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Walter TH, Alden BA, Berthelette K, Field JA, Lawrence NL, McLaughlin J, Patel AV. Characterization of a highly stable zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction chromatography stationary phase based on hybrid organic/inorganic particles. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:1389-1399. [PMID: 34937126 PMCID: PMC9487986 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have characterized a sulfobetaine stationary phase based on 1.7 μm ethylene-bridged hybrid organic/inorganic particles, which is intended for use in hydrophilic interaction chromatography. The efficiency of columns packed with this material were determined as a function of flow rate, demonstrating a minimum reduced plate height of 2.4. The batch-to-batch reproducibility was assessed using the separation of a mixture of acids, bases and neutrals. We compared the retention and selectivity of the hybrid sulfobetaine stationary phase to that of several benchmark materials. The hybrid sulfobetaine material gave strong retention for polar neutrals and high selectivity for methyl groups, hydroxy groups and configurational isomers. Large differences in cation and anion retention were observed among the columns. We characterized the acid and base stability of the hybrid sulfobetaine stationary phase, using accelerated tests at pH 1.3 and 11.0, both at 70°C. The results support a recommended pH range of 2 to 10. We also investigated the performance of columns packed with this material for metal-sensitive analytes, comparing conventional stainless steel column hardware to hardware that incorporates hybrid surface technology to mitigate interactions with metal surfaces. Compared to the conventional columns, the hybrid surface technology columns showed greatly improved peak shape. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Al‐Sabti B, Harbali J. Development and validation of an analytical method for quantification of potential genotoxic impurity 4‐dimethylaminopyridine in linagliptin active pharmaceutical ingredient using Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202000056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bashar Al‐Sabti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Control Faculty of Pharmacy University of Damascus Damascus Syria
| | - Jehad Harbali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Control Faculty of Pharmacy University of Damascus Damascus Syria
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Rabin O, Uiba V, Miroshnikova Y, Zabelin M, Samoylov A, Karkischenko V, Semyonov S, Astrelina T, Razinkin S. Meldonium long-term excretion period and pharmacokinetics in blood and urine of healthy athlete volunteers. Drug Test Anal 2018; 11:554-566. [PMID: 30328291 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Meldonium is a metabolic drug whose inclusion in the 2016 List of Prohibited Substances and Methods followed the analysis of data collected under the 2015 World Anti-Doping Agency Monitoring Program. In the early months of 2016, anti-doping laboratories reported an unusually high number of cases in which urine samples contained high concentrations of meldonium. Consequently, the meldonium excretion period in healthy athletes and the substance's long-term urine and blood (plasma) pharmacokinetics became central questions for the anti-doping community to address, to ensure appropriate assessment of the scientific and medical situation, and also fair treatment of athletes from a result management and legal standpoint. At the present time, data on meldonium pharmacokinetics is limited to a few studies, with no known data available on long-term excretion of high oral doses. The primary objective of this open-label study was to determine long-term urine and plasma pharmacokinetic parameters of meldonium in healthy volunteers. Study design included single and repeated functional load testing and assessment of L-carnitine administration on meldonium excretion and pharmacokinetics. Thirty-two volunteers were equally divided into two groups receiving either 1.0 g or 2.0 g of oral meldonium daily for 3 weeks. The study found meldonium takes several days to attain a steady state in blood and displays an elimination period over several months after cessation of treatment. Moreover, findings demonstrate that the daily dose, periodicity and duration of treatment with meldonium are the most important factors to consider in calculating the substance's elimination and complete body clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vladimir Uiba
- Federal Medical Biological Agency (FMBA), Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Maksim Zabelin
- Federal Medical Biological Agency (FMBA), Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksander Samoylov
- State Research Center Federal Medical Biophysical Center (SRC-FMBC), FMBA, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Sergey Semyonov
- Research and Technical Center of Radiation-Chemical Safety and Hygiene, FMBA, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana Astrelina
- State Research Center Federal Medical Biophysical Center (SRC-FMBC), FMBA, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Razinkin
- State Research Center Federal Medical Biophysical Center (SRC-FMBC), FMBA, Moscow, Russia
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Forsdahl G, Jančić-Stojanović B, Anđelković M, Dikić N, Geisendorfer T, Jeitler V, Gmeiner G. Urinary excretion studies of meldonium after multidose parenteral application. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 161:289-295. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Susinskis I, Mekss P, Hmelnickis J. Method development for the determination of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine by the high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry technique. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2018; 24:352-359. [PMID: 29482363 DOI: 10.1177/1469066718761437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine is highly toxic, carcinogenic compound, widely used for organic synthesis and drug development. Therefore, due to its high reactivity, direct analysis is problematic. Current study proposes to use derivatization reaction to increase selectivity and sensitivity of high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Different derivatization agents were tested and optimal reaction media was found. Derivatization was performed by using small amounts of reagents to lower the cost of analysis. The full validation of the method was performed and it can be used in a routine control in pharmaceutical analysis. Method sensitivity is 0.15 ppm, and linearity range is 0.15-2.70 ppm.
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Šlampová A, Kubáň P. Rapid determination of meldonium in urine samples by capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1468:236-240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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7
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Görgens C, Guddat S, Dib J, Geyer H, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Mildronate (Meldonium) in professional sports - monitoring doping control urine samples using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography - high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2015; 7:973-9. [PMID: 25847280 PMCID: PMC5066279 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To date, substances such as Mildronate (Meldonium) are not on the radar of anti‐doping laboratories as the compound is not explicitly classified as prohibited. However, the anti‐ischemic drug Mildronate demonstrates an increase in endurance performance of athletes, improved rehabilitation after exercise, protection against stress, and enhanced activations of central nervous system (CNS) functions. In the present study, the existing evidence of Mildronate's usage in sport, which is arguably not (exclusively) based on medicinal reasons, is corroborated by unequivocal analytical data allowing the estimation of the prevalence and extent of misuse in professional sports. Such data are vital to support decision‐making processes, particularly regarding the ban on drugs in sport. Due to the growing body of evidence (black market products and athlete statements) concerning its misuse in sport, adequate test methods for the reliable identification of Mildronate are required, especially since the substance has been added to the 2015 World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA) monitoring program. In the present study, two approaches were established using an in‐house synthesized labelled internal standard (Mildronate‐D3). One aimed at the implementation of the analyte into routine doping control screening methods to enable its monitoring at the lowest possible additional workload for the laboratory, and another that is appropriate for the peculiar specifics of the analyte, allowing the unequivocal confirmation of findings using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography‐high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometry (HILIC‐HRMS). Here, according to applicable regulations in sports drug testing, a full qualitative validation was conducted. The assay demonstrated good specificity, robustness (rRT=0.3%), precision (intra‐day: 7.0–8.4%; inter‐day: 9.9–12.9%), excellent linearity (R>0.99) and an adequate lower limit of detection (<10 ng/mL). © 2015 The Authors. Drug Testing and Analysis published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Görgens
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sven Guddat
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Josef Dib
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans Geyer
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
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Reddy AVB, Jaafar J, Umar K, Majid ZA, Aris AB, Talib J, Madhavi G. Identification, control strategies, and analytical approaches for the determination of potential genotoxic impurities in pharmaceuticals: A comprehensive review. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:764-79. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jafariah Jaafar
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
| | - Khalid Umar
- Department of Environmental Engineering; Faculty of Civil Engineering; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
| | - Zaiton Abdul Majid
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
| | - Azmi Bin Aris
- Department of Environmental Engineering; Faculty of Civil Engineering; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
| | - Juhaizah Talib
- Department of Environmental Engineering; Faculty of Civil Engineering; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
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Forced degradation and impurity profiling: Recent trends in analytical perspectives. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 86:11-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Yuan G, Peng Y, Liu Z, Hong J, Xiao Y, Guo J, Smith NW, Crommen J, Jiang Z. A facile and efficient strategy to enhance hydrophilicity of zwitterionic sulfoalkylbetaine type monoliths. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1301:88-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Simultaneous Trace Level Determination of Potentially Genotoxic Hydrazine, Methylhydrazine and Alkylamines in Pharmaceutical Substances by CE Using Indirect Photometric Detection. Chromatographia 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-013-2467-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Bawazeer S, Sutcliffe OB, Euerby MR, Bawazeer S, Watson DG. A comparison of the chromatographic properties of silica gel and silicon hydride modified silica gels. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1263:61-7. [PMID: 23040975 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The retention properties of a silica gel column and a type C silica (silicon hydride) column for bases, sugars and polar acids were compared in hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) mode with formic acid or ammonium acetate as aqueous phase modifiers. The type C silica column was much more retentive for a series of model bases than the silica gel column and, surprisingly, retention of bases increased on the type C silica column when, the higher pH, ammonium acetate containing mobile phase was used. The retention of sugars was greater on the type C silica column than on the silica gel column and also increased on the type C silica column with increased pH suggesting either a silanophilic mechanism of retention or some unknown mechanism. Three type C silica based columns, type C silica, cogent diamond hydride and a β-pinene modified column, which it was hoped might exert some additional stereochemical discrimination, were tested for metabolomic profiling of urine. In general the unmodified type C silica column gave the strongest retention of the many polar metabolites in urine and could provide a useful complement to established HILIC methods for metabolomic profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saud Bawazeer
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, 161, Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
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Abstract
AbstractHydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) is an increasingly popular alternative to conventional HPLC for drug analysis. It offers increased selectivity and sensitivity, and improved efficiency when quantifying drugs and related compounds in complex matrices such as biological and environmental samples, pharmaceutical formulations, food, and animal feed. In this review we summarize HILIC methods recently developed for drug analysis (2006–2011). In addition, a list of important applications is provided, including experimental conditions and a brief summary of results. The references provide a comprehensive overview of current HILIC applications in drug analysis.
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Pidpruzhnykov YV, Sabko VE, Iurchenko VV, Zupanets IA. UPLC-MS/MS method for bioequivalence study of oral drugs of meldonium. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 26:599-605. [PMID: 21915891 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and simple method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography on a hydrophilic interaction chromatography column with tandem mass-selective detection (UPLC-MS/MS) to determine meldonium in human plasma was developed. The calibration curve acquired in the range of 10-6000 ng/mL had quadratic form. Method validation proved the conformity of its properties (selectivity, matrix effect, lower limit of quantification, accuracy, precision and recovery) with the established requirements. The stability tests necessary for bioanalytical studies were performed. For the first time, the method was successfully applied to the bioequivalence studies of generic and brand name oral drugs of meldonium in capsules. Based on data from 24 volunteers, it was determined that the mean pharmacokinetic curves of the drugs are characterized by a double peak profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy V Pidpruzhnykov
- Bioanalytical Laboratory Clinfarm, 3 Shevchenko Street, Irpin, Kiev Oblast 08200, Ukraine.
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Chirita RI, West C, Zubrzycki S, Finaru AL, Elfakir C. Investigations on the chromatographic behaviour of zwitterionic stationary phases used in hydrophilic interaction chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:5939-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2010] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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HILIC Retention Behavior and Method Development for Highly Polar Basic Compounds Used in Pharmaceutical Synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1201/b10609-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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18
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Elder DP, Snodin D, Teasdale A. Control and analysis of hydrazine, hydrazides and hydrazones--genotoxic impurities in active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and drug products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 54:900-10. [PMID: 21145684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This is the latest of a series of reviews focused on the analysis of genotoxic impurities. This review summarises the analytical approaches reported in the literature relating to hydrazine, hydrazines, hydrazides and hydrazones. It is intended to provide guidance for analysts needing to develop procedures to control such impurities, particularly where this is due to concerns relating to their potential genotoxicity. Of particular note is the wide variety of techniques employed, both chromatographic and spectroscopic, with most involving derivatisation. Such a wide variety of options allow the analyst a real choice in terms of selecting the most appropriate technique specific to their requirements. Several generic methodologies, covering the three main analytical approaches; i.e. HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography), GC (gas chromatography) and IC (ion chromatography), are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Elder
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Park Road, Ware SG12 0DP, UK
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Wang S, Li Q, Lü X, Liu T, Zhang W, Geng L, Deng Y. Preparation and evaluation of an enzymatic microreactor based on HILIC matrix for digestion and identification of proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-010-0060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Nesterenko EP, Nesterenko PN, Paull B. Zwitterionic ion-exchangers in ion chromatography: A review of recent developments. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 652:3-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Liepinsh E, Kuka J, Svalbe B, Vilskersts R, Skapare E, Cirule H, Pugovics O, Kalvinsh I, Dambrova M. Effects of long-term mildronate treatment on cardiac and liver functions in rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2009; 105:387-94. [PMID: 19663820 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00461.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mildronate is a cardioprotective drug that improves cardiac function during ischaemia and functions by lowering l-carnitine concentration in body tissues and modulating myocardial energy metabolism. The aim of the present study was to characterise cardiovascular function and liver condition after long-term mildronate treatment in rats. In addition, changes in the plasma lipid profile, along with changes in the concentration of mildronate, l-carnitine and gamma-butyrobetaine were monitored in the rat tissues. Wistar rats were perorally treated daily with a mildronate dose of either 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg for 4, 8 or 12 weeks. The l-carnitine-lowering effect of mildronate was dose-dependent. However, the carnitine levels reached a plateau after about four weeks of treatment. During the additional weeks of treatment, the carnitine levels were not considerably changed. The obtained results provide evidence that even a high dose of mildronate does not alter cardiovascular parameters and the function of isolated rat hearts. Furthermore, the histological evaluation of liver tissue cryosections and measurement of biochemical markers of hepatic toxicity showed that all the measured values were within the normal reference range. Our results provide evidence that long-term mildronate administration induces significant changes in carnitine homeostasis, but it is not associated with cardiac impairment or disturbances in liver function.
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