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Interest of HRMS systems in analytical toxicology: Focus on doping products. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Coha M, Dal Bello F, Fabbri D, Calza P, Medana C. Structural elucidation of bisphenol E and bisphenol S photoinduced by-products by high-resolution electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9039. [PMID: 33373065 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Bisphenol E (BPE) and bisphenol S (BPS) have recently replaced bisphenol A as monomers for producing polycarbonates. However, BPE and BPS can pose hazards as they are known to be endocrine disruptors. Despite the huge increase in their use, there is a lack of data regarding the toxicity and effects of BPE and BPS. METHODS We investigated the photoinduced transformation of BPE and BPS when subjected to sun-simulated radiation and using TiO2 as a photocatalyst. Analyses of BPE, BPS and their by-products were performed by high-performance liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC/HRMS) using an orbitrap mass analyzer in negative electrospray ionisation (ESI) mode. The chromatographic separations were achieved by employing a C18 reversed-phase column, and the transformation products (TPs) were elucidated structurally using HRMS and multistage MS experiments performed in collision-induced dissociation (CID) mode. RESULTS The transformation of bisphenol S involved the formation of twelve by-products, while ten TPs were detected following BPE degradation. For bisphenol S, the cleavage of the molecule is a very important transformation route, together with the hydroxylation of the substrate to provide mono- and poly-hydroxylated TPs. For bisphenol E, the two main routes were hydroxylation and ring opening. Acute toxicity for BPS, BPE and their TPs was assessed using the Vibrio fischeri assay, highlighting that their initial transformation involved the formation of TPs that were more toxic than the parent compound. CONCLUSIONS The HPLC/HRMS method developed was useful for characterising and identifying newly formed TPs from bisphenol E and bisphenol S. This study aimed to examine the structure of twenty by-products identified during TiO2 -mediated photolysis and to evaluate acute toxicity over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Coha
- Chemistry Dept., Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, Turin, 10125, Italy
| | - Federica Dal Bello
- Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences Dept., Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, Turin, 10125, Italy
| | - Debora Fabbri
- Chemistry Dept., Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, Turin, 10125, Italy
| | - Paola Calza
- Chemistry Dept., Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, Turin, 10125, Italy
| | - Claudio Medana
- Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences Dept., Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, Turin, 10125, Italy
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Jágr M, Dvořáček V, Čepková PH, Doležalová J. Comprehensive analysis of oat avenanthramides using hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry: Possible detection of new compounds. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8718. [PMID: 31896159 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Avenanthramides (AVNs) are constituents unique to oats and have many outstanding health benefits. AVNs are antioxidants and possess anti-inflammatory, antifungal and antibacterial activity. The number of known AVNs increased recently because of the latest developments in high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (HRMS/MS) techniques. METHODS Oat seed extract from 10 oat cultivars was analysed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) and Q Exactive hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (HRMS/MS) with positive heated electrospray ionization. RESULTS Thirty-five AVNs were identified and characterized in seed extracts, and the structures of 10 novel AVNs were tentatively elucidated, among which were AVNs bearing a cinamoyl or sinapoyl moiety. These AVNs are reported in oats for the first time. The method was validated using AVN standards (AVNs 2c, 2f and 2p), with limits of detection and quantitation at low picomole levels. Recovery of AVN standards varied from 83% to 106%, and relative standard deviations ranged from 2% to 9%. The total AVNs in the selected oat varieties ranged from 36.0 to 302.5 μg/g (dry weight), with AVN 2c, AVN 2f and AVN 2p representing approximately 65%-70% of that total. CONCLUSIONS Our comprehensive method for detecting the full avenanthramide spectrum can contribute to better understanding the chemical and biological properties of individual AVNs for utilization in developing new oat cultivars and novel functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Jágr
- Quality of Plant Products, Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Dvořáček
- Quality of Plant Products, Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jana Doležalová
- Quality of Plant Products, Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
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Errabelli R, Zheng Z, Attygalle AB. Formation of Protonated ortho-Quinonimide from ortho-Iodoaniline in the Gas Phase by a Molecular-Oxygen-Mediated, ortho-Isomer-Specific Fragmentation Mechanism. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:864-872. [PMID: 32233379 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.9b00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Upon collisional activation under mass spectrometric conditions, protonated 2-, 3-, and 4-iodoanilines lose an iodine radical to generate primarily dehydroanilinium radical cations (m/z 93), which are the distonic counterparts of the conventional molecular ion of aniline. When briefly accumulated in the Trap region of a Triwave cell in a SYNAPT G2 instrument, before being released for ion-mobility separation, these dehydroanilinium cations react readily with traces of oxygen present in the mobility gas to form peroxyl radical cations. Although all three isomeric dehydroanilinium ions showed avid affinity for O2, their reactivities were distinctly different. For example, the product-ion spectra recorded from mass-selected m/z 93 ion from 3- and 4-iodoanilines showed a peak at m/z 125 for the respective peroxylbenzenaminium ion. In contrast, an analogous peak at m/z 125 was absent in the spectrum of the 2-dehydroanilinium ion generated from 2-iodoaniline. Evidently, the 2-peroxylbenzenaminium ion generated from the 2-dehydroanilinium ion immediately loses a •OH to form protonated ortho-quinonimide (m/z 108).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramu Errabelli
- Center for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
| | - Zhaoyu Zheng
- Center for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
| | - Athula B Attygalle
- Center for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
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Critical practical aspects in the application of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometric studies for the characterization of impurities and degradation products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 87:191-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Niessen WMA. Fragmentation of toxicologically relevant drugs in negative-ion liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2012; 31:626-665. [PMID: 22829116 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Negative-ion LC-MS analysis of drugs is applied far less frequently than positive-ion LC-MS. Data on the interpretation of negative-ion MS-MS spectra are even more scarce. Therefore, following the recent review on the class-specific fragmentation of toxicologically relevant compounds in positive-ion MS-MS, it was decided to perform a similar study in negative-ion MS-MS. To this end, a set of over 500 negative-ion MS-MS spectra was collected from three libraries applied in toxicological general unknown screening and systematic toxicological analysis. The compounds involved were classified by chemical and therapeutic class. The MS-MS spectra were manually interpreted and relevant interpretation data were searched for in the scientific literature. The emphasis in the discussion is on class-specific fragmentation, because discussing fragmentation of all individual compounds would take far too much space. Negative-ion MS-MS fragmentation is discussed for a wide variety of toxicologically relevant compounds, including dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, diuretics, barbiturates, anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-diabetics, sulfonamide and betalactam antibiotics, and a number of classes of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M A Niessen
- hyphen MassSpec, de Wetstraat 8, 2332 XT Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Singh S, Handa T, Narayanam M, Sahu A, Junwal M, Shah RP. A critical review on the use of modern sophisticated hyphenated tools in the characterization of impurities and degradation products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 69:148-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Niessen WMA. Fragmentation of toxicologically relevant drugs in positive-ion liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:626-663. [PMID: 21294151 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The identification of drugs and related compounds by LC-MS-MS is an important analytical challenge in several application areas, including clinical and forensic toxicology, doping control analysis, and environmental analysis. Although target-compound based analytical strategies are most frequently applied, at some point the information content of the MS-MS spectra becomes relevant. In this article, the positive-ion MS-MS spectra of a wide variety of drugs and related substances are discussed. Starting point was an MS-MS mass spectral library of toxicologically relevant compounds, available on the internet. The positive-ion MS-MS spectra of ∼570 compounds were interpreted by chemical and therapeutic class, thus involving a wide variety of drug compound classes, such benzodiazepines, beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, phenothiazines, dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, diuretics, local anesthetics, vasodilators, as well as various subclasses of anti-diabetic, antidepressant, analgesic, and antihistaminic drugs. In addition, the scientific literature was searched for available MS-MS data of these compound classes and the interpretation thereof. The results of this elaborate study are presented in this article. For each individual compound class, the emphasis is on class-specific fragmentation, as discussing fragmentation of all individual compounds would take far too much space. The recognition of class-specific fragmentation may be quite informative in determining the compound class of a specific unknown, which may further help in the identification. In addition, knowledge on (class-specific) fragmentation may further help in the optimization of the selectivity in targeted analytical approaches of compounds of one particular class.
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Medana C, Calza P, Dal Bello F, Raso E, Minero C, Baiocchi C. Multiple unknown degradants generated from the insect repellent DEET by photoinduced processes on TiO2. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2011; 46:24-40. [PMID: 21184472 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This paper deals with the photocatalytic transformation of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET), one of the most widespread and efficient mosquito repellents, under simulated solar irradiation using titanium dioxide as the photocatalytic source of oxidizing species. The investigation involved monitoring of the DEET decomposition, the identification of intermediate compounds and the assessment of mineralization. High-resolution mass spectrometry was employed to assess the evolution of the photocatalyzed process over time. Fifty-one main species were identified after DEET transformation. Several isomeric species were formed and were characterized by analyzing MS and MS(n) spectra in full, and by comparison with parent molecule fragmentation pathways. In the DEET molecule, the initial transformation involved mono- and polyhydroxylation followed by oxidation of the alcohol groups, cleavage of the alkyl chains or ring opening. All these intermediates are easily degraded and DEET is completely mineralized after 4 h of irradiation. Microtox bioassay (Vibrio fischeri) was employed to evaluate the ecotoxicity of solutions treated by photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Medana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Turin, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy.
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Chan CC, Axe FU, Bolgar M, Attygalle AB. Reactivity of gaseous sodiated ions derived from benzene dicarboxylate salts toward residual water in the collision gas. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2010; 45:1130-1138. [PMID: 20853346 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The sodium adduct of disodium salts of benzene dicarboxylic acids (m/z 233), when subjected to collision-induced dissociation (CID), undergoes a facile loss of CO(2) to produce an ion of m/z 189, which retains all the three sodium atoms of the precursor. The CID spectrum of this unusual m/z 189 ion shows significant peaks at m/z 167, 63 and 85. The enigmatic m/z 167 ion, which appeared to represent a loss of a 22-Da neutral fragment from the precursor ion is in fact a fragment produced by the interaction of the m/z 189 ion with traces of water present in the collision gas. The change of the m/z 167 peak to 168, when D(2)O vapor was introduced to the collision gas of a Q-ToF instrument, proved that such an intervention of water could occur even in collision cells of tandem-in-space mass spectrometers. The m/z 189 ion has such high affinity for water; it forms an ion/molecule complex even during the brief residence time of ions in collision cells of triple quadrupole instruments. The complex formed in this way then eliminates elements of NaOH to produce the ion observed at m/z 167. In an ion trap, the relative intensity of the m/z 167 peak increases with longer activation time even at the lowest possible collision energy setting. Similarly, the m/z 145 ion (which represents the sodium adduct of phenelenedisodium, formed by two consecutive losses of CO(2) from the m/z 233 ion of meta- and para-isomers) interacts with water to produce a fragment ion at m/z 123 for the sodium adduct of phenylsodium. Other uncommon ions that originate also from water/ion interactions are observed at m/z 85 and 63 for [Na(3)O](+) and [Na(2)OH](+), respectively. Tandem mass spectrometric experiments conducted with appropriately deuterium-labeled compounds confirmed that the proton required for the formation of the [Na(2)OH](+) ion originates from traces of water present in the collision gas and not from the ring protons of the aromatic moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Ching Chan
- Center for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
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Medvedovici A, Albu F, David V. HANDLING DRAWBACKS OF MASS SPECTROMETRIC DETECTION COUPLED TO LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY IN BIOANALYSIS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2010.484375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Medvedovici
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , University of Bucharest , Bucharest , Romania
| | - Florin Albu
- b Bioanalytical Laboratory , S.C. LaborMed Pharma S.A. , Bucharest , Romania
| | - Victor David
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , University of Bucharest , Bucharest , Romania
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Badoud F, Grata E, Perrenoud L, Saugy M, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL. Fast analysis of doping agents in urine by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. II: Confirmatory analysis. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4109-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Lee SK, Kim HJ, Jin C, Lee J. Formation of the unusual [M+H-11 Da]+ ion peak in the collision-induced dissociation mass spectrum of [M+H]+ ion of hydrochlorothiazide. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2009; 44:1538-1541. [PMID: 19753616 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Current Awareness in Drug Testing and Analysis. Drug Test Anal 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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