have ischemic cauda equina.
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Kamali F, Mirkhani H, Nematollahi A, Heidari S, Moosavi E, Mohamadi M. The Effect of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation of Sympathetic Ganglions and Acupuncture Points on Distal Blood Flow. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2017; 10:120-124. [PMID: 28483183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jams.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a widely-practiced method to increase blood flow in clinical practice. The best location for stimulation to achieve optimal blood flow has not yet been determined. We compared the effect of TENS application at sympathetic ganglions and acupuncture points on blood flow in the foot of healthy individuals. Seventy-five healthy individuals were randomly assigned to three groups. The first group received cutaneous electrical stimulation at the thoracolumbar sympathetic ganglions. The second group received stimulation at acupuncture points. The third group received stimulation in the mid-calf area as a control group. Blood flow was recorded at time zero as baseline and every 3 minutes after baseline during stimulation, with a laser Doppler flow-meter. Individuals who received sympathetic ganglion stimulation showed significantly greater blood flow than those receiving acupuncture point stimulation or those in the control group (p<0.001). Data analysis revealed that blood flow at different times during stimulation increased significantly from time zero in each group. Therefore, the application of low-frequency TENS at the thoracolumbar sympathetic ganglions was more effective in increasing peripheral blood circulation than stimulation at acupuncture points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Kamali
- Rehabilitation Science Research Center, Department of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hossein Mirkhani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Medical and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Ahmadreza Nematollahi
- Rehabilitation Science Research Center, Department of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeed Heidari
- Student Research Committee, Department of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Elahesadat Moosavi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Marzieh Mohamadi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Hibbert AW, Billaut F, Varley MC, Polman RCJ. No Influence of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation on Exercise-Induced Pain and 5-Km Cycling Time-Trial Performance. Front Physiol 2017; 8:26. [PMID: 28223939 PMCID: PMC5293800 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Afferent information from exercising muscle contributes to the sensation of exercise-induced muscle pain. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) delivers low–voltage electrical currents to the skin, inhibiting nociceptive afferent information. The use of TENS in reducing perceptions of exercise-induced pain has not yet been fully explored. This study aimed to investigate the effect of TENS on exercise-induced muscle pain, pacing strategy, and performance during a 5-km cycling time trial (TT). Methods: On three separate occasions, in a single-blind, randomized, and cross-over design, 13 recreationally active participants underwent a 30-min TENS protocol, before performing a 5-km cycling TT. TENS was applied to the quadriceps prior to exercise under the following conditions; control (CONT), placebo with sham TENS application (PLAC), and an experimental condition with TENS application (TENS). Quadriceps fatigue was assessed with magnetic femoral nerve stimulation assessing changes in potentiated quadriceps twitch force at baseline, pre and post exercise. Subjective scores of exertion, affect and pain were taken every 1-km. Results: During TTs, application of TENS did not influence pain perceptions (P = 0.68, ηp2 = 0.03). There was no significant change in mean power (P = 0.16, ηp2 = 0.16) or TT duration (P = 0.17, ηp2 = 0.14), although effect sizes were large for these two variables. Changes in power output were not significant but showed moderate effect sizes at 500-m (ηp2 = 0.10) and 750-m (ηp2 = 0.10). Muscle recruitment as inferred by electromyography data was not significant, but showed large effect sizes at 250-m (ηp2 = 0.16), 500-m (ηp2 = 0.15), and 750-m (ηp2 = 0.14). This indicates a possible effect for TENS influencing performance up to 1-km. Discussion: These findings do not support the use of TENS to improve 5-km TT performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Hibbert
- Institute of Sport, Exercise, and Active Living, Victoria UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia; College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - François Billaut
- Institute of Sport, Exercise, and Active Living, Victoria UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Kinesiology, University LavalQuebec, QC, Canada
| | - Matthew C Varley
- Institute of Sport, Exercise, and Active Living, Victoria University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Remco C J Polman
- Institute of Sport, Exercise, and Active Living, Victoria UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia; Psychology Department, Bournemouth UniversityBournemouth, UK
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Campos FV, Neves LM, Da Silva VZ, Cipriano GF, Chiappa GR, Cahalin L, Arena R, Cipriano G. Hemodynamic Effects Induced by Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation in Apparently Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2015; 97:826-35. [PMID: 26384939 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2015.08.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the immediate effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on heart rate, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in apparently healthy adults (age ≥18y). DATA SOURCES The Cochrane Library (online version 2014), PubMed (1962-2014), EMBASE (1980-2014), and LILACS (1980-2014) electronic databases were searched. STUDY SELECTION Randomized controlled trials were included when TENS was administered noninvasively with surface electrodes during rest, and the effect of TENS was compared with that of control or placebo TENS. A sensitive search strategy for identifying randomized controlled trials was used by 2 independent reviewers. The initial search led to the identification of 432 studies, of which 5 articles met the eligibility criteria. DATA EXTRACTION Two independent reviewers extracted data from the selected studies. Quality was evaluated using the PEDro scale. Mean differences or standardized mean differences in outcomes were calculated. DATA SYNTHESIS Five eligible articles involved a total of 142 apparently healthy individuals. Four studies used high-frequency TENS and 3 used low-frequency TENS and evaluated the effect on SBP. Three studies using high-frequency TENS and 2 using low-frequency TENS evaluated the effect on DBP. Three studies using high-frequency TENS and 1 study using low-frequency TENS evaluated the effect on heart rate. A statistically significant reduction in SBP (-3.00mmHg; 95% confidence interval [CI], -5.02 to -0.98; P=.004) was found using low-frequency TENS. A statistically significant reduction in DBP (-1.04mmHg; 95% CI, -2.77 to -0.03; I(2)=61%; P=.04) and in heart rate (-2.55beats/min; 95% CI, -4.31 to -0.78; I(2)=86%; P=.005]) was found using both frequencies. The median value on the PEDro scale was 7 (range, 4-8). CONCLUSIONS TENS seems to promote a discrete reduction in SBP, DBP, and heart rate in apparently healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippe V Campos
- Health Sciences and Technologies PhD Program, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil; Cardiac Rehabilitation Ambulatory, Armed Forces Hospital, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Laura M Neves
- Health Sciences and Technologies PhD Program, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil; University of Para, Belém, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Z Da Silva
- Health Sciences and Technologies PhD Program, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Graziella F Cipriano
- Health Sciences and Technologies PhD Program, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Gaspar R Chiappa
- Exercise Pathophysiology Research Laboratory, Cardiology Division, Porto Alegre Hospital, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lawrence Cahalin
- Department of Physical Therapy, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Ross Arena
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, Chicago, IL; Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Gerson Cipriano
- Health Sciences and Technologies PhD Program, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.
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Guimarães CSO, Gomes BBF, Oliveira RA, Yamamoto LR, Rocha LP, Glória MA, Machado JR, Câmara NOS, Reis MA, Corrêa RRM. Effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on fetal and placental development in an experimental model of placental insufficiency. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2015; 29:283-9. [PMID: 25567559 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2014.999034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate the effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) in pregnancies with placental insufficiency. METHODS Pregnant rats were subjected to uterine artery ligation and to TENS according to the following groups: ligated stimulated (LS); ligated non-stimulated (LN), control stimulated (CS); and control non-stimulated (CN). Fetal external measurements, such as crown-rump length (CRL), fronto-occipital distance (FOD), thoracic ventral-dorsal (TVDD) and abdominal ventral-dorsal (AVDD) distances were analyzed together with the area occupied by fetal internal organs. Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1) expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in fetal organs. Thickness of junctional, labyrinth and intermediate placental zones was analyzed by morphometric evaluation in HE-stained slides, and placental hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alfa expression was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS In LN and CS groups compared to the CN group, CRL was reduced (27.51/28.95 versus 30.16 mm), as well as FOD (6.63/6.63 versus 7.36 mm), AVDD (7.38/8.00 versus 8.61 mm) and TVDD (6.46/6.87 versus 7.23 mm). Brain GLUT-1 expression was higher in LS (1.3%) and CS (1.8%). The area occupied by placental vessels in the labyrinth zone (29.67 ± 3.51 versus 20.83 ± 7.63) and intermediate zone (26.46 ± 10.21 versus 10.86 ± 8.94) was larger in the LS group than in the LN group. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a negative effect of TENS on placental development, thus compromising the maintenance of adequate blood flow to the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila S O Guimarães
- a General Pathology Discipline, Biological and Natural Sciences Institute, Triângulo Mineiro Federal University , Uberaba , Brazil
| | - Bruno B F Gomes
- a General Pathology Discipline, Biological and Natural Sciences Institute, Triângulo Mineiro Federal University , Uberaba , Brazil
| | - Rafael A Oliveira
- a General Pathology Discipline, Biological and Natural Sciences Institute, Triângulo Mineiro Federal University , Uberaba , Brazil
| | - Leandro R Yamamoto
- a General Pathology Discipline, Biological and Natural Sciences Institute, Triângulo Mineiro Federal University , Uberaba , Brazil
| | - Laura P Rocha
- a General Pathology Discipline, Biological and Natural Sciences Institute, Triângulo Mineiro Federal University , Uberaba , Brazil
| | - Maria A Glória
- b Nephrology Division , Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) , São Paulo , Brazil , and
| | - Juliana R Machado
- a General Pathology Discipline, Biological and Natural Sciences Institute, Triângulo Mineiro Federal University , Uberaba , Brazil
| | - Niels O S Câmara
- b Nephrology Division , Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) , São Paulo , Brazil , and.,c Department of Immunology , Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo (USP) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Marlene A Reis
- a General Pathology Discipline, Biological and Natural Sciences Institute, Triângulo Mineiro Federal University , Uberaba , Brazil
| | - Rosana R M Corrêa
- a General Pathology Discipline, Biological and Natural Sciences Institute, Triângulo Mineiro Federal University , Uberaba , Brazil
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Dobias M, Michalek P, Neuzil P, Stritesky M, Johnston P. Interventional treatment of pain in refractory angina. A review. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2014; 158:518-27. [PMID: 24993738 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2014.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Refractory angina is characterized by repeated attacks of chest pain in patients on maximal anti-anginal pharmacotherapy, with a professional conscensus that further surgical or radiological revascularization would be futile. Refractory angina is a serious but relatively uncommon health problem, with a reported incidence of approximately 30 patients per million people/year. In this condition simply treating the associated pain alone is important as this can improve exercise tolerance and quality of life. METHODS An extensive literature search using five different medical databases was performed and from this, eighty-three papers were considered appropriate to include within this review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Available literature highlights several methods of interventional pain treatment, including spinal cord stimulation and video-assisted upper thoracic sympathectomy which can provide good analgesia whilst improving physical activities and quality of life. The positive effect of spinal cord stimulation on the intensity of pain and quality of life has been confirmed in nine randomized controlled trials. Other potential treatment methods include stellate ganglion blocks, insertion of thoracic epidural or spinal catheters and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. These approaches however appear more useful for diagnostic purposes and perhaps as short-term treatment measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Dobias
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
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Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation regulates organ blood flow and apoptosis during controlled hypotension in dogs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94368. [PMID: 24732970 PMCID: PMC3986089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is commonly used in clinical practice for alleviating pains and physiological disorders. It has been reported that TENS could counteract the ischemic injury happened in some vital organs. To determine the protective effect of TENS on internal organs during CH in dogs, target hypotension was maintained for 60 min at 50% of the baseline mean arterial pressure (MAP). The perfusion to the brain, liver, stomach, and kidney was recorded and apoptosis within these organs was observed. Results showed that when arriving at the target MAP, and during the maintaining stage for 10 min, perfusion to the stomach and liver in the CH+TENS group was much higher than in the CH group (P<0.05). Perfusion to the cerebral cortex greatly declined in both the controlled pressure groups when compared with the general anesthesia (GA) group (P<0.05). After withdrawing CH, the hepatic blood flow in both the CH and CH+TENS groups, and the gastric and cerebral cortical blood flow in the CH+TENS group, were rapidly increased. By the end of MAP restoration, gastric blood flow in the CH group was still low. At 72 h after applying CH, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells in stomach and kidney tissue from the CH group were significantly increased compared with those in the GA group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in TUNEL-positive cells in the liver and hippocampus among the three groups. Our results demonstrated that CH with a 50% MAP level could cause lower perfusion to the liver, stomach, cerebral cortex, and kidney, with apoptosis subsequently occurring in the stomach and kidney. TENS combined GA is able to improve the blood flow to the liver, stomach, and reduce the apoptosis in the stomach and kidney.
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Martínez-Rodríguez A, Bello O, Fraiz M, Martinez-Bustelo S. The effect of alternating and biphasic currents on humans' wound healing: a literature review. Int J Dermatol 2013; 52:1053-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2012.05836.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Olalla Bello
- Faculty of Physiotherapy; A Coruña University; A Coruña; Spain
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Silverdal J, Mourtzinis G, Stener-Victorin E, Mannheimer C, Manhem K. Antihypertensive effect of low-frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) in comparison with drug treatment. Blood Press 2012; 21:306-10. [PMID: 22563948 DOI: 10.3109/08037051.2012.680737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a major risk factor for vascular disease, yet blood pressure (BP) control is unsatisfactory low, partly due to side-effects. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is well tolerated and studies have demonstrated BP reduction. In this study, we compared the BP lowering effect of 2.5 mg felodipin once daily with 30 min of bidaily low-frequency TENS in 32 adult hypertensive subjects (mean office BP 152.7/90.0 mmHg) in a randomized, crossover design. Office BP and 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) were performed at baseline and at the end of each 4-week treatment and washout period. Felodipin reduced office BP by 10/6 mmHg (p <0.001 respectively) and after washout BP rose to a level still significantly lower than at baseline. TENS reduced office BP by 5/1.5 mmHg (p <0.01, ns). After TENS washout, BP was further reduced and significantly lower than at baseline, but at levels similar to BP after felodipin washout and therefore reasonably caused by factors other than the treatment per se. ABPM revealed a significant systolic reduction of 3 mmHg by felodipin, but no significant changes were noted after TENS. We conclude that our study does not present any solid evidence of BP reduction of TENS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Silverdal
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra, SE-416 85 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on muscle metaboreflex in healthy young and older subjects. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:1327-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2084-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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