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Naplekov D, Jadeja S, Fučíková AM, Švec F, Sklenářová H, Lenčo J. Easy, Robust, and Repeatable Online Acid Cleavage of Proteins in Mobile Phase for Fast Quantitative LC-MS Bottom-Up Protein Analysis─Application for Ricin Detection. Anal Chem 2023; 95:12339-12348. [PMID: 37565982 PMCID: PMC10448442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Sample preparation involving the cleavage of proteins into peptides is the first critical step for successful bottom-up proteomics and protein analyses. Time- and labor-intensiveness are among the bottlenecks of the commonly used methods for protein sample preparation. Here, we report a fast online method for postinjection acid cleavage of proteins directly in the mobile phase typically used for LC-MS analyses in proteomics. The chemical cleavage is achieved in 0.1% formic acid within 35 s in a capillary heated to 195 °C installed upstream of the analytical column, enabling the generated peptides to be separated. The peptides generated by the optimized method covered the entire sequence except for one amino acid of trastuzumab used for the method development. The qualitative results are extraordinarily stable, even over a long period of time. Moreover, the method is also suitable for accurate and repeatable quantification. The procedure requires only one manual step, significantly decreasing sample transfer losses. To demonstrate its practical utility, we tested the method for the fast detection of ricin. Ricin can be unambiguously identified from an injection of 10 ng, and the results can be obtained within 7-8 min after receiving a suspicious sample. Because no sophisticated accessories and no additional reagents are needed, the method can be seamlessly transferred to any laboratory for high-throughput proteomic workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis
K. Naplekov
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Siddharth Jadeja
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Myslivcová Fučíková
- Department
of Biology, Faculty of Science, University
of Hradec Králové, Hradecká 1285, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - František Švec
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Sklenářová
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Juraj Lenčo
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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2
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Li Y, Xie S, Yao J. Singlet oxygen generation for selective oxidation of emerging pollutants in a flow-by electrochemical system based on natural air diffusion cathode. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:17854-17864. [PMID: 36201074 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23364-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The decay of free radicals involved in side reactions is one of the challenges faced by electrochemical degradation of organic pollutants. To this end, a non-radical oxidation system was constructed by a natural air diffusion cathode (ADC) and a Ti-based dimensional stable anode coated by RuO2 (RuO2-Ti anode) for cathodic hydrogen peroxide activation by anodic chlorine evolution. The ADC fabricated by the carbon black of BP2000 produced a stable concentration of hydrogen peroxide of 339.94 mg L-1 (current efficiency of 73.4%) without aeration, which was superior to the cathode made by the XC72 carbon black. The flow-by ADC-RuO2 system consisted of an ADC and a RuO2-Ti anode showed high selectivity to aniline (AN) compared to benzoate (BA) in a NaCl electrolyte, whose degradation efficiencies were 97.72% and 1.3%, respectively. Rapid degradations of a mixture of emerging pollutants and AN were also observed in the ADC-RuO2 system, with pseudo-first-order kinetic constants of 0.51, 1.29, 0.89, and 0.99 min-1 for Bisphenol A (BPA), tetracycline (TC), sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and AN, respectively. Quenching experiments revealed the main reactive oxygen species for the pollutant degradation was singlet oxygen (1O2), which was also identified by the electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis. Finally, the steady-stable content of 1O2 was quantitatively determined to be 6.25 × 10-11 M by the method of furfuryl alcohol (FFA) probe. Our findings provide a fast, low energy consumption and well controlled electrochemical oxidation method for selective degradation of organic pollutants. H2O2 generated on an air diffusion cathode by naturally diffused O2, reacts with ClO- produced from chloride oxidation on the RuO2-Ti anode to form singlet oxygen (1O2). The electrochemical system shows an efficient oxidation to electron-rich emerging pollutants including bisphenol A, tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole and aniline, but a poor performance on the electron-deficient compounds (e.g., benzoate).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- School of Urban Construction, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiwei Xie
- School of Urban Construction, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of High Performance Engineering Structure, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiaxiong Yao
- School of Urban Construction, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Bao'an Songgang Water Supply Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518100, People's Republic of China
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3
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Potential and Scale-Up of Pore-Through-Flow Membrane Reactors for the Production of Prebiotic Galacto-Oligosaccharides with Immobilized β-Galactosidase. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of prebiotics like galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) on industrial scale is becoming more important due to increased demand. GOS are synthesized in batch reactors from bovine lactose using the cost intensive enzyme β-galactosidase (β-gal). Thus, the development of sustainable and more efficient production strategies, like enzyme immobilization in membrane reactors are a promising option. Activated methacrylatic monoliths were characterized as support for covalent immobilized β-gal to produce GOS. The macroporous monoliths act as immobilized pore-through-flow membrane reactors (PTFR) and reduce the influence of mass-transfer limitations by a dominating convective pore flow. Monolithic designs in the form of disks (0.34 mL) and for scale-up cylindric columns (1, 8 and 80 mL) in three different reactor operation configurations (semi-continuous, continuous and continuous with recirculation) were studied experimentally and compared to the free enzyme system. Kinetic data, immobilization efficiency, space-time-yield and long-term stability were determined for the immobilized enzyme. Furthermore, simulation studies were conducted to identify optimal operation conditions for further scale-up. Thus, the GOS yield could be increased by up to 60% in the immobilized PTFRs in semi-continuous operation compared to the free enzyme system. The enzyme activity and long-time stability was studied for more than nine months of intensive use.
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4
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Development of an In-Line Enzyme Reactor Integrated into a Capillary Electrophoresis System. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195902. [PMID: 34641446 PMCID: PMC8513095 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this paper was to develop an in-line immobilized enzyme reactor (IMER) integrated into a capillary electrophoresis platform. In our research, we created the IMER by adsorbing trypsin onto the inner surface of a capillary in a short section. Enzyme immobilization was possible due to the electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged fused silica capillary surface and trypsin. The reactor was formed by simply injecting and removing trypsin solution from the capillary inlet (~1–2 cms). We investigated the factors affecting the efficiency of the reactor. The main advantages of the proposed method are the fast, cheap, and easy formation of an IMER with in-line protein digestion capability. Human tear samples were used to test the efficiency of the digestion in the microreactor.
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5
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Nagy C, Huszank R, Gaspar A. Study of the geometry of open channels in a layer-bed-type microfluidic immobilized enzyme reactor. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:6321-6332. [PMID: 34378068 PMCID: PMC8487885 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03588-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims at studying open channel geometries in a layer-bed-type immobilized enzyme reactor with computer-aided simulations. The main properties of these reactors are their simple channel pattern, simple immobilization procedure, regenerability, and disposability; all these features make these devices one of the simplest yet efficient enzymatic microreactors. The high surface-to-volume ratio of the reactor was achieved using narrow (25–75 μm wide) channels. The simulation demonstrated that curves support the mixing of solutions in the channel even in strong laminar flow conditions; thus, it is worth including several curves in the channel system. In the three different designs of microreactor proposed, the lengths of the channels were identical, but in two reactors, the liquid flow was split to 8 or 32 parallel streams at the inlet of the reactor. Despite their overall higher volumetric flow rate, the split-flow structures are advantageous due to the increased contact time. Saliva samples were used to test the efficiencies of the digestions in the microreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Nagy
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Robert Huszank
- Institute for Nuclear Research (Atomki), P.O. Box 51, Debrecen, 4001, Hungary
| | - Attila Gaspar
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
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6
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Pottratz I, Schmidt C, Müller I, Hamel C. Immobilization of
β
‐Galactosidase on Monolithic Discs for the Production of Prebiotics Galacto‐oligosaccharides. CHEM-ING-TECH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202000231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ines Pottratz
- Anhalt University of Applied Sciences Applied Biosciences and Process Engineering Bernburger Straße 55 06366 Koethen Germany
| | - Christoph Schmidt
- Anhalt University of Applied Sciences Applied Biosciences and Process Engineering Bernburger Straße 55 06366 Koethen Germany
| | - Ines Müller
- Anhalt University of Applied Sciences Applied Biosciences and Process Engineering Bernburger Straße 55 06366 Koethen Germany
| | - Christof Hamel
- Anhalt University of Applied Sciences Applied Biosciences and Process Engineering Bernburger Straße 55 06366 Koethen Germany
- Otto von Guericke University Institute of Process Engineering Universitätsplatz 2 39106 Magdeburg Germany
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7
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Mao Y, Fan R, Li R, Ye X, Kulozik U. Flow-through enzymatic reactors using polymer monoliths: From motivation to application. Electrophoresis 2020; 42:2599-2614. [PMID: 33314167 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The application of monolithic materials as carriers for enzymes has rapidly expanded to the realization of flow-through analysis and bioconversion processes. This expansion is partly attributed to the absence from diffusion limitation in many monoliths-based enzyme reactors. Particularly, the relatively ease of introducing functional groups renders polymer monoliths attractive as enzyme carriers. After summarizing the motivation to develop enzymatic reactors using polymer monoliths, this review reports the most recent applications of such reactors. Besides, the present review focuses on the crucial characteristics of polymer monoliths affecting the immobilization of enzymes and the processing parameters dictating the performance of the resulting enzymatic reactors. This review is intended to provide a guideline for designing and applying flow-through enzymatic reactors using polymer monoliths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Mao
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Rong Fan
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Renkuan Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Xiuyun Ye
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Ulrich Kulozik
- Chair of Food and Bioprocess Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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8
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From proof of concept to the routine use of an automated and robust multi-dimensional liquid chromatography mass spectrometry workflow applied for the charge variant characterization of therapeutic antibodies. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1615:460740. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Nagy C, Kecskemeti A, Gaspar A. Fabrication of immobilized enzyme reactors with pillar arrays into polydimethylsiloxane microchip. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1108:70-78. [PMID: 32222246 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper demonstrates the design, efficiency and applicability of a simple and inexpensive microfluidic immobilized enzymatic reactor (IMER) for rapid protein digestion. The high surface-to-volume ratio (S/V) of the reactor was achieved by forming pillars in the channel. It was found that pillar arrays including dimensions of 40 μm × 40 μm as pillar diameter and interpillar distance can provide both relatively high S/V and flow rate in the PDMS chip, the fabrication of which was performed by means of soft lithography using average research laboratory infrastructure. CZE peptide maps of IMER-based digestions were compared to peptide maps obtained from standard in-solution digestion of proteins. The peak patterns of the electropherograms and the identified proteins were similar, however, digestion with the IMER requires less than 10 min, while in-solution digestion takes 16 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Nagy
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Adam Kecskemeti
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Attila Gaspar
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
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10
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Mao Y, Krischke M, Kulozik U. β-Lactoglobulin hydrolysis by a flow-through monolithic immobilized trypsin reactor in ethanol/aqueous solvents. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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11
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Kecskemeti A, Gaspar A. Particle-based immobilized enzymatic reactors in microfluidic chips. Talanta 2018; 180:211-228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Kjellander M, Billinger E, Ramachandraiah H, Boman M, Bergström Lind S, Johansson G. A flow-through nanoporous alumina trypsin bioreactor for mass spectrometry peptide fingerprinting. J Proteomics 2018; 172:165-172. [PMID: 28942014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry-based proteomics benefits from efficient digestion of protein samples. In this study, trypsin was immobilized on nanoporous anodized alumina membranes to create an enzyme reactor suitable for peptide mass fingerprinting. The membranes were derivatized with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and the amino groups were activated with carbonyldiimidazole to allow coupling of porcine trypsin via ε-amino groups. The function was assessed using the artificial substrate Nα-Benzoyl-L-arginine 4-nitroanilide hydrochloride, bovine ribonuclease A and a human plasma sample. A 10-membrane flow-through reactor was used for fragmentation and MS analysis after a single pass of substrate both by collection of product and subsequent off-line analysis, and by coupling on-line to the instrument. The peptide pattern allowed correct identification of the single target protein in both cases, and of >70 plasma proteins in single pass mode followed by LC-MS analysis. The reactor retained 76% of the initial activity after 14days of storage and repeated use at room temperature. SIGNIFICANCE This manuscript describes the design of a stable enzyme reactor that allows efficient and fast digestion with negligible leakage of enzyme and enzyme fragments. The high stability facilitates the use in an online-setup with MS detection since it allows the processing of multiple samples within an extended period of time without replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Kjellander
- Dept. of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, BMC, Husargatan 3, Box 576, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erika Billinger
- Dept. of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, BMC, Husargatan 3, Box 576, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Harisha Ramachandraiah
- Dept. of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, BMC, Husargatan 3, Box 576, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Boman
- Dept. of Chemistry-Ångström, Uppsala University, Ångströmlaboratoriet, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, Box 538, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Bergström Lind
- Dept. of Chemistry-BMC, Analytical Chemistry and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Johansson
- Dept. of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, BMC, Husargatan 3, Box 576, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
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13
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Macroporous monoliths for biodegradation study of polymer particles considered as drug delivery systems. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 145:169-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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Brandtzaeg OK, Røen BT, Enger S, Lundanes E, Wilson SR. Multichannel Open Tubular Enzyme Reactor Online Coupled with Mass Spectrometry for Detecting Ricin. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8667-8673. [PMID: 28783436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
For counterterrorism purposes, a selective nano liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (nanoLC-MS) platform was developed for detecting the highly lethal protein ricin from castor bean extract. Manual sample preparation steps were omitted by implementing a trypsin/Lys-C enzyme-immobilized multichannel reactor (MCR) consisting of 126 channels (8 μm inner diameter in all channels) that performed online digestion of proteins (5 min reaction time, instead of 4-16 h in previous in-solution methods). Reduction and alkylation steps were not required. The MCR allowed identification of ricin by signature peptides in all targeted mode injections performed, with a complete absence of carry-over in blank injections. The MCRs (interior volume ≈ 1 μL) have very low backpressure, allowing for trivial online coupling with commercial nanoLC-MS systems. The open tubular nature of the MCRs allowed for repeatable within/between-reactor preparation and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bent-Tore Røen
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI) , P.O. Box 25, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Siri Enger
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI) , P.O. Box 25, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Elsa Lundanes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo , P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Steven Ray Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo , P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
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15
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Mao Y, Černigoj U, Zalokar V, Štrancar A, Kulozik U. Production of β-Lactoglobulin hydrolysates by monolith based immobilized trypsin reactors. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:2947-2956. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Mao
- Technical University of Munich; Chair for Food and Bioprocess Engineering; Freising-Weihenstephan Germany
| | | | | | | | - Ulrich Kulozik
- Technical University of Munich; Chair for Food and Bioprocess Engineering; Freising-Weihenstephan Germany
- Institute for Food and Health (ZIEL) - Technology Unit; Freising-Weihenstephan Germany
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16
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Chen WQ, Obermayr P, Černigoj U, Vidič J, Panić-Janković T, Mitulović G. Immobilized monolithic enzymatic reactor and its application for analysis of in-vitro fertilization media samples. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:2957-2964. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Qiang Chen
- Clinical Institute of Laboratory Medicine; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | | | | | - Jana Vidič
- BIA Separations d.o.o; Ajdovščina Slovenia
| | - Tanta Panić-Janković
- Clinical Institute of Laboratory Medicine; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Goran Mitulović
- Clinical Institute of Laboratory Medicine; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
- Proteomics Core Facility; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
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17
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Optimized endodextranase-epoxy CIM ® disk reactor for the continuous production of molecular weight-controlled prebiotic isomalto-oligosaccharides. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Towards automation in protein digestion: Development of a monolithic trypsin immobilized reactor for highly efficient on-line digestion and analysis. Talanta 2017; 167:143-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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19
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Šlechtová T, Gilar M, Kalíková K, Moore SM, Jorgenson JW, Tesařová E. Performance comparison of three trypsin columns used in liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1490:126-132. [PMID: 28215403 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Trypsin is the most widely used enzyme in proteomic research due to its high specificity. Although the in-solution digestion is predominantly used, it has several drawbacks, such as long digestion times, autolysis, and intolerance to high temperatures or organic solvents. To overcome these shortcomings trypsin was covalently immobilized on solid support and tested for its proteolytic activity. Trypsin was immobilized on bridge-ethyl hybrid silica sorbent with 300Å pores, packed in 2.1×30mm column and compared with Perfinity and Poroszyme trypsin columns. Catalytic efficiency of enzymatic reactors was tested using Nα-Benzoyl-l-arginine 4-nitroanilide hydrochloride as a substrate. The impact of buffer pH, mobile phase flow rate, and temperature on enzymatic activity was investigated. Digestion speed generally increased with the temperature from 20 to 37°C. Digestion speed also increased with pH from 7.0 to 9.0; the activity of prototype enzyme reactor was highest at pH 9.0, when it activity exceeded both commercial reactors. Preliminary data for fast protein digestion are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Šlechtová
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 43, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Gilar
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA 01757, USA.
| | - Květa Kalíková
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 43, Prague, Czechia
| | - Stephanie M Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | - James W Jorgenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | - Eva Tesařová
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 43, Prague, Czechia
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20
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Duarte Neto JMW, Maciel JDC, Campos JF, Carvalho Junior LBD, Marques DAV, Lima CDA, Porto ALF. Optimization of Penicillium aurantiogriseum protease immobilization on magnetic nanoparticles for antioxidant peptides' obtainment. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 47:644-654. [PMID: 28278110 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2017.1292286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This work reports an optimization of protease from Penicillium aurantiogriseum immobilization on polyaniline-coated magnetic nanoparticles for antioxidant peptides' obtainment derived from bovine casein. Immobilization process was optimized using a full two-level factorial design (24) followed by a response surface methodology. Using the derivative, casein was hydrolyzed uncovering its peptides that were sequenced and had antioxidant properties tested through (2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt) (ABTS) radical scavenging and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays. Optimal conditions for immobilization were 2 hr of immobilization, offered protein amount of 200 µg/mL, immobilization pH of 6.3 and 7.3 hr of activation. Derivative keeps over 74% of its original activity after reused five times. Free and immobilized enzyme casein hydrolysates presented similar peptide mass fingerprints, and prevalent peptides could be sequenced. Hydrolysates presented more than 2.5× higher ROS scavenging activity than nonhydrolyzed casein, which validates the immobilized protease capacity to develop casein-derived natural ingredients with potential for functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jackeline da Costa Maciel
- a Keizo Asami immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco , Recife , PE , Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Bezerra de Carvalho Junior
- a Keizo Asami immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco , Recife , PE , Brazil.,c Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE) , Recife , PE , Brazil
| | | | | | - Ana Lúcia Figueiredo Porto
- a Keizo Asami immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco , Recife , PE , Brazil.,d University of Pernambuco, Serra Talhada Campus , Serra Talhada , PE , Brazil
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Kecskemeti A, Gaspar A. Preparation and characterization of a packed bead immobilized trypsin reactor integrated into a PDMS microfluidic chip for rapid protein digestion. Talanta 2017; 166:275-283. [PMID: 28213235 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This paper demonstrates the design, efficiency and applicability of a simple, inexpensive and high sample throughput microchip immobilized enzymatic reactor (IMER) for rapid protein digestion. The IMER contains conventional silica particles with covalently immobilized trypsin packed inside of a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microchip channel (10mm×1mm×35µm). The microchip consists of 9 different channels, enabling 9 simultaneous protein digestions. Trypsin was covalently immobilized using carbodiimide activation, the ideal trypsin/silica particle ratio (i.e. measured mass ratio before the immobilization reaction) was determined. The amount of immobilized trypsin was 10-15μg trypsin for 1mg silica particle. Migration times of CZE peptide maps showed good repeatability and reproducibility (RSD%=0.02-0.31%). The IMER maintained its activity for 2 months, in this period it was used effectively for rapid proteolysis. Four proteins (myoglobin, lysozyme, hemoglobin and albumin) in a wide size range (15-70kDa) were digested to demonstrate the applicability of the reactor. Their CZE peptide maps were compared to peptide maps obtained from standard in-solution digestion of the four proteins. The number of peptide peaks correlated well with the theoretically expected peptide number in both cases, the peak patterns of the electropherograms were similar, however, digestion with the microchip IMER requires only <10s, while in-solution digestion takes 16h. LC-MS/MS peptide mapping was also carried out, the four proteins were identified with satisfying sequence coverages (29-50%), trypsin autolysis peptides were not detected. The protein content of human serum was digested with the IMER and with in-solution digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kecskemeti
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
| | - Attila Gaspar
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, Debrecen 4032, Hungary.
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22
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Vlakh EG, Platonova GA, Tennikova TB. The preparation and study of the properties of macroporous monolith-based continuous flow bioreactors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3103/s0027131416020085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Bertrand E, Pierre G, Delattre C, Gardarin C, Bridiau N, Maugard T, Štrancar A, Michaud P. Dextranase immobilization on epoxy CIM® disk for the production of isomaltooligosaccharides from dextran. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 111:707-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.04.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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Vlakh EG, Ponomareva EA, Tennikova TB. A multienzyme bioreactor based on a chitinase complex. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683814050123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Brgles M, Kurtović T, Kovačič L, Križaj I, Barut M, Lang Balija M, Allmaier G, Marchetti-Deschmann M, Halassy B. Identification of proteins interacting with ammodytoxins in Vipera ammodytes ammodytes venom by immuno-affinity chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:293-304. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7453-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Vlakh EG, Tennikova TB. Flow-through immobilized enzyme reactors based on monoliths: II. Kinetics study and application. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:1149-67. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201201090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia G. Vlakh
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry; Saint-Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Tatiana B. Tennikova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry; Saint-Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Russia
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Switzar L, Giera M, Niessen WMA. Protein Digestion: An Overview of the Available Techniques and Recent Developments. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:1067-77. [DOI: 10.1021/pr301201x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Switzar
- AIMMS Division of BioMolecular
Analysis, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Giera
- Division of Molecular Cell Physiology,
Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry
Unit, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wilfried M. A. Niessen
- AIMMS Division of BioMolecular
Analysis, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- hyphen MassSpec, de Wetstraat 8, 2332 XT Leiden, The Netherlands
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Vlakh EG, Tennikova TB. Flow-through immobilized enzyme reactors based on monoliths: I. Preparation of heterogeneous biocatalysts. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:110-27. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia G. Vlakh
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry; Saint-Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Tatiana B. Tennikova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry; Saint-Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Russia
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Biocatalytic reactors based on ribonuclease A immobilized on macroporous monolithic supports. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:2195-206. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6391-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Monolithic columns with immobilized monomeric avidin: preparation and application for affinity chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 402:2395-405. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5670-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2011] [Revised: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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31
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Sun L, Li Y, Yang P, Zhu G, Dovichi NJ. High efficiency and quantitatively reproducible protein digestion by trypsin-immobilized magnetic microspheres. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1220:68-74. [PMID: 22176736 PMCID: PMC3253205 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde- and NHS-activated magnetic microspheres were used to immobilize trypsin (CHO-trypsin and NHS-trypsin), and their performance for protein digestion was evaluated by reversed phase liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry using an LTQ Orbitrap Velos instrument. NHS-trypsin provided greater sequence coverage and identified more peptides for the digestion of bovine serum albumin. A 1-min digestion at room temperature using the immobilized trypsin also identified more peptides (96±6 vs. 48±1) and produced higher sequence coverage (90±2% vs. 75±2%) than traditional free trypsin digestion for 12h at 37 °C. Analysis of 15 nM (0.001 mg/mL) BSA digested by NHS-trypsin in 1 min at room temperature consistently yielded one detected peptide; 150 nM BSA generated 22 peptides. Peptide intensity and protein spectral count were used to evaluate the run-to-run digestion reproducibility of NHS-trypsin with a three-protein-mixture. Three high intensity peptides for each protein generated intensity ratios from 0.70 to 1.09 and spectral count ratios from 0.78 to 1.18. Finally, RAW 264.7 cell lysates were digested by NHS-trypsin for 10 min and 30 min at room temperature, 604 and 697 protein groups, respectively, were identified by RPLC-ESI-MS/MS, with a peptide false discovery rate of less than 1%. Digestion by solution phase trypsin for 12h at 37 °C resulted in identification of 878 protein groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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Reichelt S, Elsner C, Prager A, Naumov S, Kuballa J, Buchmeiser MR. Amino-functionalized monolithic spin-type columns for high-throughput lectin affinity chromatography of glycoproteins. Analyst 2012; 137:2600-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an16087k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Kool J, Jonker N, Irth H, Niessen WMA. Studying protein-protein affinity and immobilized ligand-protein affinity interactions using MS-based methods. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:1109-25. [PMID: 21755271 PMCID: PMC3151372 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5207-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 06/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the most important current methods employing mass spectrometry (MS) analysis for the study of protein affinity interactions. The methods are discussed in depth with particular reference to MS-based approaches for analyzing protein-protein and protein-immobilized ligand interactions, analyzed either directly or indirectly. First, we introduce MS methods for the study of intact protein complexes in the gas phase. Next, pull-down methods for affinity-based analysis of protein-protein and protein-immobilized ligand interactions are discussed. Presently, this field of research is often called interactomics or interaction proteomics. A slightly different approach that will be discussed, chemical proteomics, allows one to analyze selectivity profiles of ligands for multiple drug targets and off-targets. Additionally, of particular interest is the use of surface plasmon resonance technologies coupled with MS for the study of protein interactions. The review addresses the principle of each of the methods with a focus on recent developments and the applicability to lead compound generation in drug discovery as well as the elucidation of protein interactions involved in cellular processes. The review focuses on the analysis of bioaffinity interactions of proteins with other proteins and with ligands, where the proteins are considered as the bioactives analyzed by MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Kool
- BioMolecular Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Ma X, Chan ECY. On-line chromatographic screening of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors using immobilized MMP-9 enzyme reactor. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:1777-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Revised: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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35
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Dartiguenave C, Hamad H, Waldron KC. Immobilization of trypsin onto 1,4-diisothiocyanatobenzene-activated porous glass for microreactor-based peptide mapping by capillary electrophoresis: Effect of calcium ions on the immobilization procedure. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 663:198-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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36
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Cingöz A, Hugon-Chapuis F, Pichon V. Total on-line analysis of a target protein from plasma by immunoextraction, digestion and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:213-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Revised: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abbas A, Vercaigne-Marko D, Supiot P, Bocquet B, Vivien C, Guillochon D. Covalent attachment of trypsin on plasma polymerized allylamine. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2009; 73:315-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Boulares-Pender A, Prager-Duschke A, Elsner C, Buchmeiser MR. Surface-functionalization of plasma-treated polystyrene by hyperbranched polymers and use in biological applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.29849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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40
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Nicoli R, Rudaz S, Stella C, Veuthey JL. Trypsin immobilization on an ethylenediamine-based monolithic minidisk for rapid on-line peptide mass fingerprinting studies. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:2695-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Revised: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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41
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Liquid-chromatographic and mass-spectrometric identification of lens proteins using microwave-assisted digestion with trypsin-immobilized magnetic nanoparticles. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 380:603-8. [PMID: 19285008 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.01.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We used a newly developed method combining trypsin-immobilized magnetic nanoparticles (TIMNs) and microwave-assisted protein digestion to study the proteins of human lens tissue. The digested proteins were identified by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The lens proteins were digested under optimized conditions (digestion time 1 min, microwave power 400 W, trypsin-to-protein ratio 1:5) determined using bovine serum albumin as the standard protein, before liquid-chromatographic and mass-spectrometric analysis. Twenty-six proteins were identified with the new digestion method compared with 11 proteins identified with traditional in-solution digestion (12h). gamma-Crystallin, beta-crystallin, and superoxide dismutase 1 proteins, identified with the microwave-assisted method but not the traditional method, are related to cataract development according to some studies. The TIMNs were easily separated from the digestion products. This new digestion method could prove extremely useful for large-scale proteomic analyses.
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42
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Development of immobilized enzyme reactors based on human recombinant cytochrome P450 enzymes for phase I drug metabolism studies. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1206:2-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Revised: 05/26/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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43
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Cingöz A, Hugon-Chapuis F, Pichon V. Evaluation of various immobilized enzymatic microreactors coupled on-line with liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry detection for quantitative analysis of cytochrome c. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1209:95-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.08.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2008] [Revised: 08/21/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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