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Alaqel SI, Abdullah O, Alharbi A, Althobaiti YS, Alturki MS, Ramzy S, Almalki AH. Guava-fruit based synthesis of carbon quantum dots for spectrofluorometric quantitative analysis of risperidone in spiked human plasma and pharmaceutical dosage forms. RSC Adv 2023; 13:17765-17774. [PMID: 37323441 PMCID: PMC10262015 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02855k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism is one of the most pressing issues facing the international community in recent years, particularly in Middle Eastern countries. Risperidone is a selective serotonin type 2 and dopamine type 2 receptor antagonist. It is the most administered antipsychotic medication in children with autism-related behavioral disorders. Therapeutic monitoring of risperidone may improve safety and efficacy in autistic individuals. The main objective of this work was to develop a highly sensitive green fitted method for the determination of risperidone in the plasma matrix and pharmaceutical dosage forms. Novel water-soluble N-carbon quantum dots were synthesized from guava fruit, a natural green precursor, and used for determination of risperidone based on quenching fluorescence spectroscopy phenomena. The synthesized dots were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The synthesized N-carbon quantum dots exhibited aquantum yield of 26.12% and showed a strong emission fluorescence peak at 475 nm when excited at 380 nm. The fluorescence intensity of the N-carbon quantum dots decreased with increasing risperidone concentration, indicating that the fluorescence quenching was concentration dependent. The presented method was carefully optimized and validated according to the guidelines of ICH, and it demonstrated good linearity in a concentration range of 5-150 ng mL-1. With a LOD of 1.379 ng mL-1 and a LOQ of 4.108 ng mL-1, the technique was extremely sensitive. Due to the high sensitivity of the proposed method, it could be effectively used for the determination of risperidone in the plasma matrix. The proposed method was compared with the previously reported HPLC method in terms of sensitivity and green chemistry metrics. The proposed method proved to be more sensitive and compatible with the principles of green analytical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh I Alaqel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University Rafha 91911 Saudi Arabia
| | - Omeima Abdullah
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University Makkah Saudi Arabia
| | - Adnan Alharbi
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University Makkah Saudi Arabia
| | - Yusuf S Althobaiti
- Addiction and Neuroscience Research Unit, Health Science Campus, Taif University P.O. Box 11099 Taif 21944 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Taif University P.O. Box 11099 Taif 21944 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansour S Alturki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 34212 Dammam Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherif Ramzy
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University 11751 Nasr City Cairo Egypt
| | - Atiah H Almalki
- Addiction and Neuroscience Research Unit, Health Science Campus, Taif University P.O. Box 11099 Taif 21944 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University P.O. Box 11099 Taif 21944 Saudi Arabia
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Lugasi L, Grinberg I, Rudnick-Glick S, Okun E, Einat H, Margel S. Designed proteinoid polymers and nanoparticles encapsulating risperidone for enhanced antipsychotic activity. J Nanobiotechnology 2020; 18:149. [PMID: 33087104 PMCID: PMC7580026 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00709-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanoparticles (NPs) incorporating drug formulations can be used to facilitate passage through biological barriers including the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and increase drug delivery and bioavailability. Hence, NP-based administration may enhance the efficiency of current antipsychotics. Encapsulation within NPs can resolve aqueous solubility problems that not only reduce permeability through the BBB but also affect targeting. The present study describes a new drug delivery system based on proteinoid NPs to explore the possibility of improving drug efficacy. Risperidone (RSP) is a commonly used atypical antipsychotic medication, and was therefore selected for encapsulation by proteinoid NPs. RESULTS Proteinoid polymers with high molecular weight and low polydispersity were synthesized from L-amino acids and poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) by thermal step-growth polymerization mechanism. RSP-loaded proteinoid NPs were then prepared using a self-assembly process in the presence of RSP, followed by PEGylation. The optimal PEGylated RSP-loaded NPs were characterized in terms of diameter and size distribution, drug loading, ζ-potential, cytotoxicity, biodistribution, and psychopharmacological effects. The findings indicate significantly higher antipsychotic activity of drug-loaded proteinoid NPs compared to free RSP. CONCLUSIONS Proteinoid NPs enhance RSP delivery and may potentially increase drug efficiency by reducing dosage and side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lugasi
- Department of Chemistry, The Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - I Grinberg
- Department of Chemistry, The Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - S Rudnick-Glick
- Department of Chemistry, The Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - E Okun
- The Mina and Everard Goodman, Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - H Einat
- The School of Behavioral Sciences, Tel Aviv-Yaffo Academic College, 6818211, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - S Margel
- Department of Chemistry, The Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat Gan, Israel.
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Weng W, Quan P, Liu C, Zhao H, Fang L. Design of a Drug-in-Adhesive Transdermal Patch for Risperidone: Effect of Drug-Additive Interactions on the Crystallization Inhibition and In Vitro / In Vivo Correlation Study. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:3153-3161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Use of the Charge Transfer Reactions for the Spectrophotometric Determination of Risperidone in Pure and in Dosage Forms. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS 2013; 2013:792186. [PMID: 26555994 PMCID: PMC4595964 DOI: 10.1155/2013/792186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of study was to develop and validate two simple, sensitive, and extraction-free spectrophotometric methods for the estimation of risperidone in both pure and pharmaceutical preparations. They are based on the charge transfer complexation reactions between risperidone (RSP) as n-electron donor and p-chloranilic acid (p-CA) in method A and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) in method B as π-acceptors. In method A, RSP reacts with p-CA in methanol to produce a bright pink-colored chromogen measured at 530 nm whereas, in method B, RSP reacts with DDQ in dichloromethane to form orange-colored complex with a maximum absorption at 460 nm. Beer's law was obeyed in the concentration range of 0-25 and 0-50 μg/mL with molar absorptivity of 1.29 × 10(4) and 0.48 × 10(4) L/moL/cm for RSP in methods A and B, respectively. The effects of variables such as reagents, time, and stability of the charge transfer complexes were investigated to optimize the procedures. The proposed methods have been successfully applied to the determination of RSP in pharmaceutical formulations. Results indicate that the methods are accurate, precise, and reproducible (relative standard deviation <2 %).
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Germann D, Kurylo N, Han F. Risperidone. PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES, EXCIPIENTS, AND RELATED METHODOLOGY 2012; 37:313-61. [PMID: 22469322 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397220-0.00008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Baldania SL, Bhatt KK, Mehta RS, Shah DA. RP-HPLC Estimation of Risperidone in Tablet Dosage Forms. Indian J Pharm Sci 2011; 70:494-7. [PMID: 20046778 PMCID: PMC2792550 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.44601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Revised: 01/07/2008] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple, specific, accurate, and precise reverse phase liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated for the estimation of risperidone in tablet dosage forms. A Phenomenex Gemini C-18, 5 mum column having 250x4.6 mm i.d. in isocratic mode, with mobile phase containing methanol: acetonitrile: 50 mM potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (80:10:10 v/v) was used. The flow rate was 1.3 ml/min and effluents were monitored at 234 nm. Clozapine was used as an internal standard. The retention time of risperidone and clozapine were 2.5 min and 3.3 min, respectively. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, limit of quantification, limit of detection, robustness and stability. The limit of detection and limit of quantification for estimation of risperidone was found to be 500 ng/ml and 990 ng/ml, respectively. Recovery of risperidone was found to be in the range of 99.02-101.68%. Proposed method was successfully applied for the quantitative determination of risperidone in tablet formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Baldania
- Anand Pharmacy College, Opp. Town Hall, Shri Ramkrishna Seva Mandal Campus, Anand-388 001, India
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Taşdemir IH, Çakirer O, Erk N, Kiliç E. Square-wave cathodic adsorptive stripping voltammetry of risperidone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc2010156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical properties and diffusion-adsorption behavior of risperidone (RPN), an antiphyscotic drug, on hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) were carried out in Britton–Robinson (BR) buffer. Some electrochemical parameters such as diffusion coefficient, number of transferred electrons and proton participated to its reduction mechanism and surface coverage coefficient were calculated from the results of cyclic voltammetry, square-wave voltammetry and constant potential electrolysis. RPN was found to be reduced with single two-electron/two-proton quasi-reversible mechanism controlled mainly by adsorption with some diffusion contribution at the potential about –1.58 V (vs Ag|AgCl electrode). Experimental parameters were optimized to develop a new, accurate, rapid, selective and simple square-wave cathodic adsorptive stripping voltammetric (SWCAdSV) method for direct determination of RPN in pharmaceutical dosage forms, spiked human urine and human serum samples without time-consuming steps prior to drug assay. This method was based on the relation between the peak current and the concentration of RPN and it was recognized that peak current of reduction wave linearly changes with the concentration of RPN in the concentration range of 1.5–150 nM, when optimum preconcentration potential –0.65 V and optimum preconcentration time 60 s were applied. In this method, limit of detection (LOD) was found as 5.18 nM (2.12 ppb). The method was successfully applied to determine the RPN content of commercial pharmaceutical preparations, spiked human serum and spiked human urine. The method was found to be highly accurate and precise, having a relative standard deviation of less than 4.80% for all applications.
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Patel RB, Patel BG, Patel MR, Bhatt KK. HPTLc method development and validation for analysis of risperidone in formulations, and in-vitro release study. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2010. [DOI: 10.1556/achrom.22.2010.4.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Non-destructive quantitative analysis of risperidone in film-coated tablets. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 47:631-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Bharathi C, Chary DK, Kumar MS, Shankar R, Handa V, Dandala R, Naidu A. Identification, isolation and characterization of potential degradation product in risperidone tablets. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 46:165-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Revised: 08/08/2007] [Accepted: 08/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Skibiński R, Misztal G, Komsta Ł, Korólczyk A. The retention behavior of some atypical antipsychotic drugs in normal-phase TLC. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2006. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.19.2006.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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