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Agarwal B, Jagdale S, Kadam P, Sakpal P, Nalawade S, Maske S, Dale P. Development and Validation of Stability Indicating RP-HPLC Method for the Estimation of Glycopyrrolate and Neostigmine in Bulk and Injection. J Chromatogr Sci 2024; 62:213-221. [PMID: 37207317 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmad035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A stability indicating RP-HPLC method is suggested for determination of Glycopyrrolate-Neostigmine (GLY/NEO) in bulk drugs and injection formulation. GLY/NEO were eluted from a Chromolith High Resolution RP-18e (100 mm×4.6 mm) with buffer solution (pH 3.0) as mobile phase A and a mixture of HPLC grade acetonitrile and water mixture (90:10) as mobile phase B. The gradient was optimized with a flowrate of 0.5 mL/min and wavelength of 222 nm. A complete analytical method validation was effectively carried out as per ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines. Recovery studies were performed at 50-150% level of working concentrations, and results were in the range of 99-101%. The linearity was detected in the range of LOQ to 200% of the specification limits i.e., 0.5% each for NEO and GLY, 0.01% for NEO Impurity B and 1.0% for rest of the impurities with respect to the test concentration of the respective components. For stability study, various stress conditions such as acid, base, oxidation and thermal as per ICH guidelines were studied. The high recovery and low relative standard deviation confirm the suitability of proposed method that can be employed for the routine analysis in bulk and pharmaceutical formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babita Agarwal
- Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, Marathwada Mitra Mandal's College of Pharmacy, Thergaon, Pune, Maharashtra 411033, India
| | - Sachin Jagdale
- Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, Marathwada Mitra Mandal's College of Pharmacy, Thergaon, Pune, Maharashtra 411033, India
| | - Prasad Kadam
- Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, Marathwada Mitra Mandal's College of Pharmacy, Thergaon, Pune, Maharashtra 411033, India
| | - Pramod Sakpal
- Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, Marathwada Mitra Mandal's College of Pharmacy, Thergaon, Pune, Maharashtra 411033, India
| | - Santaji Nalawade
- Callidus Research Laboratories Pvt. Ltd, PAP-A-29/1, Chakan Industrial Area, Phase-IV, Nighoje, Pune, Tal-Khed, Maharashtra 410501, India
| | - Shivraj Maske
- Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, Marathwada Mitra Mandal's College of Pharmacy, Thergaon, Pune, Maharashtra 411033, India
| | - Pooja Dale
- Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, Marathwada Mitra Mandal's College of Pharmacy, Thergaon, Pune, Maharashtra 411033, India
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Sakuma T, Makino K, Terada H, Takeuchi I, Mitova V, Troev K. Synthesis and Characterization of Amphiphilic Diblock Polyphosphoesters Containing Lactic Acid Units for Potential Drug Delivery Applications. Molecules 2023; 28:5243. [PMID: 37446904 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Multistep one-pot polycondensation reactions synthesized amphiphilic diblock polyphosphoesters containing lactic acid units in the polymer backbone. At the first step was synthesized poly[poly(ethylene glycol) H-phosphonate-b-poly(ethylene glycol)lactate H-phosphonate] was converted through one pot oxidation into poly[alkylpoly(ethylene glycol) phosphate-b-alkylpoly(ethylene glycol)lactate phosphate]s. They were characterized by 1H, 13C {H},31P NMR, and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The effects of the polymer composition on micelle formation and stability, and micelle size were studied via dynamic light scattering (DLS). The hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance of these polymers can be controlled by changing the chain lengths of hydrophobic alcohols. Drug loading and encapsulation efficiency tests using Sudan III and doxorubicin revealed that hydrophobic substances can be incorporated inside the hydrophobic core of polymer micelles. The micelle size was 72-108 nm when encapsulating Sudan III and 89-116 nm when encapsulating doxorubicin. Loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency depend on the length of alkyl side chains. Changing the alkyl side chain from 8 to 16 carbon atoms increased micelle-encapsulated Sudan III and doxorubicin by 1.6- and 1.1-fold, respectively. The results obtained indicate that these diblock copolymers have the potential as drug carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Sakuma
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641, Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kimiko Makino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641, Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Terada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641, Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Chiba, Japan
| | - Issei Takeuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641, Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Chiba, Japan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Josai International University, 1 Gumyo, Togane 283-8555, Chiba, Japan
| | - Violeta Mitova
- Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Kolio Troev
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641, Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Chiba, Japan
- Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Deilam M, Ghasemi AS. Assessment of drug loading and release efficiencies of zigzag (8, 0) single-walled carbon nanotube as a Bendamustine hydrochloride drug delivery system in silico: DFT approach. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2021.2009120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehri Deilam
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
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Todorova Z, Tumurbaatar O, Todorova J, Ugrinova I, Koseva N. Phosphorus-containing star-shaped polymer conjugates for biomedical applications. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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5
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Antoni F, Bernhardt G. Derivatives of nitrogen mustard anticancer agents with improved cytotoxicity. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2020; 354:e2000366. [PMID: 33283341 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In previous studies, we demonstrated that esters of bendamustine containing a basic moiety are far more cytotoxic anticancer agents than their parent compound and that the substitution of the labile ester moiety by a branched ester or an amide markedly increases stability in the blood plasma. In the current study, we showed that this substitution was bioisosteric. Aiming at increased cytotoxicity, we introduced the same modification to related nitrogen mustards: 6-isobendamustine, chlorambucil, and melphalan. The synthesis was accomplished using the coupling reagents N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide or 2-(1H-benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethylaminium tetrafluoroborate. Cytotoxicity against a panel of diverse cancer cells (carcinoma, sarcoma, and malignant melanoma) was assessed in a kinetic chemosensitivity assay. The target compounds showed cytotoxic or cytocidal effects at concentrations above 1 µM: a striking enhancement over bendamustine and 6-isobendamustine, both ineffective against the selected cancer cells at concentrations up to 50 µM, and a considerable improvement over chlorambucil, showing some potency only against the sarcoma cells. Melphalan was almost as effective as the target compounds-derivatization only provided a small improvement. The novel cytostatics are of interest as model compounds for analyzing a correlation between cytotoxicity and membrane transport and for the treatment of malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Antoni
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Günther Bernhardt
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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6
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Biocompatibility and effectiveness of paclitaxel-encapsulated micelle using phosphoester compounds as a carrier for cancer treatment. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 177:356-361. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Khan I, Gothwal A, Kaul A, Mathur R, Mishra AK, Gupta U. Radiolabeled PLGA Nanoparticles for Effective Targeting of Bendamustine in Tumor Bearing Mice. Pharm Res 2018; 35:200. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2482-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Gothwal A, Khan I, Kumar P, Raza K, Kaul A, Mishra AK, Gupta U. Bendamustine-PAMAM Conjugates for Improved Apoptosis, Efficacy, and in Vivo Pharmacokinetics: A Sustainable Delivery Tactic. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:2084-2097. [PMID: 29195048 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Successful delivery of a chemotherapeutic agent like bendamustine still remains a challenge in clinical conditions like chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), and multiple myeloma. We have conjugated bendamustine to polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers after conjugating with N-(hydroxyethyl)maleimide (spacer) via an ester bond. The particle size of PAMAM-bendamustine conjugate was 49.8 ± 2.5 nm. In vitro drug release resulted in sustained release with improved solution stability of drug up to 72 h. In a 24 h cytotoxicity study by MTT assay against human monoblastic leukemia cells (THP-1), the IC50 value for PAMAM-bendamustine was 32.1 ± 4.8 μM compared to 50.42 ± 3.4 μM and 2303 ± 106.5 μM for bendamustine and PAMAM dendrimer, respectively. Significantly higher cell uptake and apoptosis were observed in THP-1 cells by PAMAM-bendamustine conjugate which was confirmed by flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Preliminary in vivo studies undertaken included pharmacokinetics studies, organ distribution studies, and tumor inhibition studies. In healthy Wistar rat model (1CBM IV push model), the pharmacokinetic studies revealed that bioavailability and t1/2 increased significantly, i.e., almost 8.5-fold (193.8 ± 1.116 vs 22.8 ± 0.158 μg mL-1/h) and 5.1-fold (0.75 ± 0.005 vs 3.85 ± 0.015 h), respectively, for PAMAM-bendamustine conjugate compared to pure bendamustine ( p < 0.05), however, clearance and volume of distribution were found to be decreased compared to those of free drug. The study suggests that PAMAM-bendamustine conjugate was not only stable for the longer period but also least toxic and highly taken up by THP-1 cells to exert an anticancer effect at the reduced dose. Tumor inhibition and biodistribution studies in tumor-bearing BALB/c mice revealed that PAMAM-bendamustine conjugate was more effective than the pure drug and showed higher accumulation in the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Gothwal
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy , Central University of Rajasthan , Bandarsindri, Ajmer , Rajasthan 305817 , India
| | - Iliyas Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy , Central University of Rajasthan , Bandarsindri, Ajmer , Rajasthan 305817 , India
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy , Central University of Rajasthan , Bandarsindri, Ajmer , Rajasthan 305817 , India
| | - Kaisar Raza
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy , Central University of Rajasthan , Bandarsindri, Ajmer , Rajasthan 305817 , India
| | - Ankur Kaul
- Division of Cyclotron And Radiopharmaceutical sciences , Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences , New Delhi 110054 , India
| | - Anil Kumar Mishra
- Division of Cyclotron And Radiopharmaceutical sciences , Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences , New Delhi 110054 , India
| | - Umesh Gupta
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy , Central University of Rajasthan , Bandarsindri, Ajmer , Rajasthan 305817 , India
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Khan I, Gothwal A, Sharma AK, Qayum A, Singh SK, Gupta U. Biodegradable nano-architectural PEGylated approach for the improved stability and anticancer efficacy of bendamustine. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 92:1242-1251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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10
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Singh Y, Chandrashekar A, Pawar VK, Saravanakumar V, Meher J, Raval K, Singh P, Kumar RD, Chourasia MK. Novel Validated RP-HPLC Method for Bendamustine Hydrochloride Based on Ion-pair Chromatography: Application in Determining Infusion Stability and Pharmacokinetics. J Chromatogr Sci 2016; 55:30-39. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmw145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Plenis A, Frolow A, Rekowska N, Olędzka I, Kowalski P, Bień E, Krawczyk MA, Adamkiewicz-Drożynska E, Bączek T. Determination of Bendamustine in Human Plasma and Urine by LC-FL Methods: Application in a Drug Monitoring. Chromatographia 2016; 79:861-873. [PMID: 27429473 PMCID: PMC4930483 DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3103-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Simple and sensitive liquid chromatography (LC) methods with fluorescence (FL) detection for the determination of bendamustine (BM) in human plasma and urine were developed and validated. The procedure of BM extraction from a plasma sample involved solid-phase extraction with a C18 SPE column, while liquid–liquid extraction with dichloromethane was applied for a urine sample. In both methods, cinoxacin was used as the internal standard. Chromatographic separations were performed on a Synergi Max-RP column, while FL detector was set at the excitation wavelength of 328 nm and the emission wavelength of 420 nm. The LC-FL methods were validated for accuracy, precision, selectivity, linearity, recovery, and stability. The detection limits for BM were 0.5 and 2.5 ng mL−1 in plasma and urine, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day precisions were less than 9.86 %, while the accuracies were higher than 92.63 and 94.29 % for BM in plasma and urine, respectively. The proposed LC-FL methods were sensitive, robust, and specific, allowing reliable drug quantification in plasma and urine samples. The methodologies were successfully applied to monitoring of BM in a child with cancer treated with BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Plenis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Frolow
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Natalia Rekowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ilona Olędzka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Piotr Kowalski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ewa Bień
- Department of Pediatris, Hematology and Oncology; Medical University Gdansk, Debinki 7, 80-11 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Anna Krawczyk
- Department of Pediatris, Hematology and Oncology; Medical University Gdansk, Debinki 7, 80-11 Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
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13
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Huber S, Huettner JP, Hacker K, Bernhardt G, König J, Buschauer A. Esters of Bendamustine Are by Far More Potent Cytotoxic Agents than the Parent Compound against Human Sarcoma and Carcinoma Cells. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26196503 PMCID: PMC4721923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The alkylating agent bendamustine is approved for the treatment of hematopoietic malignancies such as non-Hodgkin lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia and multiple myeloma. As preliminary data on recently disclosed bendamustine esters suggested increased cytotoxicity, we investigated representative derivatives in more detail. Especially basic esters, which are positively charged under physiological conditions, were in the crystal violet and the MTT assay up to approximately 100 times more effective than bendamustine, paralleled by a higher fraction of early apoptotic cancer cells and increased expression of p53. Analytical studies performed with bendamustine and representative esters revealed pronounced cellular accumulation of the derivatives compared to the parent compound. In particular, the pyrrolidinoethyl ester showed a high enrichment in tumor cells and inhibition of OCT1- and OCT3-mediated transport processes, suggesting organic cation transporters to be involved. However, this hypothesis was not supported by the differential expression of OCT1 (SLC22A1) and OCT3 (SLC22A3), comparing a panel of human cancer cells. Bendamustine esters proved to be considerably more potent cytotoxic agents than the parent compound against a broad panel of human cancer cell types, including hematologic and solid malignancies (e.g. malignant melanoma, colorectal carcinoma and lung cancer), which are resistant to bendamustine. Interestingly, spontaneously immortalized human keratinocytes, as a model of “normal” cells, were by far less sensitive than tumor cells against the most potent bendamustine esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Huber
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry II, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Philip Huettner
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Hacker
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Günther Bernhardt
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry II, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jörg König
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Armin Buschauer
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry II, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Huber S, Antoni F, Schickaneder C, Schickaneder H, Bernhardt G, Buschauer A. Stabilities of neutral and basic esters of bendamustine in plasma compared to the parent compound: Kinetic investigations by HPLC. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 104:137-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Koseva N, Tsacheva I, Mitova V, Vodenicharova E, Molkentine J, Mason K, Troev K. Polymer complex of WR 2721. Synthesis and radioprotective efficiency. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 65:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kostova B, Ivanova S, Balashev K, Rachev D, Christova D. Evaluation of poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) containing copolymer networks of varied composition as sustained metoprolol tartrate delivery systems. AAPS PharmSciTech 2014; 15:939-46. [PMID: 24789663 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-014-0120-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Segmented copolymer networks (SCN) based on poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) and containing 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate, and/or methyl methacrylate segments have been evaluated as potential sustained release systems of the water soluble cardioselective β-blocker metoprolol tartrate. The structure and properties of the drug carriers were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Swelling kinetics of SCNs in various media was followed, and the conditions for effective MT loading were specified. MT-loaded SCNs with drug content up to 80 wt.% were produced. The release kinetics of metoprolol tartrate from the systems was studied and it was shown that the conetworks of different structure and composition are able to sustain the metoprolol tartrate release without additional excipients.
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Abstract
A new mechanism of the Atherton–Todd reaction is discussed. The first step of the reaction between diesters of H-phosphonic acid and carbon tetrachloride in the presence of a base is a salt formation between carbon tetrachloride and the base [amine·Cl]+CCl3−. The trichloromethanide anion [CCl3−] deprotonates dialkyl H-phosphonate to form chloroform and dialkyl phosphonate anion [(RO)2P(O)]−. The latter anion reacts with the chlorine cation to furnish dialkyl chlorophosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Mitova
- Institute of Polymers
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
- Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - N. Koseva
- Institute of Polymers
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
- Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - K. Troev
- Institute of Polymers
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
- Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
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18
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Polyphosphoester conjugates of dinuclear platinum complex: Synthesis and evaluation of cytotoxic and the proapoptotic activity. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 72:127-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Bogomilova A, Höhn M, Günther M, Herrmann A, Troev K, Wagner E, Schreiner L. A polyphosphoester conjugate of melphalan as antitumoral agent. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 50:410-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kasa S, Raja Sekhar Reddy M, Kadaboina RS, Murki V, Mulukutla VS. Stability-Indicating LC Method for the Estimation of Bendamustine Hydrochloride and its Related Impurities. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 52:573-83. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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21
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Troev K, Naruoka A, Terada H, Kikuchi A, Makino K. New Efficient Method of Oxidation of Poly(alkylene H-phosphonate)s: A Promising Route to Novel co-Polyphosphoesters. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma3011608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kolio Troev
- Institute
of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
- Center for Physical Pharmaceutics, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba
278-8510, Japan
| | - Aki Naruoka
- Faculty of
Pharmaceutical Science, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba
278-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Terada
- Center for Physical Pharmaceutics, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba
278-8510, Japan
- Faculty of
Pharmaceutical Science, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba
278-8510, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kikuchi
- Center for Physical Pharmaceutics, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba
278-8510, Japan
- Faculty of
Pharmaceutical Science, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba
278-8510, Japan
| | - Kimiko Makino
- Center for Physical Pharmaceutics, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba
278-8510, Japan
- Faculty of
Pharmaceutical Science, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba
278-8510, Japan
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Oussadi K, Montembault V, Belbachir M, Fontaine L. Ring-opening bulk polymerization of five- and six-membered cyclic phosphonates using maghnite, a nontoxic proton exchanged montmorillonite clay. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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23
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Troev KD, Mitova VA, Ivanov IG. On the design of polymeric 5′-O-ester prodrugs of 3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine (AZT). Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Scutaru AM, Wenzel M, Scheffler H, Wolber G, Gust R. Optimization of the N-Lost Drugs Melphalan and Bendamustine: Synthesis and Cytotoxicity of a New Set of Dendrimer−Drug Conjugates as Tumor Therapeutic Agents. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:1728-43. [DOI: 10.1021/bc900453f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Scutaru
- Institute für Pharmazie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin Luise Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany, and Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 52, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maxi Wenzel
- Institute für Pharmazie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin Luise Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany, and Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 52, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Heike Scheffler
- Institute für Pharmazie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin Luise Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany, and Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 52, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gerhard Wolber
- Institute für Pharmazie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin Luise Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany, and Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 52, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ronald Gust
- Institute für Pharmazie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin Luise Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany, and Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 52, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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