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Hefnawy M, Al-Majed A, Alrabiah H, Algrain N, Mohammed M, Jardan YB. Rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the enantioanalysis of verapamil in rat plasma using superficially porous silica isopropyl-cyclofructan 6 chiral stationary phase after SPE: Application to a stereoselective pharmacokinetic study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 201:114108. [PMID: 33962179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the rapid and sensitive enantioselective analysis of verapamil (VER) in rat plasma was developed and validated using new superficially porous silica isopropyl-cyclofructan 6 chiral column (LarihcShell-P, LSP). The isocratic mobile phase composed of acetonitrile: trifluoroacetic acid: 10 mM ammonium formate (100 : 0.1 : 0.1, v/v/v) at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min was applied. Sulpride was utilized as the internal standard (IS). Positive multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was used for mass spectrometry analysis, and the process of analysis was run for 5.2 min. The (S)-(-)- and (R)-(+)-VER enantiomers with the IS were extracted from plasma by using solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure before the analysis. The C18 cartridge gave good recovery rates for both enantiomers without interference from plasma endogenous. The developed assay was successfully validated following the US-FDA guidelines. The method was linear over concentration ranges of 0.5-500 ng/mL (r2 ≥ 0.997) for each enantiomer (plasma). The lower limits of quantification (LLOQ) for both isomers were 0.5 ng/mL. The intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations (RSD) were less than 8.7 % and the recoveries of (S)-(-)- and (R)-(+)-VER at three spiked levels of 1.5, 250.0 and 450.0 ranged from 92.0%-98.6%. The developed assay was effectively applied in monitoring the stereoselective pharmacokinetic study of VER enantiomers in rat plasma following oral administration of racemic VER. The pharmacokinetic parameters revealed that (S)-(-)-VER demonstrated prominently higher Cmax and AUC values than (R)-(+)-enantiomer. The newly developed approach is the first chiral LC-MS/MS for the quantification of (S)-(-)- and (R)-(+)-VER utilizing superficially porous silica isopropyl-cyclofructan 6 chiral column in rat plasma after SPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Hefnawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
| | - Abdulrhman Al-Majed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haitham Alrabiah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser Algrain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mostafa Mohammed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia; National Organization for Drug Control and Research, P.O. Box 29, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yousef Bin Jardan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Mohammed MS, Hefnawy MM, Al-Majed AA, Alrabiah HK, Algrain NA, Obaidullah AJ, Altamimi AS, Bin Jardan YA, Al-Hossaini AM. Development and Validation of a Chiral Liquid Chromatographic Assay for Enantiomeric Separation and Quantification of Verapamil in Rat Plasma: Stereoselective Pharmacokinetic Application. Molecules 2021; 26:2091. [PMID: 33917412 PMCID: PMC8038655 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel, fast and sensitive enantioselective HPLC assay with a new core-shell isopropyl carbamate cyclofructan 6 (superficially porous particle, SPP) chiral column (LarihcShell-P, LSP) was developed and validated for the enantiomeric separation and quantification of verapamil (VER) in rat plasma. The polar organic mobile phase composed of acetonitrile/methanol/trifluoroacetic acid/triethylamine (98:2:0.05: 0.025, v/v/v/v) and a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min was applied. Fluorescence detection set at excitation/emission wavelengths 280/313 nm was used and the whole analysis process was within 3.5 min, which is 10-fold lower than the previous reported HPLC methods in the literature. Propranolol was selected as the internal standard. The S-(-)- and R-(+)-VER enantiomers with the IS were extracted from rat plasma by utilizing Waters Oasis HLB C18 solid phase extraction cartridges without interference from endogenous compounds. The developed assay was validated following the US-FDA guidelines over the concentration range of 1-450 ng/mL (r2 ≥ 0.997) for each enantiomer (plasma) and the lower limit of quantification was 1 ng/mL for both isomers. The intra- and inter-day precisions were not more than 11.6% and the recoveries of S-(-)- and R-(+)-VER at all quality control levels ranged from 92.3% to 98.2%. The developed approach was successfully applied to the stereoselective pharmacokinetic study of VER enantiomers after oral administration of 10 mg/kg racemic VER to Wistar rats. It was found that S-(-)-VER established higher Cmax and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) values than the R-(+)-enantiomer. The newly developed approach is the first chiral HPLC for the enantiomeric separation and quantification of verapamil utilizing a core-shell isopropyl carbamate cyclofructan 6 chiral column in rat plasma within 3.5 min after solid phase extraction (SPE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa S. Mohammed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.M.); (A.A.A.-M.); (H.K.A.); (N.A.A.); (A.J.O.); (A.M.A.-H.)
- National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Cairo P.O. Box 29, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M. Hefnawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.M.); (A.A.A.-M.); (H.K.A.); (N.A.A.); (A.J.O.); (A.M.A.-H.)
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Abdulrhman A. Al-Majed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.M.); (A.A.A.-M.); (H.K.A.); (N.A.A.); (A.J.O.); (A.M.A.-H.)
| | - Haitham K. Alrabiah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.M.); (A.A.A.-M.); (H.K.A.); (N.A.A.); (A.J.O.); (A.M.A.-H.)
| | - Nasser A. Algrain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.M.); (A.A.A.-M.); (H.K.A.); (N.A.A.); (A.J.O.); (A.M.A.-H.)
| | - Ahmad J. Obaidullah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.M.); (A.A.A.-M.); (H.K.A.); (N.A.A.); (A.J.O.); (A.M.A.-H.)
| | - Abdulmalik S. Altamimi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Yousef A. Bin Jardan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdullah M. Al-Hossaini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.M.); (A.A.A.-M.); (H.K.A.); (N.A.A.); (A.J.O.); (A.M.A.-H.)
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Analytical techniques for the determination of verapamil in biological samples and dosage forms: an overview. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:2189-2205. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2019-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Verapamil (VER) is a calcium channel blocker that is widely used to treat various cardiovascular diseases and is also effective in migraine prophylaxis. As the therapeutic range of VER is very narrow and toxicity can occur in patients after oral administration, therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended to optimize pharmacotherapy. The choice of an appropriate bioanalytical method for therapeutic drug monitoring of VER in the biological samples is a very important step in achieving fast and reliable results. This review focuses on the various analytical methods reported between 1976 and 2019 for the determination of VER in different biological samples and pharmaceutical dosage forms along with their methodological limitations. This review provides an overview for pharmaceutical industry researchers, clinicians and clinical chemists.
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Perna RF, Cremasco MA, Santana CC. CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION OF VERAPAMIL RACEMATE USING A VARICOL CONTINUOUS MULTICOLUMN PROCESS. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-6632.20150324s00003692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. F. Perna
- University of Campinas, Brazil; Federal University of Alfenas, Brazil
| | | | - C. C. Santana
- University of Campinas, Brazil; Tiradentes University, Brazil
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Cardoso JLC, Lanchote VL, Pereira MPM, Capela JMV, de Moraes NV, Lepera JS. Impact of inhalational exposure to ethanol fuel on the pharmacokinetics of verapamil, ibuprofen and fluoxetine as in vivo probe drugs for CYP3A, CYP2C and CYP2D in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 84:99-105. [PMID: 26265240 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Occupational toxicology and clinical pharmacology integration will be useful to understand potential exposure-drug interaction and to shape risk assessment strategies in order to improve occupational health. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of exposure to ethanol fuel on in vivo activities of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes CYP3A, CYP2C and CYP2D by the oral administration of the probe drugs verapamil, ibuprofen and fluoxetine. Male Wistar rats exposed to filtered air or to 2000 ppm ethanol in a nose-only inhalation chamber during (6 h/day, 5 days/week, 6 weeks) received single oral doses of 10 mg/kg verapamil or 25 mg/kg ibuprofen or 10 mg/kg fluoxetine. The enantiomers of verapamil, norverapamil, ibuprofen and fluoxetine in plasma were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The area under the curve plasma concentration versus time extrapolated to infinity (AUC(0-∞)) was calculated using the Gauss-Laguerre quadrature. Inhalation exposure to ethanol reduces the AUC of both verapamil (approximately 2.7 fold) and norverapamil enantiomers (>2.5 fold), reduces the AUC(0-∞) of (+)-(S)-IBU (approximately 2 fold) and inhibits preferentially the metabolism of (-)-(R)-FLU. In conclusion, inhalation exposure of ethanol at a concentration of 2 TLV-STEL (6 h/day for 6 weeks) induces CYP3A and CYP2C but inhibits CYP2D in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juciane Lauren Cavalcanti Cardoso
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera Lucia Lanchote
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Paula Marques Pereira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Natália Valadares de Moraes
- Departamento de Princípios Ativos Naturais e Toxicologia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brazil
| | - José Salvador Lepera
- Departamento de Princípios Ativos Naturais e Toxicologia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brazil.
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Kaur M, Ita KB, Popova IE, Parikh SJ, Bair DA. Microneedle-assisted delivery of verapamil hydrochloride and amlodipine besylate. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 86:284-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Singhal P, Yadav M, Winter S, Guttikar S, Patel D, Mills M, Shrivastav PS. Enantiomeric separation of verapamil and its active metabolite, norverapamil, and simultaneous quantification in human plasma by LC-ESI-MS-MS. J Chromatogr Sci 2012; 50:839-48. [PMID: 22677487 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bms080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A simple, selective and high-throughput liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed and validated for the chromatographic separation and quantification of (R)- and (S)-enantiomers of verapamil and its active metabolite, norverapamil, in human plasma. All four analytes along with deuterated internal standards (D(6)-verapamil and D(6)-norverapamil) were extracted from 50 µL human plasma by liquid-liquid extraction. Separation was achieved on a Chiralcel OD-RH (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) analytical column with resolution factors of 1.4 and 1.9 for (R)- and (S)-enantiomers of verapamil and norverapamil, respectively. A mobile phase consisting of 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid in water-acetonitrile (70:30, v/v) afforded capacity factors of 2.45, 3.05, 2.27 and 3.13 for (R)- and (S)-enantiomers of verapamil and norverapamil, respectively. Detection was carried out on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, operating in the multiple reaction monitoring and positive ion modes. The method was validated over the concentration range of 1.0-250.0 ng/mL for all four analytes. Absolute recovery for the analytes ranged from 91.1 to 108.1%. Matrix factors calculated at three quality control levels varied from 0.96-1.07. The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in 18 healthy Indian males after oral administration of a 240-mg verapamil tablet formulation under fasting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puran Singhal
- Bioanalytical Research Department, Veeda Clinical Research, Ambawadi, Ahmedabad- 380015, India
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Mateus FH, Lepera JS, Marques MP, Boralli VB, Lanchote VL. Influence of N-hexane inhalation on the enantioselective pharmacokinetics and metabolism of verapamil in rats. Chirality 2010; 22:29-34. [PMID: 19229957 DOI: 10.1002/chir.20700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Verapamil (VER) is commercialized as a racemic mixture of the (+)-(R)-VER and (-)-(S)-VER enantiomers. VER is biotransformed into norverapamil (NOR) and other metabolites through CYP-dependent pathways. N-hexane is a solvent that can alter the metabolism of CYP-dependent drugs. The present study investigated the influence of n-hexane (nose-only inhalation exposure chamber at concentrations of 88, 176, and 352 mg/m3) on the kinetic disposition of the (+)-(R)-VER, (-)-(S)-VER, (R)-NOR and (S)-NOR in rats treated with a single dose of racemic VER (10 mg/kg). VER and NOR enantiomers in rat plasma was analyzed by LC-MS/MS (m/z = 441.3 > 165.5 for the NOR and m/z 455.3 > 165.5 for the VER enantiomers) using a Chiralpak AD column. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using a monocompartmental model. The pharmacokinetics of VER was enantioselective in control rats, with higher plasma proportions of the (-)-(S)-VER eutomer (AUC(0-infinity) = 250.8 vs. 120.4 ng/ml/h; P < or = 0.05, Wilcoxon test). The (S)-NOR metabolite was also found to accumulate in plasma of control animals, with an S/R AUC(0-infinity) ratio of 1.5. The pharmacokinetic parameters AUC(0-infinity), Cl/F, Vd/F, and t(1/2) obtained for VER and NOR enantiomers were not altered by nose-only exposure to n-hexane at concentrations of 88, 176, or 352 mg/m3 (P > 0.05, Kruskal-Wallis test). However, the verapamil kinetic disposition was not enantioselective for the animals exposed to n-hexane at concentrations equal to or higher than the TLV-TWA. This finding is relevant considering that the (-)-(S)-VER eutomer is 10-20 times more potent than R-(+)-VER in terms of its chronotropic effect on atrioventricular conduction in rats and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano H Mateus
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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