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Chen X, Liu D, Gou S, Ji J, Xue Z, Feng S. A novel and sensitive colorimetric detection of PABA by asymmetrically functionalized TA-AuNPs-PEG-FITC based on oriented aggregation. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Narloch I, Wejnerowska G. An Overview of the Analytical Methods for the Determination of Organic Ultraviolet Filters in Cosmetic Products and Human Samples. Molecules 2021; 26:4780. [PMID: 34443367 PMCID: PMC8400378 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
UV filters are a group of compounds commonly used in different cosmetic products to absorb UV radiation. They are classified into a variety of chemical groups, such as benzophenones, salicylates, benzotriazoles, cinnamates, p-aminobenzoates, triazines, camphor derivatives, etc. Different tests have shown that some of these chemicals are absorbed through the skin and metabolised or bioaccumulated. These processes can cause negative health effects, including mutagenic and cancerogenic ones. Due to the absence of official monitoring protocols, there is an increased number of analytical methods that enable the determination of those compounds in cosmetic samples to ensure user safety, as well as in biological fluids and tissues samples, to obtain more information regarding their behaviour in the human body. This review aimed to show and discuss the published studies concerning analytical methods for the determination of organic UV filters in cosmetic and biological samples. It focused on sample preparation, analytical techniques, and analytical performance (limit of detection, accuracy, and repeatability).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grażyna Wejnerowska
- Department of Food Analysis and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, UTP University of Science and Technology, 3 Seminaryjna Street, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
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Sunscreens and their usefulness: have we made any progress in the last two decades? Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:189-244. [PMID: 33721254 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sunscreens have now been around for decades to mitigate the Sun's damaging ultraviolet (UV) radiation which, although essential for the existence of life, is a recognized prime carcinogen. Accordingly, have suncreams achieved their intended purposes towards protection against sunburns, skin photo-ageing and the like? Most importantly, however, have they provided the expected protection against skin cancers that current sunscreen products claim to do? In the last two decades, there have been tens, if not hundreds of studies on sunscreens with respect to skin protection against UVB (280‒320 nm)-traditionally sunscreens with rather low sun protection factors (SPF) were intended to protect against this type of radiation-and UVA (320‒400 nm) radiation; a distinction between SPF and UVA protection factor (UVA-PF) is made. Many of the studies of the last two decades have focused on protection against the more skin-penetrating UVA radiation. This non-exhaustive article reviews some of the important facets of what is currently known about sunscreens with regard (i) to the physical UV filters titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) and the mostly photo-unstable chemical UVB/UVA filters (e.g., octinoxate (OMC) and avobenzone (AVO), among others), (ii) to novel chemical sunscreen agents, (iii) to means that minimize the breakdown of chemical filters and improve their stability when exposed to UV sunlight, (iv) to SPF factors, and (v) to a short discussion on non-melanoma skin cancers and melanoma. Importantly, throughout the article we allude to the safety aspects of sunscreens and at the end ask the question: do active ingredients in sunscreen products pose a risk to human health, and what else can be done to enhance protection? Significant loss of skin protection from two well-known commercial suncreams when exposed to simulated UV sunlight. Cream I: titanium dioxide, ethylhexyl triazone, avobenzone, and octinoxate; Cream II: octyl salicylate, oxybenzone, avobenzone, and octinoxate.
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Wang LH, Cheng PT. Electrochemical Detector for Liquid Chromatography: Determining Minoxidil in Hair-Growth Pharmaceuticals. CURR ANAL CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411014666180731120746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The electrochemical behavior of minoxidil on gold (Au), Glassy Carbon (GCEs),
and Carbon Paste Electrodes (CPEs) was investigated in an aqueous supporting electrolyte (phosphate
buffer [pH 2.0-6.5], acetate buffer [pH 4.3], and Britton and Robinson buffer [pH 2.0-7.4]).
Methods:
For cyclic voltammetric measurements with suitable methodical parameters, CPEs catalyze
electrooxidation of minoxidil more efficiently than do other electrodes. Minoxidil was detected using
high-performance liquid chromatography with an electrochemical (carbon paste) detector (HPLCECD).
For direct current mode, with the current at a constant potential, and measurements with suitable
experimental parameters, a linear concentration from 0.02 to 2.6 mg L-1 was found. The detection
limit was approximately 20 ng m L-1.
Results:
The developed method detected minoxidil samples.
Conclusion:
Findings using HPLC-ECD and HPLC with an ultraviolet detector were comparable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Hao Wang
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, 60 Erh-Jen Road, Section 1, Jen Te, Tainan 71743, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Tung Cheng
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, 60 Erh-Jen Road, Section 1, Jen Te, Tainan 71743, Taiwan
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Rodriguez J, Maibach HI. Percutaneous penetration and pharmacodynamics: Wash-in and wash-off of sunscreen and insect repellent. J DERMATOL TREAT 2015; 27:11-8. [DOI: 10.3109/09546634.2015.1050350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Nash JF, Tanner PR. Relevance of UV filter/sunscreen product photostability to human safety. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2014; 30:88-95. [DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Frank Nash
- Central Product Safety; Global Product Stewardship; The Procter & Gamble Company; Cincinnati OH USA
| | - Paul R. Tanner
- Central Product Safety; Global Product Stewardship; The Procter & Gamble Company; Cincinnati OH USA
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Noninvasive measurement of murine hepatic acetyl-CoA ¹³C-enrichment following overnight feeding with ¹³C-enriched fructose and glucose. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:638085. [PMID: 23841082 PMCID: PMC3691893 DOI: 10.1155/2013/638085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The 13C-isotopomer enrichment of hepatic cytosolic acetyl-CoA of overnight-fed mice whose drinking water was supplemented with [U-13C]fructose, and [1-13C]glucose and p-amino benzoic acid (PABA) was quantified by 13C NMR analysis of urinary N-acetyl-PABA. Four mice were given normal chow plus drinking water supplemented with 5% [1-13C]glucose, 2.5% [U-13C]fructose, and 2.5% fructose (Solution 1) overnight. Four were given chow and water containing 17.5% [1-13C]glucose, 8.75% [U-13C]fructose and 8.75% fructose (Solution 2). PABA (0.25%) was present in both studies. Urinary N-acetyl-PABA was analyzed by 13C NMR. In addition to [2-13C]- and [1,2-13C]acetyl isotopomers from catabolism of [U-13C]fructose and [1-13C]glucose to acetyl-CoA, [1-13C]acetyl was also found indicating pyruvate recycling activity. This precluded precise estimates of [1-13C]glucose contribution to acetyl-CoA while that of [U-13C]fructose was unaffected. The fructose contribution to acetyl-CoA from Solutions 1 and 2 was 4.0 ± 0.4% and 10.6 ± 0.6%, respectively, indicating that it contributed to a minor fraction of lipogenic acetyl-CoA under these conditions.
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Chen M, Zhang Y, Que XT, Ding Y, Yang L, Wen AD, Hang TJ. Pharmacokinetic study of inosiplex tablets in healthy Chinese volunteers by hyphenated HPLC and tandem MS techniques. J Pharm Anal 2013; 3:387-393. [PMID: 29403844 PMCID: PMC5761005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Inosiplex is a compound formulation composed of inosine and p-acetaminobenzoic acid (PABA) salt of N,N-dimethylamino-2-propanol (DIP). This study was to investigate the clinical plasma pharmacokinetic properties of DIP and PABA after single and multiple oral doses of inosiplex tablets in healthy Chinese volunteers. The established LC/MS/MS method for plasma DIP determination had a linear range of 0.02–10 µg/mL, and the HPLC method for plasma PABA determination had a linear range of 0.05–40 µg/mL. Linear pharmacokinetic characteristics were found with single oral doses of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g. No obvious accumulation effects were observed for DIP and PABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiao-Ting Que
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ya Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Ai-Dong Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Tai-Jun Hang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Chisvert A, León-González Z, Tarazona I, Salvador A, Giokas D. An overview of the analytical methods for the determination of organic ultraviolet filters in biological fluids and tissues. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 752:11-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cesarino I, Moraes FC, Machado SAS, PassarettiFilho J, Cardoso AA. A New Indirect Electrochemical Method for Determination of Ozone in Water Using Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes. ELECTROANAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201000756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Liu T, Wu D. Simultaneous determination of some ultraviolet-absorbing chemicals in sunscreen cosmetics using a high-performance liquid chromatography method. Int J Cosmet Sci 2011; 33:408-15. [PMID: 21401649 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2011.00643.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A method of gradient elution high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for simultaneous determination of 11 different ultraviolet-absorbing chemicals of phenylbenzlmldazole sulphonic acid, 4-aminobenzoic acid, benzophenone-4, benzophenone-3, isoamyl p-methoxycinnamate, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor, octocrylene, ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, homosalate, ethylhexyl salicylate, methylene bis-benzotriazolyl tetramethylbutyl phenol was developed for the application to sunscreen cosmetic products. In this study, an Agilent SB-C18 analytical column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) was utilized and methanol, tetrahydrofuran and perchloric acid aqueous solution (0.2 mL HClO(4) + 300 mL H(2)O) were used for gradient elution at a total flow rate of 1.0 mL min(-1). The optimum conditions for 11 different ultraviolet-absorbing chemicals analyses were investigated. All calibration curves showed good linear regression with UV detection (311 nm) within test ranges. The correlation coefficients were better than 0.999 in all cases. The assay was simple, selective, convenient and reproducible and is suitable for the determination of ultraviolet-absorbing chemicals in commercial sunscreen cosmetic products. The use frequency of 11 different ultraviolet absorbents in 100 sunscreen cosmetics was investigated and statistically analysed. The ultraviolet absorbent of maximum use frequency was ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Liu
- China National Cosmetics Quality Supervision & Inspection Center, Beijing 100094, China.
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New hypotheses for the health-protective mechanisms of whole-grain cereals: what is beyond fibre? Nutr Res Rev 2010; 23:65-134. [PMID: 20565994 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422410000041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 593] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have clearly shown that whole-grain cereals can protect against obesity, diabetes, CVD and cancers. The specific effects of food structure (increased satiety, reduced transit time and glycaemic response), fibre (improved faecal bulking and satiety, viscosity and SCFA production, and/or reduced glycaemic response) and Mg (better glycaemic homeostasis through increased insulin secretion), together with the antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic properties of numerous bioactive compounds, especially those in the bran and germ (minerals, trace elements, vitamins, carotenoids, polyphenols and alkylresorcinols), are today well-recognised mechanisms in this protection. Recent findings, the exhaustive listing of bioactive compounds found in whole-grain wheat, their content in whole-grain, bran and germ fractions and their estimated bioavailability, have led to new hypotheses. The involvement of polyphenols in cell signalling and gene regulation, and of sulfur compounds, lignin and phytic acid should be considered in antioxidant protection. Whole-grain wheat is also a rich source of methyl donors and lipotropes (methionine, betaine, choline, inositol and folates) that may be involved in cardiovascular and/or hepatic protection, lipid metabolism and DNA methylation. Potential protective effects of bound phenolic acids within the colon, of the B-complex vitamins on the nervous system and mental health, of oligosaccharides as prebiotics, of compounds associated with skeleton health, and of other compounds such as alpha-linolenic acid, policosanol, melatonin, phytosterols and para-aminobenzoic acid also deserve to be studied in more depth. Finally, benefits of nutrigenomics to study complex physiological effects of the 'whole-grain package', and the most promising ways for improving the nutritional quality of cereal products are discussed.
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Study of p-aminobenzoic acid and its metabolites in human volunteers treated with essential oil formulations using attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and HPLC with fluorometric detection. Mikrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-009-0255-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Balaguer A, Chisvert A, Salvador A, Herraez M, Diez O. A solid-phase extraction and size-exclusion liquid chromatographic method for polyethylene glycol 25 p-aminobenzoic acid determination in urine: Validation for urinary excretion studies of users of sunscreens. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 611:220-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.01.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Revised: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Vidal L, Chisvert A, Canals A, Salvador A. Sensitive determination of free benzophenone-3 in human urine samples based on an ionic liquid as extractant phase in single-drop microextraction prior to liquid chromatography analysis. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1174:95-103. [PMID: 17720175 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Revised: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Benzophenone-3 (BZ3), one of the compounds most commonly used as UV filter in cosmetic products, can be absorbed through the skin into the human body, since it can be found at trace levels in urine from users of cosmetic products that contain BZ3. Moreover, different undesirable effects have been attributed to this compound. Thus, sensitive analytical methods to monitor urinary excretion of this compound should be developed. This paper presents a selective and sensitive methodology for BZ3 determination at ultratrace levels in human urine samples. The methodology is based on a novel microextraction technique, known as single-drop microextraction (SDME). An ionic liquid (IL) has been used as extractant phase instead of an organic solvent. After the microextraction process, the extractant phase was injected into a liquid chromatography system. The variables of interest in the SDME process were optimized using a multivariate optimization approach. A Plackett-Burman design for screening and a circumscribed central composite design for optimizing the significant variables were applied. Ionic strength, extraction time, stirring speed, pH, ionic liquid type, drop volume and sample volume were the variables studied. The optimum experimental conditions found were: sodium chloride concentration, 13% (w/v); extraction time, 25 min; stirring speed, 900 rpm; pH, 2; ionic liquid type, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C(6)MIM][PF(6)]); drop volume, 5 microL; and sample volume, 10 mL. The proposed method requires a standard addition calibration approach, and it has been successfully employed to determine free BZ3 in urine samples coming from human volunteers who applied a sunscreen cosmetic containing this UV filter. The limit of detection was in the order of 1.3 ng mL(-1) and repeatability of the method, expressed as relative standard deviation, was 6% (n=8).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Vidal
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
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