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Tozihi M, Bahrami H, Zarifian M, Vahedpour M. Protonation of gabapentin: Ion mobility spectrometry and computational study. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2023; 29:220-230. [PMID: 37357727 DOI: 10.1177/14690667231184106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Protonation of gabapentin was studied using corona discharge ion mobility spectrometry with two types of reactant ions at temperature of 200°C. It was found that at elevated temperatures, ionization of gabapentin proceeds via two channels, including the protonation and reactant ion attachment, in the presence of both hydronium and ammonium reactant ions. The effect of the sample concentration on the relative intensity of product ion peaks was also studied. It turned out that in high concentrations, in addition to the protonation of gabapentin, binding of the reactant ion and the formation of proton-bound dimer also occurred, while in low concentrations, the only product of the ionization process is protonated gabapentin. Density functional theory (DFT) with B3LYP and M062X functionals employing the same basis set 6-311++G(d,p) was used to extend the experimental findings. The structures of the several conformers of neutral and protonated gabapentin were obtained. Based on them, topical proton affinity and topical gas-phase basicity of gabapentin were calculated for selected conformers. The attachment of reactant ions to neutral gabapentin and formation of proton-bound dimer were thermodynamically studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manijeh Tozihi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Hamed Bahrami
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
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Tony RM, El Hamd MA, Gamal M, Saleh SF, Maslamani N, Alsaggaf WT, El-Zeiny MB. Green Bio-Analytical Study of Gabapentin in Human Plasma Coupled with Pharmacokinetic and Bioequivalence Assessment Using UPLC-MS/MS. SEPARATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10040234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gabapentin (GAB) is a cyclohexane acetic acid, structurally related to the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and considered the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS) of mammals. An ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrophotometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for assessing pregabalin (PRE) in human plasma, was developed and validated, via PRE usage as an internal standard. The plasma underwent protein precipitation using methanol, prior to analysis. Chromatographic separation was completed using a mobile phase of methanol: 0.1% formic acid solution, (65:35, v/v), at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min, with an isocratic approach, on an Agilent Eclipse plus column (50 × 2.1 mm and 1.8 μm), in 1.6 min of running time. An Agilent triple quadrupole was used for mass analysis, to detect the ion transitions for GAB and PER, respectively, at m/z of 172.1 → 154.1 and 160.10 → 142.10. The calibration curve, over the linear range of 0.050–10.0 μg/mL, showed a high correlation coefficient, r = 0.9993. The limits of detection and quantitation were 13.37 ng/mL and 40.52 ng/mL, respectively, based on the standard deviation and slope equation. The results for intra- and inter-day measurement accuracy and precision were in acceptable ranges. The method was extended into the assessment of oral administrations of GAB at different doses, of one 600 mg/tablet and two capsules (each one of them has 300 mg of GAB), to volunteers who were used in pharmacokinetics and bioequivalent studies. The AGREE assessment tool was used to visualize the proposed method’s greenness degree, which revealed a high AGREE rating score, supporting the accepted method’s greenness profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab Moussa Tony
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information, Cairo 11571, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. El Hamd
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Gamal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Alshaheed Shehata Ahmed Hegazy St., Beni-Suef 62574, Egypt
| | - Safaa F. Saleh
- Department Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt
| | - Nujud Maslamani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wejdan T. Alsaggaf
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21551, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed B. El-Zeiny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information, Cairo 11571, Egypt
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Mohammadian E, Rahimpour E, Foroumadi A, Alizadeh-Sani M, Hasanvand Z, Jouyban A. Derivatization of γ-Amino Butyric Acid Analogues for Their Determination in the Biological Samples and Pharmaceutical Preparations: A Comprehensive Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1727-1754. [PMID: 34096806 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1916733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) plays an important role in regulating neuronal excitability. Four structurally related drugs to GABA including pregabalin (PGB), gabapentin (GBP), vigabatrin (VGB), and baclofen are used for the treatment of central nervous system disorders. These drugs are small aliphatic molecules having neither fluorescent nor strong absorbance in the ultraviolet/visible region; therefore, direct determination of these analytes by optical methods is difficult. Additionally, their high boiling point makes gas chromatography impossible. Accordingly, the amine or acid moiety in these drugs is derivatized in order to improve their selectivity and sensitivity during determination in the biological samples. This review focuses on derivatization based methods and their different reactions for determination of PGB, GBP, VGB, and baclofen in the biological samples and pharmaceutical preparations reported between 1980 and 2020. High-performance liquid chromatography methods coupled with different detectors are a commonly used methods for determination of GABA analogs after derivatization. These methods cover 38.89% of all developed methods for determination of GABA analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Mohammadian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elaheh Rahimpour
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Foroumadi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Drug Design and Development Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Alizadeh-Sani
- Student's Scientific Research Center, Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zaman Hasanvand
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Jørgenrud B, Skadberg E, de Carvalho Ponce J, Furuhaugen H, Berg T. Determination of the alcohol biomarker phosphatidylethanol 16:0/18:1 and 33 compounds from eight different drug classes in whole blood by LC-MS/MS. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2020; 107:106939. [PMID: 33257303 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2020.106939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Most bioanalytical LC-MS/MS methods are developed for determination of single drugs or classes of drugs, but a multi-compound LC-MS/MS method that can replace several methods could reduce both analysis time and costs. The aim of this study was to develop a high-throughput LC-MS/MS method for determination of the alcohol biomarker phosphatidylethanol 16:0/18:1 (PEth 16:0/18:1) and 33 other compounds from eight different drug classes in whole blood. METHODS Whole-blood samples were prepared by 96-well supported liquid extraction (SLE). Chromatographic separations were performed on a biphenyl core shell column with a mobile phase consisting of 10 mM ammonium formate, pH 3.1 and methanol. Each extract was analyzed twice by LC-MS/MS, injecting 0.4 μL and 2 μL, in order to obtain narrow and symmetrical peaks and good sensitivity for all compounds. Stable isotope-labeled internal standards were used for 31 of the 34 compounds. RESULTS A 96-well SLE reversed phase LC-MS/MS method for determination of PEth 16:0/18:1 and 33 other compounds from eight different drug classes was developed and validated. By using an organic solvent mixture of isopropanol/ methyl tert-butyl ether (1:5, v:v), all compounds, including the polar and ampholytic compounds pregabalin, gabapentin and benzoylecgonine, was extracted by 96-well SLE. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION For the first time an LC-MS/MS method for the determination of alcohol biomarker PEth 16:0/18:1 and drugs and metabolites from several different drug classes was developed and validated. The developed LC-MS/MS method can be used for high-throughput analyses and sensitive determinations of the 34 compounds in whole blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedicte Jørgenrud
- Section of Drug Abuse Research, Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Eline Skadberg
- Section of Drug Abuse Research, Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Julio de Carvalho Ponce
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Av Dr. Arnaldo, 455, Brazil
| | - Håvard Furuhaugen
- Section of Drug Abuse Research, Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Berg
- Section of Drug Abuse Research, Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.
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LC-MS/MS Quantification of Tramadol and Gabapentin Utilizing Solid Phase Extraction. Int J Anal Chem 2018; 2018:1605950. [PMID: 30510578 PMCID: PMC6230401 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1605950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An accurate, highly sensitive, and precise method for quantitative analysis of tramadol (TMD) and gabapentin (GBP) by high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry in human plasma was proposed and validated successfully using venlafaxine and pregabalin as internal standards (ISTDs), respectively. An aliquot of 200 μL of plasma was mixed with internal standard dilution and extraction was performed by using solid phase extraction (SPE) technique. Peak resolution was achieved on Phenomenex PFP column (50×4.6 mm, 2.6 μm). The total analytical run time was 3.8 min. Both analytes were monitored using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) scan and the mass spectrometer was operated in positive polarity mode. The method was validated for specificity, sensitivity, precision, accuracy, and other analytical parameters. The results found were satisfactory over the linear calibration range of 1-500 ng/mL and 10-6000 ng/mL for TMD and GBP, respectively. The developed method can be ready to use by scientific community for quantification of analytes in plasma samples from various clinical studies of different dose strengths.
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Fonseca F, Brito de Barros R, Ilharco LM, Garcia AR. Spectroscopic Methods for Quantifying Gabapentin: Framing the Methods without Derivatization and Application to Different Pharmaceutical Formulations. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 71:2519-2531. [PMID: 28660803 DOI: 10.1177/0003702817716181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed at analyzing the performance of direct spectroscopic methods for the quantification of gabapentin (GABAp), given the lack of previous studies, in comparison with the more reviewed and complex derivatization techniques, discussing their susceptibility to the pharmaceutical formulations. All of the methods analyzed showed high selectivity for this pharmaceutical analyte, with recoveries close to 100%. Absorption spectroscopy without derivatization yielded better sensitivity and lower limits of detection and quantification of gabapentin in aqueous solution (AqSol method) when compared with other solvents, such as acidic solution or ethanol/water mixture. Derivatization with sodium hypochlorite presented the highest precision, whereas derivatization with vanillin exhibited the highest accuracy. The best method for GABAp quantification in terms of highest sensitivity, lowest limits of detection, and quantification, and also with good precision and accuracy, proved to be fluorescence with derivatization by 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan. The effect of the pharmaceutical formulation (nature of excipients) was tested for the most robust and sensitive methods, with and without derivatization, on capsules of five commercial brands. Recoveries in the range of 97.9-101.5% proved that there are no matrix interfering effects. Although not presenting the best performance in all the parameters evaluated, the AqSol method, due to its simplicity, proved to be suitable for the quantification of GABAp in capsules and tables containing the molecule as the active ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico Fonseca
- 1 Departamento de Química e Farmácia, FCT, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Brito de Barros
- 2 Centro de Química-Física Molecular and IN - Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Laura M Ilharco
- 2 Centro de Química-Física Molecular and IN - Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana R Garcia
- 1 Departamento de Química e Farmácia, FCT, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- 2 Centro de Química-Física Molecular and IN - Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Nahar L, Smith A, Patel R, Andrews R, Paterson S. Validated Method for the Screening and Quantification of Baclofen, Gabapentin and Pregabalin in Human Post-Mortem Whole Blood Using Protein Precipitation and Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2017; 41:441-450. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkx019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Lin X, Cai Y, Yan J, Zhang L, Wu D, Li H. Determination of Gabapentin in Human Plasma and Urine by Capillary Electrophoresis with Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection. J Chromatogr Sci 2014; 53:986-92. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmu134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Interchangeability of Gabapentin Generic Formulations in the Netherlands: A Comparative Bioavailability Study. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2013; 94:519-24. [DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2013.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Therapeutic drug monitoring and LC–MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 883-884:33-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Vairamani M, Prabhakar S. Mass spectrometry in India. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2012; 18:1-35. [PMID: 22792611 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This review emphasizes the mass spectrometry research being performed at academic and established research institutions in India. It consists of three main parts covering the work done in organic, atomic and biological mass spectrometry. The review reveals that the use of mass spectrometry techniques started in the middle of the 20th century and was applied to research in the fields of organic, nuclear, geographical and atomic chemistry. Later, with the advent of soft and atmospheric ionization techniques it has been applied to pharmaceutical and biological research. In due course, several research centers with advanced mass spectrometry facilities have been established for specific areas of research such as gas-phase ion chemistry, ion-molecule reactions, proscribed chemicals, pesticide residues, pharmacokinetics, protein/peptide chemistry, nuclear chemistry, geochronological studies, archeology, petroleum industry, proteomics, lipidomics and metabolomics. Day-by-day the mass spectrometry centers/facilities in India have attracted young students for their doctoral research and other advanced research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vairamani
- National Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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Ulu ST, Kel E. Sensitive Spectrofluorimetric Method of Analysis for Gabapentin in Pure and Pharmaceutical Preparations. CHINESE J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201190123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Reid P, Pypendop BH, Ilkiw JE. The Effects of Intravenous Gabapentin Administration on the Minimum Alveolar Concentration of Isoflurane in Cats. Anesth Analg 2010; 111:633-7. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3181e51245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Kolocouri F, Dotsikas Y, Loukas YL. Dried plasma spots as an alternative sample collection technique for the quantitative LC-MS/MS determination of gabapentin. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:1339-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 07/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ebrahimzadeh H, Yamini Y, Firozjaei HA, Kamarei F, Tavassoli N, Rouini MR. Hollow fiber-based liquid phase microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography for the analysis of gabapentin in biological samples. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 665:221-6. [PMID: 20417334 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 03/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Three-phase hollow fiber microextraction technique combined with high performance liquid chromatography-ultra violet (HPLC-UV) was applied for the extraction and determination of gabapentin in biological fluids. Gabapentin (GBP) was derivatized with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, as a UV absorbent agent in borate buffer (pH 8.2) before extraction. The derivative product of GBP was extracted from the 8.5 mL of acidic solution (source phase) into an organic phase (dihexyl ether) impregnated in the pores of a hollow fiber and finally back-extracted into 24 microL of the basic solution (pH 9.1) located inside the lumen of the hollow fiber (receiving phase). The extraction took place due to pH gradient between the inside and outside of the hollow fiber membrane. In order to achieve maximum extraction efficiency, different parameters affecting the extraction conditions were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, preconcentration factor of 95 and detection limit (LOD) of 0.2 microg L(-1) were obtained. The calibration graph was linear within the range of 0.6-5000 microg L(-1). Finally, the feasibility of the proposed method was successfully confirmed by extraction and determination of GBP in human urine and plasma samples in the range of microgram per liter and suitable results were obtained (RSDs<6.3%).
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Themelis DG, Tzanavaras PD, Boulimari EA. Generic Automated Fluorimetric Assay for the Quality Control of Gamma Aminobutyric Acid-Analogue Anti-Epileptic Drugs Using Sequential Injection. ANAL LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710903491146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Manera M, Miró M, Ribeiro MFT, Estela JM, Cerdà V, Santos JLM, Lima JLFC. Rapid chemiluminometric determination of gabapentin in pharmaceutical formulations exploiting pulsed-flow analysis. LUMINESCENCE 2009; 24:10-4. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.1055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Oertel R, Arenz N, Pietsch J, Kirch W. Simultaneous determination of three anticon-vulsants using hydrophilic interaction LC-MS. J Sep Sci 2008; 32:238-43. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Development and application of a validated HPLC method for the analysis of dissolution samples of gabapentin drug products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 46:181-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Revised: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 08/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Peters FT. Stability of analytes in biosamples - an important issue in clinical and forensic toxicology? Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:1505-19. [PMID: 17429615 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1267-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Revised: 03/15/2007] [Accepted: 03/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the stability of drugs in biological samples is important for the interpretation of toxicological findings. This paper reviews data on the stability of drugs in blood, plasma, or serum. Since such data have already been reviewed for classic drugs of abuse, the focus here is on newer drugs of abuse and on therapeutic drugs. Key information about the conditions of the stability experiments will be provided and the following drugs or drug classes are covered: amphetamines, amphetamine-derived, piperazine-derived, and phenethylamine-derived designer drugs, antidepressants, neuroleptics, anti-HIV drugs, antiepileptics, cardiovascular drugs, and others. In addition, aspects of stability experiments and their evaluations are discussed. The data presented show that the majority of drugs are stable in blood, plasma, or serum samples under the conditions usually encountered in a clinical or forensic toxicology laboratory. Instability usually only occurs for drugs carrying ester moieties, sulfur atoms, or other easily oxidized or reduced structures. Nevertheless, clinical or forensic specimens should always be stored at least in the refrigerator and preferably at -20 degrees C or lower to avoid any degradation. Finally, results obtained from biosamples that have been stored at room temperature for a longer time should be interpreted with great care and partial degradation should always be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank T Peters
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Homburg (Saar), Germany.
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Ciavarella AB, Gupta A, Sayeed VA, Khan MA, Faustino PJ. Development and application of a validated HPLC method for the determination of gabapentin and its major degradation impurity in drug products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 43:1647-53. [PMID: 17275240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2006] [Revised: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 12/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple isocratic reversed-phase HPLC method for the determination of gabapentin and its major degradation impurity, 3,3-pentamethylene-4-butyrolactam, was developed and validated for use in the analysis of pharmaceutical tablets and capsules. Separation was achieved on a Brownlee Spheri-5 Cyano column using an acetonitrile-10 mM KH2PO4/10 mM K2HPO4 (pH 6.2) (8:92, v/v) mobile phase. The compounds were eluted isocratically at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Both compounds were analyzed with UV detection at 210 nm. The method was validated according to USP Category I requirements for gabapentin and USP Category II for 3,3-pentamethylene-4-butyrolactam. The validation characteristics included accuracy, precision, linearity, range, specificity, limit of quantitation and robustness. Validation acceptance criteria were met in all cases. This method was used successfully for the quality assessment of four gabapentin drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony B Ciavarella
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Science, Food and Drug Administration, Life Science Building 64, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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Qin W, Zhang Z, Tian Y, Xu F, Wang N, Chen Y. Rapid quantification of lisinopril in human plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2007; 21:415-21. [PMID: 17221934 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
An assay based on protein precipitation and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been developed and validated for the quantitative analysis of lisinopril in human plasma. After the addition of enalaprilat as internal standard (IS), plasma samples were prepared by one-step protein precipitation using perchloric acid followed by an isocratic elution with 10 mm ammonium acetate buffer (pH adjusted to 5.0 with acetic acid)-methanol (70:30, v/v) on a Phenomenex Luna 5 mu C(18) (2) column. Detection was performed on a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer utilizing an electrospray ionization (ESI) interface operating in positive ion and selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode with the precursor to product ion transitions m/z 406 --> 246 for lisinopril and m/z 349 --> 206 for enalaprilat. Calibration curves of lisinopril in human plasma were linear (r = 0.9973-0.9998) over the concentration range 2-200 ng/mL with acceptable accuracy and precision. The limit of detection and lower limit of quantification in human plasma were 1 and 2 ng/mL, respectively. The validated LC-MS/MS method has been successfully applied to a preliminary pharmacokinetic study of lisinopril in Chinese healthy male volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
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Park JH, Jhee OH, Park SH, Lee JS, Lee MH, Shaw LM, Kim KH, Lee JH, Kim YS, Kang JS. Validated LC-MS/MS method for quantification of gabapentin in human plasma: application to pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence studies in Korean volunteers. Biomed Chromatogr 2007; 21:829-35. [PMID: 17428017 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method (LC-MS/MS) for gabapentin (GB) in human plasma has been developed and applied to pharmacokinetic (PK) and bioequivalence (BE) studies in human. In a randomized crossover design with a 1-week period, each subject received a 300 mg GB capsule. The procedure involves a simple protein precipitation with acetonitrile and separated by LC with a Gemini C(18) column using acetonitrile-10 mm ammonium acetate (20:80, v/v, pH 3.2) as mobile phase. The GB and internal standard [(S)-(+)-alpha-aminocyclohexanepropionic acid hydrate] were analyzed using an LC-API 2000 MS/MS in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The ionization was optimized using ESI(+) and selectivity was achieved using MS/MS analysis, m/z 172.0 --> 154.0 and m/z 172.0 --> 126.0 for GB and IS, respectively. The assay exhibited good linearity over a working range of 20-5000 ng/mL for GB in human plasma with a lower limit of quantitation of 20 ng/mL. No endogenous compounds were found to interfere with the analysis. The accuracy and precision were shown for concentrations over the standard ranges. This method was successfully applied for the PK and BE studies by analysis of blood samples taken up to 36 h after an oral dose of 300 mg of GB in 24 healthy volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hee Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
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24
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2006; 41:1520-1531. [PMID: 17103385 DOI: 10.1002/jms.958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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25
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Nirogi RVS, Kandikere VN, Shukla M, Mudigonda K, Maurya S, Boosi R. Quantification of clopidogrel in human plasma by sensitive liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:1695-700. [PMID: 16637000 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive and rapid high-performance liquid chromatography/positive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the assay of clopidogrel in human plasma. Following liquid-liquid extraction, the analytes were separated using an isocratic mobile phase on a reversed-phase column and analyzed by mass spectrometry in the multiple reaction monitoring mode using the respective [M+H](+) ions, m/z 322/212 for clopidogrel and m/z 264/154 for the internal standard. The assay exhibited a linear dynamic range of 5-6000 pg/mL for clopidogrel in human plasma. The lower limit of quantification was 5 pg/mL with a relative standard deviation of less than 8%. Acceptable precision and accuracy were obtained for concentrations over the standard curve range. A run time of 2.5 min for each sample made it possible to analyze more than 400 human plasma samples per day. The validated method has been successfully used to analyze human plasma samples for application in pharmacokinetic, bioavailability or bioequivalence studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramakrishna V S Nirogi
- Biopharmaceutical Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road # 7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500 034, India.
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Ji HY, Jeong DW, Kim YH, Kim HH, Yoon YS, Lee KC, Lee HS. Determination of gabapentin in human plasma using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:2127-32. [PMID: 16773671 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive and selective method for the determination of gabapentin in human plasma was developed using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC/MS/MS). The devised method involved protein precipitation with acetonitrile followed by separation on an Atlantis HILIC silica column using an acetonitrile/ammonium formate mobile phase (100 mM, pH 3.0) (85:15, v/v). Analytes were detected using an electrospray ionization mass spectrometer in the multiple-reaction monitoring mode. The standard curve was linear (r = 1.000) over the concentration range of 50.0-10000 ng/mL. The lower limit of quantification for gabapentin was 50.0 ng/mL (ca. 20 pg gabapentin) using a 10-microL plasma sample. The coefficients of variation and relative errors for intra- and inter-assay at four QC levels (i.e., 50.0, 125, 750, and 7500 ng/mL) were 4.7 to 9.4% and -4.1 to 1.6%, respectively. Absolute and relative matrix effects for gabapentin and metformin were practically absent. Gabapentin and metformin recoveries were 98.5% and 99.0%, respectively. This method was successfully applied to a bioequivalence study of gabapentin in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Young Ji
- Drug Metabolism and Bioanalysis Laboratory, College of Pharmacy and Phytofermentation Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea
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