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Aboras SI, Korany MA, Abdine HH, Ragab MAA. HPLC/Fluorescence-Diode Array Detection for Rapid and Reliable Determination of Illegal Synthetic Drugs in Male Sexual Herbal and Honey Remedies: Comparative Study with UFLC–MS. J AOAC Int 2022; 105:1288-1298. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsac037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Nutraceuticals (NTCs), as honey and tablets with herbal extract are subjected to adulteration.
Objective
For NTCs claimed to enhance sexual performance, synthetic drugs (sildenafil, tadalafil, avanafil, vardenafil, and dapoxetine) are common adulterants, so they were selected to be simultaneously analyzed in the current study. Natural aphrodisiacs (icariin and yohimbine) are claimed to be present in many fake NTCs, so they were also included in the study.
Methods
In order to achieve the target of the current study, three liquid chromatographic methods with different unique detectors were developed and validated.
Results
High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection enables rapid and reliable determination of natively fluorescent yohimbine, tadalafil vardenafil, and dapoxetine and it is the first report to analyze these compounds as adulterants in counterfeit NTC. Although the diode-array detector (DAD) enables the analysis of the seven adulterants, the fluorescence detector (FLD) shows better sensitivity and selectivity with lower LOQs and LODs. On the other hand, ultra-fast liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UFLC–MS) offers the advantages of peak identity confirmation, and it is of comparable sensitivity and selectivity to HPLC–FLD.
Conclusion
One or more of these synthetic drugs were found in the analyzed NTCs while natural aphrodisiacs were absent.
Highlights
Aphrodisiac nutraceuticals, NTCs, were analyzed for adulterants: five aphrodisiac synthetic drugs (adulterants) and two natural claimed aphrodisiacs. UFLC–MS and HPLC–DAD/FLD were compared for illicit NTCs analysis; all NTCs show the presence of synthetic aphrodisiacs and the absence of natural ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara I Aboras
- Alexandria University, El-Messalah, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry , Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Korany
- Alexandria University, El-Messalah, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry , Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Heba H Abdine
- Alexandria University, El-Messalah, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry , Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Marwa A A Ragab
- Alexandria University, El-Messalah, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry , Alexandria 21521, Egypt
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2
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Abou-Omar MN, Annadi AM, El Zahar NM, Youssef AO, Amin MA, Attia MS, Mohamed EH. Simultaneous determination of Avanafil and Dapoxetine in human plasma using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) based on a protein precipitation technique. RSC Adv 2021; 11:29797-29806. [PMID: 35479534 PMCID: PMC9040755 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05492a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid and selective LC-MS/MS method is described for the simultaneous assay of Avanafil and Dapoxetine in human plasma via a protein precipitation (PP) sample preparation technique. Tadalafil was chosen as the internal standard reaching good recovery and reproducibility while diminishing the effects of the matrix. An Agilent Zorbax Eclipse XDB C18 column (4.6 × 50 mm, 1.8 μm) was used for the chromatographic separation and analysis, while 0.1% formic acid : acetonitrile (60 : 40, v/v) was utilized at a flow rate of 0.5 mL min−1. It was revealed that 6 min stop time accomplished the best separation. The assay was linear over the range of 10–6000 ng mL−1 for both drugs. The established bio-analytical method validation was demonstrated following US-FDA recommendations including sensitivity, selectivity, linearity, accuracy and precision. Furthermore, other validation parameters were assessed such as the dilution integrity, matrix effect, carryover, and analyte stability during both short- and long-term sample processing and storage. The adopted method was efficaciously applied to a clinical study for the concurrent determination of Avanafil and Dapoxetine in human plasma. A rapid and selective LC-MS/MS method is described for the simultaneous assay of Avanafil and Dapoxetine in human plasma via a protein precipitation (PP) sample preparation technique.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona N Abou-Omar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University Cairo Egypt
| | - Abdelaziz M Annadi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University Abbassia Cairo 11566 Egypt
| | - Noha M El Zahar
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University Organization of African Unity Street, Abassia Cairo 11566 Egypt.,Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Salman International University Ras-Sedr South Sinai Egypt
| | - Ahmed O Youssef
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University Abbassia Cairo 11566 Egypt
| | - Mohammed A Amin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University P.O. BOX 11099 Taif 21944 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed S Attia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University Abbassia Cairo 11566 Egypt
| | - Ekram H Mohamed
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt 11837 El Sherouk City Cairo Egypt
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3
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Tóth G, Fogarasi E, Bartalis-Fábián Á, Foroughbakhshfasaei M, Boldizsár I, Darcsi A, Lohner S, Scriba GK, Szabó ZI. Liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of achiral and chiral impurities of dapoxetine in approved and counterfeit products. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1626:461388. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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4
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Gul M, Diri MA. YouTube as a Source of Information About Premature Ejaculation Treatment. J Sex Med 2019; 16:1734-1740. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Mohamed MA, Atty SA, Yehia AM, Foster CW, Banks CE, Allam NK. Electrochemical Determination of the Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor, Dapoxetine, Using Cesium-Gold Nanoparticles. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:6628-6635. [PMID: 30023526 PMCID: PMC6044806 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cesium-gold (Cs-Au) nanoparticles are shown to be analytically advantageous for the electroanalytical sensing of dapoxetine (DPX), a serotonin reuptake inhibitor used for the treatment of premature ejaculation. The Cs-Au nanoparticles are electrically wired and supported upon mass producible, economical screen-printed electrochemical sensing platforms and are characterized electrochemically (cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) and physiochemically (field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis). The face-centered design was applied to optimize the significant experimental factors by using square wave voltammetry. The Cs-Au-based sensor is found to exhibit a large linear range (10-7 to 10-4 M) with a good analytical linearity with the limits of detection and quantification corresponding to 2.50 × 10-10 and 8.33 × 10-8 M, respectively. The developed sensor was successfully applied in the quantification of DPX in the presence of sildenafil, both of which are commonly found within combined dose tablet pharmaceutical formulations. The proposed DPX electrochemical Cs-Au-based sensor has the advantages of being single-shot and disposable and is shown to be successful in determining DPX in pharmaceutical formulations, human urine, and serum samples with acceptable recoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona A. Mohamed
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry Department, National Organization
for Drug Control and Research [NODCAR], Pyramids Ave, P.O. Box 29, Giza, Egypt
| | - Shimaa A. Atty
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry Department, National Organization
for Drug Control and Research [NODCAR], Pyramids Ave, P.O. Box 29, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ali M. Yehia
- Analytical
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Christopher W. Foster
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K.
| | - Craig E. Banks
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K.
| | - Nageh K. Allam
- Energy
Materials Laboratory, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
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6
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Skalicka-Woźniak K, Georgiev MI, Orhan IE. Adulteration of herbal sexual enhancers and slimmers: The wish for better sexual well-being and perfect body can be risky. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 108:355-364. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Identification and characterization of a new dapoxetine impurity by NMR: Transformation of N -oxide by Cope elimination. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 134:187-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Attia AK, Souaya ER, Soliman EA. Thermal Analysis Investigation of Dapoxetine and Vardenafil Hydrochlorides using Molecular Orbital Calculations. Adv Pharm Bull 2015; 5:523-9. [PMID: 26819925 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2015.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Thermal analysis techniques have been used to study the thermal behavior of dapoxetine and vardenafil hydrochlorides and confirmed using semi-empirical molecular orbital calculations. METHODS Thermogravimetric analysis, derivative thermogravimetry, differential thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry were used to determine the thermal behavior and purity of the drugs under investigation. Thermodynamic parameters such as activation energy, enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs free energy were calculated. RESULTS Thermal behavior of DAP and VAR were confirmed using by semi-empirical molecular orbital calculations. The purity values were found to be 99.97% and 99.95% for dapoxetine and vardenafil hydrochlorides, respectively. The purity of dapoxetine and vardenafil hydrochlorides is similar to that found by reported methods according to DSC data. CONCLUSION Thermal analysis justifies its application in quality control of pharmaceutical compounds due to its simplicity, sensitivity and low operational costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kamal Attia
- National Organization for Drug Control and Research, P.O. Box 29, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eglal R Souaya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Egypt
| | - Ethar A Soliman
- National Organization for Drug Control and Research, P.O. Box 29, Cairo, Egypt
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9
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A rapid, quantitative liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry screening method for 71 active and 11 natural erectile dysfunction ingredients present in potentially adulterated or counterfeit products. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1343:143-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Darcsi A, Tóth G, Kökösi J, Béni S. Structure elucidation of a process-related impurity of dapoxetine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 96:272-7. [PMID: 24793500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Unknown by-product associated with the synthesis of dapoxetine was isolated. The structure elucidation of this new compound using accurate mass data and NMR spectroscopy is presented herein. The unambiguous resonance assignment concluded to the formation of a tricyclic compound 4-phenyl-2H,3H,4H-naphtho[1,2-b]pyran, a new impurity of dapoxetine which has never been reported previously. A proposed mechanism for the formation of the new carbon-carbon bond is discussed. For the separation of dapoxetine and the process-related impurities, a gradient HPLC method was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Darcsi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Endre Street 9, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergő Tóth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Endre Street 9, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Kökösi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Endre Street 9, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Béni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Endre Street 9, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary.
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11
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Reeuwijk NM, Venhuis BJ, de Kaste D, Hoogenboom LAP, Rietjens IMCM, Martena MJ. Sildenafil and analogous phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitors in herbal food supplements sampled on the Dutch market. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:2027-34. [PMID: 24261938 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.848294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Herbal food supplements, claiming to enhance sexual potency, may contain deliberately added active pharmacological ingredients (APIs) that can be used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). The aim of this study was to determine whether herbal food supplements on the Dutch market indeed contain APIs that inhibit phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitors, such as sildenafil and analogous PDE-5 inhibitors. Herbal food supplements intended to enhance sexual potency (n = 71), and two soft drinks, were sampled from 2003 up to and including 2012. In 23 herbal supplements, nine different PDE-5 inhibitors were identified; in a few cases (n = 3), more than one inhibitor was indentified. The presence of these APIs was however not stated on the label. The concentrations of PDE-5 inhibitors per dose unit were analysed. Furthermore, the potential pharmacologically active properties of the detected PDE-5 inhibitors were estimated by using data from the scientific and patent literature regarding (1) in vitro PDE-5 activity, (2) reported effective doses of registered drugs with PDE-5 inhibitor activity and (3) similarity to other structural analogues. It was concluded that 18 of the 23 herbal food supplements, when used as recommended, would have significant pharmacological effects due to added APIs. Adequate use of existing regulation and control measures seems necessary to protect consumers against the adverse effects of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Reeuwijk
- a Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA) , Office for Risk Assessment and Research , Utrecht , The Netherlands
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12
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Lee JH, Kim NS, Han KM, Kim SH, Cho S, Kim WS. Monitoring by LC-MS/MS of 48 compounds of sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil and their analogues in illicit health food products in the Korean market advertised as enhancing male sexual performance. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:1849-57. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.826878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Kim NS, Lee JH, Han KM, Kim HJ, Cho S, Han SY, Kim WS. Isolation and structural characterisation of a propoxyphenyl-linked thiohomosildenafil analogue found in a herbal product. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:1693-700. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.823571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Deconinck E, Sacre PY, Courselle P, De Beer JO. Chromatography in the Detection and Characterization of Illegal Pharmaceutical Preparations. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 51:791-806. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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15
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Neumajer G, Sohajda T, Darcsi A, Tóth G, Szente L, Noszál B, Béni S. Chiral recognition of dapoxetine enantiomers with methylated-gamma-cyclodextrin: a validated capillary electrophoresis method. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 62:42-7. [PMID: 22280959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The enantiomers of dapoxetine, a serotonin transporter inhibitor for the treatment of premature ejaculation have been separated by cyclodextrin modified capillary zone electrophoresis using uncoated fused-silica capillary. Over 20 cyclodextrins were screened as chiral selectors, investigating the stability of the inclusion complexes and enantioseparating properties. According to the preliminary experiments as chiral selector randomly methylated-γ-cyclodextrin was chosen. The basic chemical and instrumental parameters of enantioseparation as concentration of buffer, chiral selector and organic additive, pH, temperature and applied voltage were optimized afterwards using an orthogonal experimental design. Using this methodology not only the optimal parameter values for chiral separation (15 °C, +15 kV, 70 mM acetate, 20 v/v% MeOH, pH*=4.5, 3 mM methylated-γ-CyD) but also the significance order of factors on resolution was determined. Applying these parameters an optimal resolution of 7.01 was achieved. The optimized method was then validated according to the ICH guideline Q2 (R1) with regard to repeatability, linearity range, LOD, LOQ, accuracy and robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Neumajer
- Semmelweis University, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hőgyes Endre u. 9, Budapest H-1092, Hungary
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16
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Kind T, Fiehn O. Advances in structure elucidation of small molecules using mass spectrometry. BIOANALYTICAL REVIEWS 2010; 2:23-60. [PMID: 21289855 PMCID: PMC3015162 DOI: 10.1007/s12566-010-0015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The structural elucidation of small molecules using mass spectrometry plays an important role in modern life sciences and bioanalytical approaches. This review covers different soft and hard ionization techniques and figures of merit for modern mass spectrometers, such as mass resolving power, mass accuracy, isotopic abundance accuracy, accurate mass multiple-stage MS(n) capability, as well as hybrid mass spectrometric and orthogonal chromatographic approaches. The latter part discusses mass spectral data handling strategies, which includes background and noise subtraction, adduct formation and detection, charge state determination, accurate mass measurements, elemental composition determinations, and complex data-dependent setups with ion maps and ion trees. The importance of mass spectral library search algorithms for tandem mass spectra and multiple-stage MS(n) mass spectra as well as mass spectral tree libraries that combine multiple-stage mass spectra are outlined. The successive chapter discusses mass spectral fragmentation pathways, biotransformation reactions and drug metabolism studies, the mass spectral simulation and generation of in silico mass spectra, expert systems for mass spectral interpretation, and the use of computational chemistry to explain gas-phase phenomena. A single chapter discusses data handling for hyphenated approaches including mass spectral deconvolution for clean mass spectra, cheminformatics approaches and structure retention relationships, and retention index predictions for gas and liquid chromatography. The last section reviews the current state of electronic data sharing of mass spectra and discusses the importance of software development for the advancement of structure elucidation of small molecules. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12566-010-0015-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Kind
- Genome Center–Metabolomics, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- Genome Center–Metabolomics, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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Dean J, Klep R, Aquilina JW. Counterfeit dapoxetine sold on the Internet contains undisclosed sildenafil. Int J Clin Pract 2010; 64:1319-22. [PMID: 20497263 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2010.02436.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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18
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Current Awareness in Drug Testing and Analysis. Drug Test Anal 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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