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Abstract
Nimodipine has been shown to improve outcomes following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Guidelines recommend that all patients receive a fixed dose of oral nimodipine for 21 days. However, pharmacokinetic studies have suggested variability of nimodipine pharmacokinetics in subarachnoid hemorrhage and in other patient populations. The clinical relevance of such variability is unknown. Therefore, the objective of the present review is, first, to conduct a literature review and summarize nimodipine pharmacokinetic data and sources of variability in various patient groups. Second, to determine if there is any evidence reporting an association between nimodipine exposure and clinical outcomes in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. A systematic literature search was performed in MEDLINE and EMBASE. The following keywords were used: ("nimodipine" OR "nymalize" OR "nimotop") AND ("pharmacokinetic*", OR "PK"). The search results were limited to English language and human studies. A large interpatient variability in nimodipine pharmacokinetics has been reported. Patient-specific factors that had an influence on pharmacokinetic parameters are age, comorbidities, variabilities in metabolism due to genetic polymorphism and co-administered medications, as well as nimodipine administration technique. The association between nimodipine exposure and clinical outcomes remains unclear and data available are too scarce to reach a firm conclusion. Here, we present a narrative review with a systematic literature search discussing nimodipine pharmacokinetic variability in various patient populations. It is not clear if minimal or lack of systemic exposure to nimodipine denies its benefit and contributes to worsening outcomes in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Further studies are needed to determine if such an association exists.
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Isse FA, Le T, Mahmoud SH. Enantioselective assay of nimodipine in human plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 35:e4971. [PMID: 32840898 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Nimodipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker that exhibits higher selectivity toward cerebral blood vessels compared with other members of the same class. It has been shown to improve outcomes and prevent delayed cerebral ischemia in the setting of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, a life-threatening brain bleed. Nimodipine is a chiral compound and it is marketed as a racemic mixture of (+)-R and (-)-S enantiomers. (-)-S-Nimodipine is approximately twice as potent a vasorelaxant as the racemic mixture and is more rapidly eliminated than the (+)-R counterpart following oral dosing. Few analytical procedures have been reported to determine nimodipine enantiomers in biological samples; however, the reported methods were time-consuming, involved multistep extraction procedures and required large sample volumes. Herein, we present an LC-MS/MS method for quantifying nimodipine enantiomers in human plasma using a small sample volume (0.3 ml) and a single liquid-liquid extraction step. The peak area ratios were linear over the tested concentration ranges (1.5-75 ng/ml) with r2 > 0.99. The intraday CV and percentage error were within ±14% while the interday values were within ±13%, making this analytical method feasible for research purposes and pharmacokinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadumo Ahmed Isse
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Tyson Le
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sherif Hanafy Mahmoud
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Wang W, Li P, Wu F, Wang Z, Zhang T. Development and optimization of a supercritical fluid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the high-throughput determination of nimodipine in beagle plasma. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:2179-2186. [PMID: 30993887 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive, and efficient supercritical fluid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method was established for the determination of nimodipine in beagle plasma. One-step protein precipitation with acetone was used to extract the analytes from the plasma. Nitrendipine was used as the internal standard. The chromatographic separation was achieved on an ACQUITY UPC2 ™ BEH 2-EP column, and a gradient elution program was applied at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. The detection was carried out on a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer with an electrospray ionization source operating in positive ion mode. Quantification was performed using multiple reaction monitoring of the transitions of m/z 419.3→301.3 for nimodipine and m/z 361.4→315.2 for nitrendipine. A satisfactory linearity was obtained over the concentration range of 0.5-800 ng/mL (r > 0.996). The intra- and interday precision and accuracy results were <9.1% across the quality control levels. The peak concentration and area under concentration-time curve (0-720 min) values of the test and reference formulations were 279.28 ± 211.46 and 265.13 ± 149.26 ng/mL, 25608.00 ± 17553.65 and 28553.67 ± 20207.92 ng·min/mL, respectively. The validated method was successfully applied to reveal the pharmacokinetic profiles of nimodipine in beagle dogs after oral administration. Moreover, the analytical method could be used for further bioequivalence studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Pengyan Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Fengying Wu
- Wuya College of Innovation, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Tianhong Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
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Albanna W, Weiss M, Conzen C, Clusmann H, Schneider T, Reinsch M, Müller M, Wiesmann M, Höllig A, Schubert GA. Systemic and Cerebral Concentration of Nimodipine During Established and Experimental Vasospasm Treatment. World Neurosurg 2017; 102:459-465. [PMID: 28344178 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral nimodipine is an established prophylactic agent for cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). In highly selected cases, intra-arterial (IA) or intravenous (IV) application of nimodipine may be considered; however, the optimum dosage and modality of application remain a matter of debate. The purpose of this investigation is analysis of nimodipine concentration in serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and cerebral microdialysate in the context of currently effective dose and route of application (oral, IA, IV). METHODS We prospectively collected 156 samples from 37 patients treated for aneurysmal SAH from May 2014 to July 2015. Treatment groups were stratified according to modality of application and low-dose or high-dose treatment. At time of sampling, current dose and modality of application effectively sustained cerebral perfusion as documented by common diagnostics. Samples were analyzed for nimodipine concentration via high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS In most cases (94.3%), nimodipine remained below the limit of quantification (0.5 ng/mL) within the brain (microdialysis, cerebrospinal fluid), even during targeted, local application (IA nimodipine). The median serum concentration for all treatment groups was 17.3 ng/mL. Modality of application (oral, IA, IV) was not associated with significant differences in serum concentrations (P = 0.712), even after stratification for dosage (P = 0.371), implying a comparable systemic distribution, if not efficacy. CONCLUSIONS Nimodipine does not accumulate sufficiently within the target organ for treatment monitoring. Comparable systemic concentrations can be observed irrespective of application modality and dosing. Future studies will clarify the role of efficacy-driven treatment algorithms, in which lowest dose and least invasive mode of application still effective should be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Albanna
- Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Miriam Weiss
- Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Catharina Conzen
- Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hans Clusmann
- Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Toni Schneider
- Department of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Marguerite Müller
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Wiesmann
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anke Höllig
- Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Simple and validated UHPLC–MS/MS analysis of nimodipine in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1028:94-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wang C, Lu X, Li L, Zhang R, shi T, Li S. Microdialysis combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of nimodipine in the guinea pig hippocampus. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1017-1018:226-232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Zhao L, Li F. UHPLC-MS strategies and applications for bioanalyses related to pharmacokinetics and drug metabolism. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Guan J, Zhao N, Zhai Y, Chu C, Chen H, Zhang T. Pharmacokinetic performance of the nitrendipine intravenous submicron emulsion in rats. Asian J Pharm Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Baranowska I, Magiera S, Baranowski J. Clinical applications of fast liquid chromatography: a review on the analysis of cardiovascular drugs and their metabolites. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 927:54-79. [PMID: 23462623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
One of the major challenges facing the medicine today is developing new therapies that enhance human health. To help address these challenges the utilization of analytical technologies and high-throughput automated platforms has been employed; in order to perform more experiments in a shorter time frame with increased data quality. In the last decade various analytical strategies have been established to enhance separation speed and efficiency in liquid chromatography applications. Liquid chromatography is an increasingly important tool for monitoring drugs and their metabolites. Furthermore, liquid chromatography has played an important role in pharmacokinetics and metabolism studies at these drug development stages since its introduction. This paper provides an overview of current trends in fast chromatography for the analysis of cardiovascular drugs and their metabolites in clinical applications. Current trends in fast liquid chromatographic separations involve monolith technologies, fused-core columns, high-temperature liquid chromatography (HTLC) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). The high specificity in combination with high sensitivity makes it an attractive complementary method to traditional methodology used for routine applications. The practical aspects of, recent developments in and the present status of fast chromatography for the analysis of biological fluids for therapeutic drug and metabolite monitoring, pharmacokinetic studies and bioequivalence studies are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Baranowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 7M. Strzody Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
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Development and Validation of a RP-HPLC Method for Determination of Nimodipine in Sustained Release Tablets. J CHEM-NY 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/612082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive, and reproducible reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method with UV detector for the determination of nimodipine in sustained release tablets was developed. The method involved using a SinoChoom ODS-BP C18reversed phase column (5 μm, 4.6 mm × 200 mm) and mobile phase consisting of methanol-acetonitrile-water (35 : 38 : 27, v/v). The flow rate is 1.0 mL/min, the UV detector was operated at 237 nm, and the column was maintained at 25°C. The method was validated according to official compendia guidelines. The calibration curve of nimodipine for RP-HPLC method was linear over the range of 10–100 μg/mL. The retention time was found at 7.50 min for nimodipine. The variation for interday and intraday assay was found to be less than 0.72%. The proposed RP-HPLC was proved to be suitable for the determination of nimodipine in sustained release tablets.
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Riekes MK, Rauber GS, Kuminek G, Tagliari MP, Cardoso SG, Stulzer HK. Determination of Nimodipine in the Presence of its Degradation Products and Overall Kinetics through a Stability-Indicating LC Method. J Chromatogr Sci 2012; 51:511-6. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bms174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Zhang X, Zhao T, Cheng T, Liu X, Zhang H. Rapid resolution liquid chromatography (RRLC) analysis of amino acids using pre-column derivatization. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 906:91-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Revised: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Locatelli M, Governatori L, Carlucci G, Genovese S, Mollica A, Epifano F. Recent application of analytical methods to phase I and phase II drugs development: a review. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 26:283-300. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Locatelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi ‘G. D'Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara; Via dei Vestini 31; 66100; Chieti (CH); Italy
| | - Luciana Governatori
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi ‘G. D'Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara; Via dei Vestini 31; 66100; Chieti (CH); Italy
| | - Giuseppe Carlucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi ‘G. D'Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara; Via dei Vestini 31; 66100; Chieti (CH); Italy
| | - Salvatore Genovese
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi ‘G. D'Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara; Via dei Vestini 31; 66100; Chieti (CH); Italy
| | - Adriano Mollica
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi ‘G. D'Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara; Via dei Vestini 31; 66100; Chieti (CH); Italy
| | - Francesco Epifano
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi ‘G. D'Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara; Via dei Vestini 31; 66100; Chieti (CH); Italy
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Wang D, Jiang K, Yang S, Qin F, Lu X, Li F. Determination of nifedipine in human plasma by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its application in a pharmacokinetic study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:1827-32. [PMID: 21601538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2011] [Revised: 04/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A fast, sensitive and selective ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for the determination of nifedipine in human plasma. Nitrendipine was used as the internal standard. The sample preparation employed liquid-liquid extraction with a mixture of n-hexane-diethyl ether (1:3, v/v). Chromatographic separation was performed on an ACQUITY UPLC™ BEH C(18) column. The mobile phase was composed of acetonitrile-10 mmol/L ammonium acetate (75:25, v/v) with a flow rate of 0.20 mL/min. The detection was performed on a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode via electrospray ionization (ESI) source. A high throughput was achieved with a run time of 1.4 min per sample. The linear calibration curves were obtained in the concentration range of 0.104-52.0 ng/mL (r(2)≥ 0.99) with a lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 0.104 ng/mL. The intra- and inter-day precision (relative standard deviation, RSD) values were below 15% and the accuracy (relative error, RE) was -4.0% to 6.2% at three quality control levels. The method was fully validated and successfully applied to a clinical pharmacokinetic study of nifedipine sustained-release tablet in healthy male volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103# Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, PR China
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Nascimento DFD, Moraes MOD, Bezerra FAF, Pontes AV, Uchoa CRA, Moraes RAD, Leite IO, Santana GSDM, Santana APM, Leite ALAES, Pedrazzoli Júnior J, Moraes MEAD. Determination of nimodipine in plasma by HPLC-MS/MS and pharmacokinetic application. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502010000400008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop and validate a rapid, specific and highly sensitive method to quantify nimodipine in human plasma using dibucaine as the internal standard (IS). The analyte and IS were extracted from plasma samples by liquid-liquid extraction using hexane-ethyl acetate (1:1 v/v). The chromatographic separation was performed on a Varian® Polaris C18 analytical column (3 μm, 50 x 2.0 mm) and pre-column SecurityguardTM C18 (4.0 x 3.0 mm) with a mobile phase of Acetonitrile-Ammonium acetate 0.02 ml/L (80:20v/v). The method had a chromatographic run time of 4.5 min and linear calibration curve over the range of 0.1- 40 ng/mL (r > 0.9938). The limit of quantification was 100 pg/mL. Acceptable precision and accuracy were obtained for concentrations over the standard curve ranges. This validated method was successfully applied in determining the pharmacokinetic profile of nimodipine tablets of 30 mg administered to 24 healthy volunteers. The proposed method of analysis provided a sensitive and specific assay for nimodipine determination in human plasma. The time for the determination of one plasma sample was 4.5 min. This method is suitable for the analysis of nimodipine in human plasma samples collected for pharmacokinetic, bioavailability or bioequivalence studies in humans.
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Nováková L, Vlčková H. A review of current trends and advances in modern bio-analytical methods: Chromatography and sample preparation. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 656:8-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Li L, Wang S, Liu X, Sun J, Zhu M, Sun Y, Meng P, Sui X, Yang X, Sun Y, He Z. Determination of Armillarisin A in Rat Plasma by SPE and LC-MS-MS. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1264-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Barmpalexis P, Kanaze FI, Georgarakis E. Developing and optimizing a validated isocratic reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography separation of nimodipine and impurities in tablets using experimental design methodology. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 49:1192-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wang W, Li CY, Wen XD, Li P, Qi LW. Plasma pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion study of 6-gingerol in rat by liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 49:1070-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Revised: 12/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Tfelt-Hansen P, Tfelt-Hansen J. Verapamil for cluster headache. Clinical pharmacology and possible mode of action. Headache 2009; 49:117-25. [PMID: 19125880 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2008.01298.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Verapamil is used mainly in cardiovascular diseases. High-dose verapamil (360-720 mg) is, however, currently the mainstay in the prophylactic treatment of cluster headache. The oral pharmacokinetics are variable. The pharmacodynamic effect of verapamil, the effect on blood pressure, also varies considerably among subjects. The dose of verapamil used for cluster headache is approximately double the dose used in cardiovascular disease, most likely because verapamil is a substrate for the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein in the blood-brain barrier. The access of verapamil to the central nervous system is therefore limited. The clinical use of verapamil in cluster headache is reviewed and several relevant drug interactions are mentioned. Finally, its possible mode of action in cluster headache is discussed. The effect of verapamil in cluster headache most likely takes place in the hypothalamus.Verapamil is an L-type calcium channel blocker but it is also a blocker of other calcium channels (T-, P-, and possibly N- and Q-type Ca(2+) channels) and the human ether-a-go-go-related gene potassium channel. With so many different actions of verapamil, it is impossible at the present time to single out a certain mode of action of the drug in cluster headache.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peer Tfelt-Hansen
- Danish Headache Centre, Department of Neurology, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
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Yu ZG, Liu B, Jiang ZH, Zhang GL. Simultaneous determination of herbicide mefenacet and its metabolites residues in river water by solid phase extraction and rapid resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with pre-column derivatization. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:3090-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.01.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mallett DN, Ramírez-Molina C. The use of partially porous particle columns for the routine, generic analysis of biological samples for pharmacokinetic studies in drug discovery by reversed-phase ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 49:100-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Revised: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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