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Leghissa A, Hildenbrand ZL, Schug KA. A review of methods for the chemical characterization of cannabis natural products. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:398-415. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201701003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allegra Leghissa
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
| | | | - Kevin A. Schug
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
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House C, Lyttle C, Blanchard C. An ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for the detection of cannabinoids in whole blood using solid phase extraction. CANADIAN SOCIETY OF FORENSIC SCIENCE JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2017.1303255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C.J. House
- Forensic Science and Identification Services, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 1200 Vanier Parkway, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R2
| | - C. Lyttle
- Forensic Science and Identification Services, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 1200 Vanier Parkway, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R2
| | - C. Blanchard
- Forensic Science and Identification Services, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 1200 Vanier Parkway, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R2
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Asiabi M, Mehdinia A, Jabbari A. Electrospun biocompatible Chitosan/MIL-101 (Fe) composite nanofibers for solid-phase extraction of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in whole blood samples using Box-Behnken experimental design. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1479:71-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Zgair A, Wong JCM, Sabri A, Fischer PM, Barrett DA, Constantinescu CS, Gershkovich P. Development of a simple and sensitive HPLC-UV method for the simultaneous determination of cannabidiol and Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol in rat plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 114:145-51. [PMID: 26048666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
There has been increased interest in the medical use of cannabinoids in recent years, particularly in the predominant natural cannabinoids, cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The aim of the current study was to develop a sensitive and reliable method for the quantification of CBD and THC in rat plasma. A combination of protein precipitation using cold acetonitrile and liquid-liquid extraction using n-hexane was utilised to extract CBD and THC from rat plasma. Samples were then evaporated and reconstituted in acetonitrile and 30 μL was injected into an HPLC system. Separation was achieved using an ACE C18-PFP 150 mm × 4.6 mm, 3 μm column at 55 °C with isocratic elution using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-water (62:38, v/v) at 1 mL/min for 20 min. Both cannabinoids, as well as the internal standard (4,4-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, DDT) were detected at 220 nm. Our new method showed linearity in the range of 10-10,000 ng/mL and a lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 10 ng/mL for both cannabinoids, which is comparable to previously reported LC-MS/MS methods. Inter- and intra-day precision and accuracy were below 15% RSD and RE, respectively. To demonstrate the suitability of the method for in vivo studies in rats, the assay was applied to a preliminary pharmacokinetic study following IV bolus administration of 5 mg/kg CBD or THC. In conclusion, a simple, sensitive, and cost-efficient HPLC-UV method for the simultaneous determination of CBD and THC has been successfully developed, validated and applied to a pharmacokinetic study in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atheer Zgair
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; College of Pharmacy, University of Anbar, Anbar, Iraq
| | | | - Akmal Sabri
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Peter M Fischer
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - David A Barrett
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Cris S Constantinescu
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham and Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
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Battista N, Sergi M, Montesano C, Napoletano S, Compagnone D, Maccarrone M. Analytical approaches for the determination of phytocannabinoids and endocannabinoids in human matrices. Drug Test Anal 2013; 6:7-16. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Battista
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment; University of Teramo; Teramo Italy
- European Center for Brain Research/Santa Lucia Foundation; Rome Italy
| | - Manuel Sergi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment; University of Teramo; Teramo Italy
| | | | - Sabino Napoletano
- Department of Chemistry; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
- Department of Public Safety, Ministry of Interior; Forensic Service/GIPS; Ancona Italy
| | - Dario Compagnone
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment; University of Teramo; Teramo Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- European Center for Brain Research/Santa Lucia Foundation; Rome Italy
- Center of Integrated Research; Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome; Rome Italy
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Álvarez-Fuentes J, Martín-Banderas L, Muñoz-Rubio I, Holgado MA, Fernández-Arévalo M. Development and validation of an RP-HPLC method for CB13 evaluation in several PLGA nanoparticle systems. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:737526. [PMID: 22792051 PMCID: PMC3385602 DOI: 10.1100/2012/737526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple, fast, and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method has been developed and validated for determining of a cannabinoid derivate, which displays potent antihyperalgesic activity, 1-naphthalenyl[4-(pentyloxy)-1-naphthalenyl]methanone (CB13) into PLGA nanoparticles. Separation was achieved in a C18 column using a mobile phase consisting of two solvents: solvent A, consisting of acetonitrile : water : acetic acid (75 : 23.7 : 1.3 v/v), and solvent B, consisting of acetonitrile. An isocratic method (70 : 30 v/v), with a flow rate of 1.000 mL/min, and a diode array detector were used. The developed method was precise, accurate, and linear over the concentration range of analysis with a limit of detection and a limit of quantification of 0.5 and 1.25 μg/mL, respectively. The developed method was applied to the analysis of CB13 in nanoparticles samples obtained by three different procedures (SEV, FF, and NPP) in terms of encapsulation efficiency and drug release. Nanoparticles size and size distribution were also evaluated founding that NPP method presented the most lowest particle sizes with narrow-size distribution (≈320 nm) and slightly negative zeta potential (≈-25 mV) which presumes a suitable procedure for the synthesis of PLGA-CB13 nanoparticles for oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - M. Fernández-Arévalo
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, C/Profesor García González, 41012 Seville, Spain
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Hjorthøj CR, Fohlmann A, Larsen AM, Arendt M, Nordentoft M. Correlations and agreement between delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in blood plasma and timeline follow-back (TLFB)-assisted self-reported use of cannabis of patients with cannabis use disorder and psychotic illness attending the CapOpus randomized clinical trial. Addiction 2012; 107:1123-31. [PMID: 22151583 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03757.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assess correlations and agreement between timeline follow-back (TLFB)-assisted self-report and blood samples for cannabis use. DESIGN Secondary analysis of a randomized trial. SETTING Copenhagen, Denmark. PARTICIPANTS One hundred and three patients from the CapOpus trial with cannabis use disorder and psychosis, providing 239 self-reports of cannabis use and 88 valid blood samples. MEASUREMENTS Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC) and 11-nor-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH) detected in plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection. Self-report of cannabis-use last month by TLFB. Pearson's r, sensitivity and specificity calculated as measures of correlation or agreement. FINDINGS Correlations were strong; r = 0.75 for number of days and r = 0.83 for number of standard joints in the preceding month when excluding outliers. Including outliers, coefficients were moderate to strong (r = 0.49). There were differences in subgroups, mainly inconsistent, depending on inclusion or exclusion of outliers. Sensitivity and specificity for TLFB detecting the presence or absence of cannabis use were 95.7% [95% confidence interval (CI) 88.0-99.1%) and 72.2% (95% CI 46.5-90.3%), respectively. Using 19 days as cut-off on TLFB, they were 94.3% (95% CI 86.0-98.4%) and 94.4% (95% CI 72.2-99.9%), respectively. Area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.96. CONCLUSIONS Timeline follow-back (TLFB)-assisted self-report of cannabis use correlates highly with plasma-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in patients with comorbid cannabis use disorder and psychosis. Sensitivity and specificity of timeline follow-back appear to be optimized with 19 days as the cut-off point. As such, timeline follow-back may be superior to analysis of blood when going beyond 19 days of recall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Rygaard Hjorthøj
- Mental Health Centre Copenhagen and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen NV, Denmark.
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Moon JY, Kim JY, Moon MH, Chung BC, In MK, Choi MH. Validated gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric analysis of urinary cannabinoids purified with a calcium-hardened β-cyclodextrin polymer. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1204:87-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.07.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2008] [Revised: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Bonhomme-Faivre L, Benyamina A, Reynaud M, Farinotti R, Abbara C. Disposition of Delta tetrahydrocannabinol in CF1 mice deficient in mdr1a P-glycoprotein. Addict Biol 2008; 13:295-300. [PMID: 18331373 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2008.00096.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) plays a major role in drug efflux. All the transported substrates are more or less hydrophobic and amphiphatic in nature. Being lipophilic, Delta(9) tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main cannabis component, could be a potential P-gp substrate. The aim of this project was to determine the contribution of the mdr1a gene product to THC disposition. Therefore, oral THC and digoxin (substrate test for P-gp) pharmacokinetics have been investigated in the intestinal epithelium and in the brain capillary endothelium of CF1 mdr1a-/- mice (mice naturally deficient in P-gp). These pharmacokinetics were compared to THC and digoxin oral pharmacokinetics in wild type mice mdr1a+/+ (not P-gp deficient). The application of Bailer's method showed that THC total exposure measured by the area under the plasma concentration time curve was 2.17-fold higher in CF1 mice naturally deficient in P-gp than in wild type mice after oral administration of 25 mg/kg of THC, and 2.4-fold higher after oral administration of 33 microg/kg of digoxin. As a consequence, the oral bioavailability of THC and digoxin was higher in naturally P-gp-deficient mice. We concluded that P-gp limits THC oral uptake and mediates direct drug excretion from the systemic circulation into the intestinal lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Bonhomme-Faivre
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Hôpital Paul Brousse, 14 Avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, 94800 Villejuif, France.
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Mercolini L, Musenga A, Comin I, Baccini C, Conti M, Raggi MA. Determination of plasma and urine levels of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and its main metabolite by liquid chromatography after solid-phase extraction. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 47:156-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Revised: 12/12/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pragst F. Chapter 13 High performance liquid chromatography in forensic toxicological analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7192(06)06013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Brettell
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Cedar Crest College, 100 College Drive, Allentown, Pennsylvania 18104-6196, USA
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Grauwiler SB, Scholer A, Drewe J. Development of a LC/MS/MS method for the analysis of cannabinoids in human EDTA-plasma and urine after small doses of Cannabis sativa extracts. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 850:515-22. [PMID: 17236827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Revised: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel high-performance liquid chromatographic separation method with tandem-mass spectrometry detection was developed for the simultaneous determination of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and its major metabolites 11-hydroxy-Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC) and 11-nor-Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH) as well as the components cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabinol (CBN) in human EDTA-plasma and urine. Run time was 25 min. Lower limit of quantification was 0.2 ng/ml. The coefficients of variation of all inter- and intra-assay determinations were between 1.3 and 15.5%. The method was successfully applied to the determination of cannabinoids in human plasma and human urine after administration of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol or Cannabis sativa extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra B Grauwiler
- Clinical Chemical Laboratory, Toxicology Section, University Hospital, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
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Kraemer T, Paul LD. Bioanalytical procedures for determination of drugs of abuse in blood. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:1415-35. [PMID: 17468860 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1271-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Revised: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Determination of drugs of abuse in blood is of great importance in clinical and forensic toxicology. This review describes procedures for detection of the following drugs of abuse and their metabolites in whole blood, plasma or serum: Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-hydroxy-Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-nor-9-carboxy-Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-nor-9-carboxy-Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol glucuronide, heroin, 6-monoacetylmorphine, morphine, morphine-6-glucuronide, morphine-3-glucuronide, codeine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, cocaine, benzoylecgonine, ecgonine methyl ester, cocaethylene, other cocaine metabolites or pyrolysis products (norcocaine, norcocaethylene, norbenzoylecgonine, m-hydroxycocaine, p-hydroxycocaine, m-hydroxybenzoylecgonine, p-hydroxybenzoylecgonine, ethyl ecgonine, ecgonine, anhydroecgonine methyl ester, anhydroecgonine ethyl ester, anhydroecgonine, noranhydroecgonine, N-hydroxynorcocaine, cocaine N-oxide, anhydroecgonine methyl ester N-oxide). Metabolites and degradation products which are recommended to be monitored for assessment in clinical or forensic toxicology are mentioned. Papers written in English between 2002 and the beginning of 2007 are reviewed. Analytical methods are assessed for their suitability in forensic toxicology, where special requirements have to be met. For many of the analytes sensitive immunological methods for screening are available. Screening and confirmation is mostly done by gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS) or liquid chromatography (LC)-MS(/MS) procedures. Basic information about the biosample assayed, internal standard, workup, GC or LC column and mobile phase, detection mode, and validation data for each procedure is summarized in two tables to facilitate the selection of a method suitable for a specific analytic problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kraemer
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg (Saar), Germany.
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