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Khalikova M, Jireš J, Horáček O, Douša M, Kučera R, Nováková L. What is the role of current mass spectrometry in pharmaceutical analysis? MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:560-609. [PMID: 37503656 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The role of mass spectrometry (MS) has become more important in most application domains in recent years. Pharmaceutical analysis is specific due to its stringent regulation procedures, the need for good laboratory/manufacturing practices, and a large number of routine quality control analyses to be carried out. The role of MS is, therefore, very different throughout the whole drug development cycle. While it dominates within the drug discovery and development phase, in routine quality control, the role of MS is minor and indispensable only for selected applications. Moreover, its role is very different in the case of analysis of small molecule pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals. Our review explains the role of current MS in the analysis of both small-molecule chemical drugs and biopharmaceuticals. Important features of MS-based technologies being implemented, method requirements, and related challenges are discussed. The differences in analytical procedures for small molecule pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals are pointed out. While a single method or a small set of methods is usually sufficient for quality control in the case of small molecule pharmaceuticals and MS is often not indispensable, a large panel of methods including extensive use of MS must be used for quality control of biopharmaceuticals. Finally, expected development and future trends are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Khalikova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Jireš
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, UCT Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Development, Zentiva, k. s., Praha, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Horáček
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Douša
- Department of Development, Zentiva, k. s., Praha, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Kučera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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2
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Abstract
LC-MS based peptide mapping, i.e., proteolytic digestion followed by LC-MS/MS analysis, is the method of choice for protein primary structural characterization. Manual proteolytic digestion is usually a labor-intensive procedure. In this work, a novel method was developed for fully automated online protein digestion and LC-MS peptide mapping. The method generates LC-MS data from undigested protein samples without user intervention by utilizing the same HPLC system that performs the chromatographic separation with some additional modules. Each sample is rapidly digested immediately prior to its LC-MS analysis, minimizing artifacts that can grow over longer digestion times or digest storage times as in manual or automated offline digestion methods. In this report, we implemented the method on an Agilent 1290 Infinity II LC system equipped with a Multisampler. The system performs a complete digestion workflow including denaturation, disulfide reduction, cysteine alkylation, buffer exchange, and tryptic digestion. We demonstrated that the system is capable of digesting monoclonal antibodies and other proteins with excellent efficiency and is robust and reproducible and produces fewer artifacts than manually prepared digests. In addition, it consumes only a few micrograms of material as most of the digested sample protein is subjected to LC-MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Richardson
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Zhongqi Zhang
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
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3
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Waldenmaier HE, Gorre E, Poltash ML, Gunawardena HP, Zhai XA, Li J, Zhai B, Beil EJ, Terzo JC, Lawler R, English AM, Bern M, Mahan AD, Carlson E, Nanda H. "Lab of the Future"─Today: Fully Automated System for High-Throughput Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Biotherapeutics. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023. [PMID: 37186948 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Here we describe a state-of-the-art, integrated, multi-instrument automated system designed to execute methods involved in mass spectrometry characterization of biotherapeutics. The system includes liquid and microplate handling robotics and utilities, integrated LC-MS, along with data analysis software, to perform sample purification, preparation, and analysis as a seamless integrated unit. The automated process begins with tip-based purification of target proteins from expression cell-line supernatants, which is initiated once the samples are loaded onto the automated system and the metadata are retrieved from our corporate data aggregation system. Subsequently, the purified protein samples are prepared for MS, including deglycosylation and reduction steps for intact and reduced mass analysis, and proteolytic digestions, desalting, and buffer exchange via centrifugation for peptide map analysis. The prepared samples are then loaded into the LC-MS instrumentation for data acquisition. The acquired raw data are initially stored on a local area network storage system that is monitored by watcher scripts that then upload the raw MS data to a network of cloud-based servers. The raw MS data are processed with the appropriately configured analysis workflows such as database search for peptide mapping or charge deconvolution for undigested proteins. The results are verified and formatted for expert curation directly in the cloud. Finally, the curated results are appended to sample metadata in the corporate data aggregation system to accompany the biotherapeutic cell lines in subsequent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans E Waldenmaier
- Janssen Research & Development, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Elsa Gorre
- Janssen Research & Development, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Michael L Poltash
- Janssen Research & Development, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Harsha P Gunawardena
- Janssen Research & Development, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | | | - Jing Li
- Protein Metrics LLC., Cupertino, California 95014, United States
| | - Bo Zhai
- Janssen Research & Development, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Eric J Beil
- Janssen Research & Development, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Joseph C Terzo
- Janssen Research & Development, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Rose Lawler
- Protein Metrics LLC., Cupertino, California 95014, United States
| | | | - Marshall Bern
- Protein Metrics LLC., Cupertino, California 95014, United States
| | - Andrew D Mahan
- Janssen Research & Development, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Eric Carlson
- Protein Metrics LLC., Cupertino, California 95014, United States
| | - Hirsh Nanda
- Janssen Research & Development, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
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4
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Liu Y, Zhang C, Chen J, Fernandez J, Vellala P, Kulkarni TA, Aguilar I, Ritz D, Lan K, Patel P, Liu A. A Fully Integrated Online Platform For Real Time Monitoring Of Multiple Product Quality Attributes In Biopharmaceutical Processes For Monoclonal Antibody Therapeutics. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:358-367. [PMID: 34534574 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In response to FDA's call for Quality by Design (QbD) in biopharmaceutical product development, the biopharmaceutical industry has been developing highly sensitive and specific technologies in the monitoring and controlling of product quality attributes for bioprocesses. We previously published the successful application of an off-line multi-attribute method (MAM) to monitor more than 20 critical quality attributes (CQA) with superior sensitivity for the upstream process. To further remove the hurdles of laborious process sampling and sample preparation associated with the offline method, we present here a fully integrated MAM based online platform for automated real time online process monitoring. This integrated system includes Modular Automated Sampling Technology (MAST) based aseptic sampling, multi-function Sequential Injection Analysis (SIA) sample preparation, UHPLC separation and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) analysis. Continuous automated daily monitoring of a 17-day cell culture process was successfully demonstrated for a model monoclonal antibody (mAb) molecule with similar specificity and sensitivity as we reported earlier. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of an end-to-end automated online MAM system, which would allow the MAM to be applied to routine bioprocess monitoring, potentially replacing multiple conventional low resolution and low sensitivity off-line methods. The online HPLC or HPLC/MS platform could be easily adapted to support other processing steps such as downstream purification with minimal software re-configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Biopharm Product Development & Supply, GlaxoSmithKline, PA 19406, United States.
| | - Chi Zhang
- CMC Analytical, Product Development & Supply, GlaxoSmithKline, PA 19406, United States
| | - Jiangchao Chen
- CMC Analytical, Product Development & Supply, GlaxoSmithKline, PA 19406, United States
| | - Janice Fernandez
- Biopharm Product Development & Supply, GlaxoSmithKline, PA 19406, United States
| | - Pragna Vellala
- Biopharm Product Development & Supply, GlaxoSmithKline, PA 19406, United States
| | - Tanmay A Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, United States
| | - Isaiah Aguilar
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, CT 06511, United States
| | - Diana Ritz
- Biopharm Product Development & Supply, GlaxoSmithKline, PA 19406, United States
| | - Kevin Lan
- CMC Analytical, Product Development & Supply, GlaxoSmithKline, PA 19406, United States
| | - Pramthesh Patel
- Biopharm Product Development & Supply, GlaxoSmithKline, PA 19406, United States
| | - Aston Liu
- CMC Analytical, Product Development & Supply, GlaxoSmithKline, PA 19406, United States
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5
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Toole EN, Dufresne C, Ray S, Schwann A, Cook K, Ivanov AR. Rapid Highly-Efficient Digestion and Peptide Mapping of Adeno-Associated Viruses. Anal Chem 2021; 93:10403-10410. [PMID: 34291903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) comprise an area of rapidly growing interest due to their ability to act as a gene delivery vehicle in novel gene therapy strategies and vaccine development. Peptide mapping is a common technique in the biopharmaceutical industry to confirm the correct sequence, product purity, post-translational modifications (PTMs), and stability. However, conventional peptide mapping is time-consuming and has proven difficult to reproduce with viral capsids because of their high structural stability and the suboptimal localization of trypsin cleavage sites in the AAV protein sequences. In this study, we present an optimized peptide mapping-based workflow that provides thorough characterization within 1 day. This workflow is also highly reproducible due to its simplicity having very few steps and is easy to perform proteolytic digestion utilizing thermally stable pepsin, which is active at 70 °C in acidic conditions. The acidic conditions of the peptic digestions drive viral capsid denaturation and improve cleavage site accessibility. We characterized the efficiency and ease of digestion through peptide mapping of the AAV2 viral capsid protein. Using nanoflow liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, we achieved 100% sequence coverage of the low-abundance VP1 capsid protein with a digestion process taking only 10 min to prepare and 45 min to complete the digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estee Naggar Toole
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, West Palm Beach, Florida 33401, United States.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Craig Dufresne
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, West Palm Beach, Florida 33401, United States
| | - Somak Ray
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Alexander Schwann
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Neuhofstrasse 11, 4153 Reinach, Switzerland
| | - Ken Cook
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Stafford House, 1 Boundary Park, Hemel Hempstead HP2 7GE, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander R Ivanov
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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6
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Fully automated peptide mapping multi-attribute method by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with robotic liquid handling system. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 198:113988. [PMID: 33676166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.113988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The multi-attribute method (MAM) based on liquid chromatography (LC)-tandem mass spectrometry is emerging as a powerful tool to directly monitor multiple product quality attributes simultaneously. To better implement MAM, either for product characterization or for quality control (QC), there is a need for a robust, universal, and high-throughput workflow that can be broadly adopted in different laboratories with minimal barriers to implementation. Manual preparation of samples for MAM, however, is labor intensive and produces nontrivial variations across analysts and laboratories. We describe the development of a fully automated peptide mapping procedure with a high-throughput robotic liquid handling system to improve sample handling capacity and outcome reproducibility while saving analyst hands-on time. Our procedure features the automation of a "microdialysis" step, an efficient desalting approach prior to proteolytic digestion that optimizes digestion completeness and consistency each time. The workflow is completely hands-free and requires the analyst only to pre-normalize the sample concentrations and to load buffers and reagents at their designated positions on the robotic deck. The robotic liquid handler performs all the subsequent preparation steps and stores the digested samples on a chiller unit to await retrieval for further analysis. We also demonstrate that the manual and automated procedures are comparable with regard to protein sequence coverage, digestion completeness and consistency, and quantification of posttranslational modifications. Notably, in contrast to a previously reported automated sample preparation protocol that relied on customized accessories, all components in our automation procedure are commercial products that are readily available. In addition, we also present the high-throughput data analysis workflow by using Protein Metrics. The automation procedure can be applied cross-functionally in the biopharmaceutical industry and, given its practicality and reproducibility, can pave the way for MAM implementation in QC laboratories.
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Camperi J, Goyon A, Guillarme D, Zhang K, Stella C. Multi-dimensional LC-MS: the next generation characterization of antibody-based therapeutics by unified online bottom-up, middle-up and intact approaches. Analyst 2021; 146:747-769. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an01963a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review presents an overview of current analytical trends in antibody characterization by multidimensional LC-MS approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Camperi
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry
- Genentech Inc
- South San Francisco
- USA
| | - Alexandre Goyon
- Department of Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry
- Genentech Inc
- South San Francisco
- USA
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Geneva
- 1206 Geneva
- Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO)
| | - Kelly Zhang
- Department of Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry
- Genentech Inc
- South San Francisco
- USA
| | - Cinzia Stella
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry
- Genentech Inc
- South San Francisco
- USA
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8
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Klatt JN, Depke M, Goswami N, Paust N, Zengerle R, Schmidt F, Hutzenlaub T. Tryptic digestion of human serum for proteomic mass spectrometry automated by centrifugal microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:2937-2946. [PMID: 32780041 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00530d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry has become an important analytical tool for protein research studies to identify, characterise and quantify proteins with unmatched sensitivity in a highly parallel manner. When transferred into clinical routine, the cumbersome and error-prone sample preparation workflows present a major bottleneck. In this work, we demonstrate tryptic digestion of human serum that is fully automated by centrifugal microfluidics. The automated workflow comprises denaturation, digestion and acidification. The input sample volume is 1.3 μl only. A triplicate of human serum was digested with the developed microfluidic chip as well as with a manual reference workflow on three consecutive days to assess the performance of our system. After desalting and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, a total of 604 proteins were identified in the samples digested with the microfluidic chip and 602 proteins with the reference workflow. Protein quantitation was performed using the Hi3 method, yielding a 7.6% lower median intensity CV for automatically digested samples compared to samples digested with the reference workflow. Additionally, 17% more proteins were quantitated with less than 30% CV in the samples from the microfluidic chip, compared to the manual control samples. This improvement can be attributed to the accurate liquid metering with all volume CVs below 1.5% on the microfluidic chip. The presented automation solution is attractive for laboratories in need of robust automation of sample preparation from small volumes as well as for labs with a low or medium throughput that does not allow for large investments in robotic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-N Klatt
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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9
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Bauer LG, Hoelterhoff S, Graf T, Bell C, Bathke A. Monitoring modifications in biopharmaceuticals: Toolbox for a generic and robust high-throughput quantification method. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1148:122134. [PMID: 32422530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) constitute one of the most important and fastest growing sector within the pharmaceutical industry. The variety of different formats and the large molecule sizes of the mAbs result in an inherent complexity. In addition, the posttranslational modifications (PTMs) that can occur during production, formulation and storage pose a major analytical challenge for their characterization. These PTMs may affect the safety, efficacy and/or pharmacokinetic profile of the medicinal product. Therefore, strict quality and stability monitoring, in particular of (potentially) critical quality attributes (CQAs), is mandatory. Focusing on these needs, a toolbox for different approaches of peptide mapping in the routine quality control (QC) environment was developed. This toolbox includes an automated sample preparation with an optimized buffer system in combination with a Single Quad LC-MS system, which provides the flexibility to handle a high-throughput workflow. Our results demonstrate that a Single Quad LC-MS system is suitable for a routine work environment to monitor modifications by using a user-friendly system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sina Hoelterhoff
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Graf
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Christian Bell
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anja Bathke
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland.
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10
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Chi B, Veyssier C, Kasali T, Uddin F, Sellick CA. At-line high throughput site-specific glycan profiling using targeted mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 25:e00424. [PMID: 32071892 PMCID: PMC7016254 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
High throughput, site-specific glycan profiling using targeted mass spectrometry. Rapid analysis of glycan profiles directly from culture media. Methodology is fully compatible with automation. Methodology can be integrated into cell line selection and process development. Strategy can be used for multi-attribute product quality screening/monitoring.
Protein post-translational modification (PTM) plays an important role in many biological processes; of which glycosylation is arguably one of the most complex and diverse modifications and is crucial for the safety and efficacy of biotherapeutic proteins. Mass spectrometric characterization of protein glycosylation is well established with clear advantages and disadvantages; on one hand it is precise and information-rich, as well as being relative inexpensive in terms of the reagents and consumables despite the instrumentation cost and, depending on the method, can give site specific information; on the other hand it generally suffers from low throughput, restriction to largely purified samples and is less quantitative, especially for sialylated glycan species. Here, we describe a high throughput, site-specific, targeted mass spectrometric peptide mapping approach to quickly screen/rank candidate production cell lines and culture conditions that give favourable glycosylation profiles directly from conditioned culture media for an Fc-fusion protein. The methodology is fully compatible with automation and combines the speed of ‘top-down’ mass spectrometry with the site-specific information of ‘bottom-up’ mass spectrometry. In addition, this strategy can be used for multi-attribute product quality screening/monitoring as an integral part of cell line selection and process development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertie Chi
- MedImmune, Milstein Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | | | - Toyin Kasali
- MedImmune, Milstein Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Faisal Uddin
- MedImmune, Milstein Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
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11
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Gomes RA, Almeida C, Correia C, Guerreiro A, Simplício AL, Abreu IA, Alves PG. Exploring the analytical power of the QTOF MS platform to assess monoclonal antibodies quality attributes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219156. [PMID: 31291294 PMCID: PMC6619757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The biopharmaceutical industry is growing at a fast pace, making nowadays 20% of the pharma market. Within this market, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are the dominant product class. With the patent expirations, biosimilars and, perhaps more relevant, biobetters, are in fast development. Thus, a comprehensive characterization at the molecular level of antibodies heterogeneity such as glycoforms, post-translational modifications (PTMs) and sequence variations is of utmost importance. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based approaches are undoubtedly the most powerful analytical strategies to monitor and define an array of critical quality attributes on mAbs. In this work, we demonstrate the analytical power of the Q-TOF MS platform for comprehensive and detailed analysis at molecular levels of an in-house produced mAb. This methodology involves minimal sample preparation procedures and provides an extensive collection of valuable data in a short period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ana Guerreiro
- UniMS – Mass Spectrometry Unit, ITQB/IBET, Oeiras, Portugal
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12
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Lee J, Kim H, Sohn A, Yeo I, Kim Y. Cost-Effective Automated Preparation of Serum Samples for Reproducible Quantitative Clinical Proteomics. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:2337-2345. [PMID: 30985128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Reproducible sample preparation remains a significant challenge in large-scale clinical research using selected reaction monitoring-mass spectrometry (SRM-MS), which enables a highly sensitive multiplexed assay. Although automated liquid-handling platforms have tremendous potential for addressing this issue, the high cost of their consumables is a drawback that renders routine operation expensive. Here we evaluated the performance of a liquid-handling platform in preparing serum samples compared with a standard experiment while reducing the outlay for consumables, such as tips, wasted reagents, and reagent stock plates. A total of 26 multiplex assays were quantified by SRM-MS using four sets of 24 pooled human serum aliquots; the four sets used a fixed number (1, 4, 8, or 24) of tips to dispense digestion reagents. This study demonstrated that the use of 4 or 8 tips is comparable to 24 tips (standard experiment), as evidenced by their coefficients of variation: 13.5% (for 4 and 8 tips) versus 12.0% (24 tips). Thus we can save 37% of the total experimental cost compared with the standard experiment, maintaining nearly equivalent reproducibility. The routine operation of cost-effective liquid-handling platforms can enable researchers to process large-scale samples with high throughput, adding credibility to their findings by minimizing human error.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyunsoo Kim
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, MRC , Seoul National University , Seoul , Korea
| | | | - Injoon Yeo
- Interdisciplinary Program of Bioengineering , Seoul National University College of Engineering , Seoul , Korea
| | - Youngsoo Kim
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, MRC , Seoul National University , Seoul , Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program of Bioengineering , Seoul National University College of Engineering , Seoul , Korea
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13
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Bahr MN, Damon DB, Yates SD, Chin AS, Christopher JD, Cromer S, Perrotto N, Quiroz J, Rosso V. Collaborative Evaluation of Commercially Available Automated Powder Dispensing Platforms for High-Throughput Experimentation in Pharmaceutical Applications. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N. Bahr
- GlaxoSmithKline, Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Platform Technology & Science, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - David B. Damon
- Pfizer Inc., Worldwide Research and Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences Small Molecule Chemical Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Simon D. Yates
- AstraZeneca, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Chemical Development, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander S. Chin
- Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, Preformulation, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - J. David Christopher
- Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, Research CMC Statistics, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Samuel Cromer
- GlaxoSmithKline, Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Platform Technology & Science, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
- Drexel University, College of Engineering, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Nicholas Perrotto
- Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, Process R&D, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jorge Quiroz
- Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, Research CMC Statistics, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Victor Rosso
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Global Product Development & Supply, Chemical & Synthetic Development, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
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14
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Furuki K, Toyo'oka T, Yamaguchi H. A novel rapid analysis using mass spectrometry to evaluate downstream refolding of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-1 (mecasermin). RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:1267-1278. [PMID: 28523846 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mecasermin is used to treat elevated blood sugar as well as growth-hormone-resistant Laron-type dwarfism. Mecasermin isolated from inclusion bodies in extracts of E. coli must be refolded to acquire sufficient activity. However, there is no rapid analytical method for monitoring refolding during the purification process. METHODS We prepared mecasermin drug product, in-process samples during the oxidation of mecasermin, forced-reduced mecasermin, and aerially oxidized mecasermin after forced reduction. Desalted mecasermin samples were analyzed using MALDI-ISD. The peak intensity ratio of product to precursor ion was determined. The charge-state distribution (CSD) of mecasermin ions was evaluated using ESI-MS coupled with SEC-mode HPLC. The drift time and collision cross-sectional area (CCS) of mecasermin ions were evaluated using ESI-IMS-MS coupled with SEC-mode HPLC. RESULTS MALDI-ISD data, CSD values determined using ESI-MS, and the CCS acquired using ESI-IMS-MS revealed the relationship between the folded and unfolded proteoforms of forced-reduced mecasermin and aerially oxidized mecasermin with the free-SH:protein ratio of mecasermin drug product. The CCS area, which is determined using ESI-IMS-MS, provided proteoform information through rapid monitoring (<2 min) of in-process samples during the manufacture of mecasermin. CONCLUSIONS ESI-IMS-MS coupled with SEC-mode HPLC is a rapid and robust method for analyzing the free-SH:protein ratio of mecasermin that allows proteoform changes to be evaluated and monitored during the oxidation of mecasermin. ESI-IMS-MS is applicable as a process analytical technology tool for identifying the "critical quality attributes" and implementing "quality by design" for manufacturing mecasermin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Furuki
- Process Science Lab II, Biotechnology Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc., Ibaraki, Japan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka-shi, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Toyo'oka
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka-shi, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hideto Yamaguchi
- Process Science Lab II, Biotechnology Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc., Ibaraki, Japan
- Astellas Institute for Regenerative Medicine (AIRM), Astellas Pharma Inc., Marlborough, MA, USA
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15
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Ruelcke JE, Loo D, Hill MM. Reducing the cost of semi-automated in-gel tryptic digestion and GeLC sample preparation for high-throughput proteomics. J Proteomics 2016; 149:3-6. [PMID: 27084685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Peptide generation by trypsin digestion is typically the first step in mass spectrometry-based proteomics experiments, including 'bottom-up' discovery and targeted proteomics using multiple reaction monitoring. Manual tryptic digest and the subsequent clean-up steps can add variability even before the sample reaches the analytical platform. While specialized filter plates and tips have been designed for automated sample processing, the specialty reagents required may not be accessible or feasible due to their high cost. Here, we report a lower-cost semi-automated protocol for in-gel digestion and GeLC using standard 96-well microplates. Further cost savings were realized by re-using reagent tips with optimized sample ordering. To evaluate the methodology, we compared a simple mixture of 7 proteins and a complex cell-lysate sample. The results across three replicates showed that our semi-automated protocol had performance equal to or better than a manual in-gel digestion with respect to replicate variability and level of contamination. In this paper, we also provide the Agilent Bravo method file, which can be adapted to other liquid handlers. The simplicity, reproducibility, and cost-effectiveness of our semi-automated protocol make it ideal for routine in-gel and GeLC sample preparations, as well as high throughput processing of large clinical sample cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayde E Ruelcke
- The University of Queensland, Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent St, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Dorothy Loo
- The University of Queensland, Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent St, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Michelle M Hill
- The University of Queensland, Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent St, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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16
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17
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Zhu L, Guo Q, Guo H, Liu T, Zheng Y, Gu P, Chen X, Wang H, Hou S, Guo Y. Versatile characterization of glycosylation modification in CTLA4-Ig fusion proteins by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. MAbs 2015; 6:1474-85. [PMID: 25484062 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.36313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
CTLA4-Ig is a highly glycosylated therapeutic fusion protein that contains multiple N- and O-glycosylation sites. Glycosylation plays a vital role in protein solubility, stability, serum half-life, activity, and immunogenicity. For a CTLA4-Ig biosimilar development program, comparative analytical data, especially the glycosylation data, can influence decisions about the type and amount of animal and clinical data needed to establish biosimilarity. Because of the limited clinical experience with biosimilars before approval, a comprehensive level of knowledge about the biosimilar candidates is needed to achieve subsequent development. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is a versatile technique for characterizing N- and O-glycosylation modification of recombinant therapeutic proteins, including 3 levels: intact protein analysis, peptide mapping analysis, and released glycans analysis. In this report, an in-depth characterization of glycosylation of a candidate biosimilar was carried out using a systematic approach: N- and O-linked glycans were identified and electron-transfer dissociation was then used to pinpoint the 4 occupied O-glycosylation sites for the first time. As the results show, the approach provides a set of routine tools that combine accurate intact mass measurement, peptide mapping, and released glycan profiling. This approach can be used to comprehensively research a candidate biosimilar Fc-fusion protein and provides a basis for future studies addressing the similarity of CTLA4-Ig biosimilars.
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Key Words
- 2-AB, 2-aminobenzamide
- CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4
- CTLA4-Ig fusion protein
- DTT, dithiothreitol
- EMA, European Medicines Agency
- ESI, electrospray ionization
- FA, formic acid
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- GFP, [Giu1]-Fibrinopeptide B
- IAM, Iodoacetamide
- LC, Liquid chromatography
- MS, mass spectrometry
- PNGase F, peptide N-glycosidase
- PTMs, post-translational modifications
- Q-Tof quadrupole-time of flight
- RA, Rheumatoid arthritis
- TIC, Total Ion Chromatography
- Tof, Time of flight
- UPLC, Ultra-performance liquid chromatography
- characterization
- glycan
- glycosylation modification
- intact protein
- mass spectrometry
- peptide mapping
- similarity
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- a International Joint Cancer Institute; Second Military Medical University ; Shanghai , China
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18
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Vorberg E, Fleischer H, Junginger S, Liu H, Stoll N, Thurow K. A Highly Flexible, Automated System Providing Reliable Sample Preparation in Element- and Structure-Specific Measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [PMID: 26203055 DOI: 10.1177/2211068215595946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Life science areas require specific sample pretreatment to increase the concentration of the analytes and/or to convert the analytes into an appropriate form for the detection and separation systems. Various workstations are commercially available, allowing for automated biological sample pretreatment. Nevertheless, due to the required temperature, pressure, and volume conditions in typical element and structure-specific measurements, automated platforms are not suitable for analytical processes. Thus, the purpose of the presented investigation was the design, realization, and evaluation of an automated system ensuring high-precision sample preparation for a variety of analytical measurements. The developed system has to enable system adaption and high performance flexibility. Furthermore, the system has to be capable of dealing with the wide range of required vessels simultaneously, allowing for less cost and time-consuming process steps. However, the system's functionality has been confirmed in various validation sequences. Using element-specific measurements, the automated system was up to 25% more precise compared to the manual procedure and as precise as the manual procedure using structure-specific measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Vorberg
- Center for Life Science Automation, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Heidi Fleischer
- Institute of Automation, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Hui Liu
- Center for Life Science Automation, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Norbert Stoll
- Institute of Automation, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Kerstin Thurow
- Center for Life Science Automation, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Application of mass spectrometry to facilitate advanced process controls of biopharmaceutical manufacture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4155/pbp.15.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Razinkov VI, Treuheit MJ, Becker GW. Accelerated formulation development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and mAb-based modalities: review of methods and tools. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:468-83. [PMID: 25576149 DOI: 10.1177/1087057114565593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
More therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and antibody-based modalities are in development today than ever before, and a faster and more accurate drug discovery process will ensure that the number of candidates coming to the biopharmaceutical pipeline will increase in the future. The process of drug product development and, specifically, formulation development is a critical bottleneck on the way from candidate selection to fully commercialized medicines. This article reviews the latest advances in methods of formulation screening, which allow not only the high-throughput selection of the most suitable formulation but also the prediction of stability properties under manufacturing and long-term storage conditions. We describe how the combination of automation technologies and high-throughput assays creates the opportunity to streamline the formulation development process starting from early preformulation screening through to commercial formulation development. The application of quality by design (QbD) concepts and modern statistical tools are also shown here to be very effective in accelerated formulation development of both typical antibodies and complex modalities derived from them.
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21
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Switzar L, van Angeren J, Pinkse M, Kool J, Niessen WMA. A high-throughput sample preparation method for cellular proteomics using 96-well filter plates. Proteomics 2013; 13:2980-3. [PMID: 23943524 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A high-throughput sample preparation protocol based on the use of 96-well molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) filter plates was developed for shotgun proteomics of cell lysates. All sample preparation steps, including cell lysis, buffer exchange, protein denaturation, reduction, alkylation and proteolytic digestion are performed in a 96-well plate format, making the platform extremely well suited for processing large numbers of samples and directly compatible with functional assays for cellular proteomics. In addition, the usage of a single plate for all sample preparation steps following cell lysis reduces potential samples losses and allows for automation. The MWCO filter also enables sample concentration, thereby increasing the overall sensitivity, and implementation of washing steps involving organic solvents, for example, to remove cell membranes constituents. The optimized protocol allowed for higher throughput with improved sensitivity in terms of the number of identified cellular proteins when compared to an established protocol employing gel-filtration columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Switzar
- AIMMS Division of BioMolecular Analysis, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Ghafourifar G, Fleitz A, Waldron KC. Development of glutaraldehyde-crosslinked chymotrypsin and an in situ immobilized enzyme microreactor with peptide mapping by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1804-11. [PMID: 23686566 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Immobilized proteolytic enzymes present several advantages over their soluble form, not the least of which is suppression of autoproteolysis peaks even at high enzyme-to-substrate ratios. We have made immobilized chymotrypsin by directly crosslinking it with glutaraldehyde to produce polymeric particles. Digestion of two model substrates using the particles was followed by CE peptide mapping with detection by UV absorbance or LIF. Results showed that autoproteolysis was highly suppressed and that different storage conditions of the particles in the short term (24 h) did not affect digestion of denatured BSA. As well, the chymotrypsin particles were indifferent to the presence of fluorescein groups on a casein substrate. Glutaraldehyde crosslinking of chymotrypsin inside a fused silica capillary column to make an immobilized enzyme reactor (IMER) was achieved in a series of reagent addition and washing steps, entirely automated using a commercial CE instrument. Digestion of myoglobin in the IMER for 30 min at 37°C followed by peptide mapping by CE-MS of the collected digest allowed identification of 17 chymotryptic peptides of myoglobin, or 83% primary sequence coverage.
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23
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Whitmore CD, Gennaro LA. Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry methods for tryptic peptide mapping of therapeutic antibodies. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1550-6. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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24
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Bongers J, Devincentis J, Fu J, Huang P, Kirkley DH, Leister K, Liu P, Ludwig R, Rumney K, Tao L, Wu W, Russell RJ. Characterization of glycosylation sites for a recombinant IgG1 monoclonal antibody and a CTLA4-Ig fusion protein by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry peptide mapping. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:8140-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 08/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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25
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Richardson J, Shah B, Xiao G, Bondarenko PV, Zhang Z. Automated in-solution protein digestion using a commonly available high-performance liquid chromatography autosampler. Anal Biochem 2011; 411:284-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Yang Y, Strahan A, Li C, Shen A, Liu H, Ouyang J, Katta V, Francissen K, Zhang B. Detecting low level sequence variants in recombinant monoclonal antibodies. MAbs 2010; 2:285-98. [PMID: 20400866 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.2.3.11718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A systematic analytical approach combining tryptic and chymotryptic peptide mapping with a Mascot Error Tolerant Search (ETS) has been developed to detect and identify low level protein sequence variants, i.e., amino acid substitutions, in recombinant monoclonal antibodies. The reversed-phase HPLC separation with ultraviolet (UV) detection and mass spectral acquisition parameters of the peptide mapping methods were optimized by using a series of model samples that contained low levels (0.5-5.0%) of recombinant humanized anti-HER2 antibody (rhumAb HER2) along with another unrelated recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody (rhumAb A). This systematic approach's application in protein sequence variant analysis depends upon time and sensitivity constraints. An example of using this approach as a rapid screening assay is described in the first case study. For stable CHO clone selection for an early stage antibody project, comparison of peptide map UV profiles from the top four clone-derived rhumAb B samples quickly detected two sequence variants (M83R at 5% and P274T at 42% protein levels) from two clones among the four. The second case study described in this work demonstrates how this approach can be applied to late stage antibody projects. A sequence variant, L413Q, present at 0.3% relative to the expected sequence of rhumAb C was identified by a Mascot-ETS for one out of four top producers. The incorporation of this systematic sequence variant analysis into clone selection and the peptide mapping procedure described herein have practical applications for the biotechnology industry, including possible detection of polymorphisms in endogenous proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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27
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Ren D, Pipes GD, Liu D, Shih LY, Nichols AC, Treuheit MJ, Brems DN, Bondarenko PV. An improved trypsin digestion method minimizes digestion-induced modifications on proteins. Anal Biochem 2009; 392:12-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2009.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Bondarenko PV, Second TP, Zabrouskov V, Makarov AA, Zhang Z. Mass measurement and top-down HPLC/MS analysis of intact monoclonal antibodies on a hybrid linear quadrupole ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometer. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2009; 20:1415-1424. [PMID: 19409810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2009.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2008] [Revised: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mass and top-down analyses of 150-kDa monoclonal immunoglobulin gamma (IgG) antibodies were performed on an Orbitrap analyzer. Three different sample delivery methods were tested including (1) infusion of an off-line desalted IgG sample using nano-electrospray; (2) on-line desalting followed by a step elution with a high percentage of organic solvent; and (3) reversed-phase HPLC separation and on-line mass and top-down analyses of disulfide isoforms of an IgG2 antibody. The accuracy of mass measurements of intact antibody was within +/-2 Da (15 ppm). The glycoforms of intact IgG antibodies separated by 162 Da were baseline resolved. In-source fragmentation of the intact antibodies produced mainly 115 residue fragments including N-terminal variable domains of heavy and light chains. The sequence coverage (the number of cleavages) was greatly increased after reduction of disulfide bonds and HPLC/MS/MS analysis of light and heavy chains using collision-induced dissociation in the ion trap of the LTQ-Orbitrap. This is an attractive alternative to peptide mapping for characterization and monitoring of post-translational modifications attributed to minimal sample preparation, high speed of the mass/top-down analysis, and relatively minor method-induced sample modifications.
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Abstract
This review focuses on the chromatography research that has been carried out within industry or in close cooperation with industry and that has been reported in the scientific literature between 2006 and mid-2008. Companies in the health care sector, such as pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, are the largest contributors. Industrial research seems to take place in an open environment in cooperation with academia, peer companies, and institutions. Industry appears ready to embrace new technologies as they emerge, but they focus strongly on making chromatography work robustly, reliably, rapidly, and automatically. "Hyphenated" systems that incorporate on-line sample-preparation techniques and mass-spectrometric detection are the rule rather than the exception. Various multidimensional separation methods are finding numerous applications. Strategies aimed at speeding up the development of new chromatographic methods remain the focus of attention. Also, there is a clear trend toward exploring chromatographic methods for parallel processing along with other strategies for high-throughput analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schoenmakers
- Polymer Analysis Group, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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30
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Zhang Z, Pan H, Chen X. Mass spectrometry for structural characterization of therapeutic antibodies. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2009; 28:147-76. [PMID: 18720354 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, have emerged as one of the most promising classes of therapeutics in the biopharmaceutical industry. The need for complete characterization of the quality attributes of these molecules requires sophisticated techniques. Mass spectrometry (MS) has become an essential analytical tool for the structural characterization of therapeutic antibodies, due to its superior resolution over other analytical techniques. It has been widely used in virtually all phases of antibody development. Structural features determined by MS include amino acid sequence, disulfide linkages, carbohydrate structure and profile, and many different post-translational, in-process, and in-storage modifications. In this review, we will discuss various MS-based techniques for the structural characterization of monoclonal antibodies. These techniques are categorized as mass determination of intact antibodies, and as middle-up, bottom-up, top-down, and middle-down structural characterizations. Each of these techniques has its advantages and disadvantages in terms of structural resolution, sequence coverage, sample consumption, and effort required for analyses. The role of MS in glycan structural characterization and profiling will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqi Zhang
- Process and Product Development, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.
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31
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Dick LW, Mahon D, Qiu D, Cheng KC. Peptide mapping of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies: Improvements for increased speed and fewer artifacts. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:230-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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32
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Capelle MAH, Arvinte T. High-throughput formulation screening of therapeutic proteins. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2008; 5:e71-e79. [PMID: 24981094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput screening (HTS) is used extensively in drug discovery to identify active compounds. Automated preparation and sample analysis in multiwell plates using a combination of liquid and/or powder handling stations, robotics and sensitive detection devices provide powerful tools. At present, protein formulation remains a slow process and will benefit from a fast formulation screening approach. The use of multiwell plates enables the simultaneous screening of many excipients and experimental conditions, such as buffers, salts, surfactants, sugars, storage temperature and mechanical stress. This article reviews the application of the HTS methodology for the development of different protein formulations, such as stable liquids, lyophilisates and slow release forms.:
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Affiliation(s)
- Martinus A H Capelle
- Therapeomic Inc., c/o University of Geneva, Quai E-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Tudor Arvinte
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Quai E-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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