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Significance of stressor media on the stability of statins: a critical assessment. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02306-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Gabrič A, Hodnik Ž, Pajk S. Oxidation of Drugs during Drug Product Development: Problems and Solutions. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020325. [PMID: 35214057 PMCID: PMC8876153 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidation is the second most common degradation pathway for pharmaceuticals, after hydrolysis. However, in contrast to hydrolysis, oxidation is mechanistically more complex and produces a wider range of degradation products; oxidation is thus harder to control. The propensity of a drug towards oxidation is established during forced degradation studies. However, a more realistic insight into degradation in the solid state can be achieved with accelerated studies of mixtures of drugs and excipients, as the excipients are the most common sources of impurities that have the potential to initiate oxidation of a solid drug product. Based on the results of these studies, critical parameters can be identified and appropriate measures can be taken to avoid the problems that oxidation poses to the quality of a drug product. This article reviews the most common types of oxidation mechanisms, possible sources of reactive oxygen species, and how to minimize the oxidation of a solid drug product based on a well-planned accelerated study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alen Gabrič
- Krka d.d., R&D, Šmarješka Cesta 6, 8001 Novo Mesto, Slovenia;
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva Cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Žiga Hodnik
- Krka d.d., R&D, Šmarješka Cesta 6, 8001 Novo Mesto, Slovenia;
- Correspondence: (Ž.H.); (S.P.)
| | - Stane Pajk
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva Cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence: (Ž.H.); (S.P.)
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Oprica M, Iota M, Daescu M, Fejer SN, Negrila C, Baibarac M. Spectroscopic studies on photodegradation of atorvastatin calcium. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15338. [PMID: 34321518 PMCID: PMC8319406 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94693-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the photodegradation process of atorvastatin calcium (ATC) is reported as depending on: (1) the presence and the absence of excipients in the solid state; (2) the chemical interaction of ATC with phosphate buffer (PB) having pH equal to 7 and 8; and (3) hydrolysis reaction of ATC in the presence of aqueous solution of NaOH. The novelty of this work consists in the monitoring of the ATC photodegradation by photoluminescence (PL). The exposure of ATC in solid state to UV light induces the photo-oxygenation reactions in the presence of water vapors and oxygen from air. According to the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic studies, we demonstrate that the photo-oxygenation reaction leads to photodegradation compounds having a high share of C=O bonds compared to ATC before exposure to UV light. Both in the presence of PB and NaOH, the photodegradation process of ATC is highlighted by a significant decrease in the intensity of the PL and photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectra. According to PLE spectra, the exposure of ATC in the presence of NaOH to UV light leads to the appearance of a new band in the spectral range 340-370 nm, this belonging to the photodegradation products. Arguments concerning the chemical compounds, that resulted in this last case, are shown by Raman scattering and FTIR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalina Oprica
- Laboratory of Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials, National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor Street 405A, P.O. Box MG-7, 77125, Magurele, Romania
| | - Miruna Iota
- Laboratory of Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials, National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor Street 405A, P.O. Box MG-7, 77125, Magurele, Romania
| | - Monica Daescu
- Laboratory of Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials, National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor Street 405A, P.O. Box MG-7, 77125, Magurele, Romania
| | - Szilard N Fejer
- Pro-Vitam Ltd., Muncitorilor Street 16, Sfantu Gheorghe, Romania
| | - Catalin Negrila
- Nanoscale Condensed Matter Laboratory, National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor Street 405A, P.O. Box MG-7, 77125, Magurele, Romania
| | - Mihaela Baibarac
- Laboratory of Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials, National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor Street 405A, P.O. Box MG-7, 77125, Magurele, Romania.
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Analytical Quality by Design Approach of Reverse-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography of Atorvastatin: Method Development, Optimization, Validation, and the Stability-Indicated Method. Int J Anal Chem 2021; 2021:8833900. [PMID: 33628253 PMCID: PMC7896856 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8833900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of analytical quality by design (AQbD) approach in the optimization of the high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method is a novel tool. Three factors and three levels of Box–Behnken statistical design (BBD) were used for method optimization and analysis of atorvastatin. The mobile phase (acetonitrile: water), flow rate (Rt), and UV wavelength were used as independent variables. Their effects were observed in the area of the chromatogram (AU), retention time (Rt, min), and tailing factor (%). The optimized HPLC condition was found as acetonitrile:water (50 : 50), flow rate (0.68 ml/min), and UV wave length (235 nm). It gives the retention time of 2.43 min with the linearity range of 5–30 μg/ml with a high regression value (r2 = 0.999). The method was found to be precise and accurate with low % RSD (<5%). The refrigeration stability indicated that atorvastatin was stable. The force degradation study showed that the atorvastatin was fully unstable in UV light and stable in 0.1 M basic condition. It concluded that this QbD optimized method is suitable for quantification of the atorvastatin from the formulation as well as pharmacokinetic parameters.
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Tavousi A, Ahmadi E, Mohammadi-Behzad L, Riahifar V, Maghemi F. Sensitive electrochemical sensor using polypyrrole-coated Fe3O4 core-shell nanoparticles/multiwall carbon nanotubes modified graphite electrode for atorvastatin analysis. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Moustapha ME. Radioiodination of Atorvastatin as a Model Radiopharmaceutical for Targeting Liver. RADIOCHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1066362220040104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Shi H, Wang M, Wang B, Huang Q, Gao S. Insights on photochemical activities of organic components and minerals in dissolved state biochar in the degradation of atorvastatin in aqueous solution. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 392:122277. [PMID: 32086092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study systematically investigated the photocatalytic activity of dissolved state biochar (DSB) with different pyrolysis temperature to the degradation of atorvastatin (ATV), a medicine widely used to combat hyperlipidemia. It was found that the photocatalytic efficiency of DSB increased with the decrease of pyrolysis temperature, that is, DSB300 (DSB with 300 °C of pyrolysis temperature) had the greatest photocatalytic activity in same condition, which was attributed to the dual role of DSB300 as heterogeneous photocatalyst and photosensitizer. The mineral components were responsible for the heterogeneous photocatalytic activity of DSB300. Organic carbon components could synergistically enhance the heterogeneous photocatalytic activity by enhancement of electron-hole separation, and contribute to the formation of singlet oxygen (1O2) and triplet-excited state (3DSB*) as well. The identification of intermediate products and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of irradiated DSB300/ATV revealed that cross-coupling reaction between ATV and DSB existed in the photodegradation process of ATV. The detailed photodegradation pathways of ATV were proposed, which was triggered by oxygen insertion of pyrrole ring and hydroxyl addition. Meanwhile, the modification of DSB300 under irradiation was evidently attenuated with ATV as shown by multiple characterizations, which helped to keep the stability of DSB300 in photochemical reaction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Mengjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Beibei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China
| | - Qingguo Huang
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, 30223, United States
| | - Shixiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
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Martins AF, Frank CDS, Altissimo J, de Oliveira JA, da Silva DS, Reichert JF, Souza DM. Determination of statin drugs in hospital effluent with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and quantification by liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2017; 52:939-945. [PMID: 28575579 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2017.1324706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Statins are classified as being amongst the most prescribed agents for treating hypercholesterolaemia and preventing vascular diseases. In this study, a rapid and effective liquid chromatography method, assisted by diode array detection, was designed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of atorvastatin (ATO) and simvastatin (SIM) in hospital effluent samples. The solid phase extraction (SPE) of the analytes was optimized regarding sorbent material and pH, and the dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), in terms of pH, ionic strength, type and volume of extractor/dispersor solvents. The performance of both extraction procedures was evaluated in terms of linearity, quantification limits, accuracy (recovery %), precision and matrix effects for each analyte. The methods proved to be linear in the concentration range considered; the quantification limits were 0.45 µg L-1 for ATO and 0.75 µg L-1 for SIM; the matrix effect was almost absent in both methods and the average recoveries remained between 81.5-90.0%; and the RSD values were <20%. The validated methods were applied to the quantification of the statins in real samples of hospital effluent; the concentrations ranged from 18.8 µg L-1 to 35.3 µg L-1 for ATO, and from 30.3 µg L-1 to 38.5 µg L-1 for SIM. Since the calculated risk quotient was ≤192, the occurrence of ATO and SIM in hospital effluent poses a potential serious risk to human health and the aquatic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayrton F Martins
- a Chemistry Department , Federal University of Santa Maria , Santa Maria , RS , Brazil
| | - Carla da S Frank
- a Chemistry Department , Federal University of Santa Maria , Santa Maria , RS , Brazil
| | - Joseline Altissimo
- a Chemistry Department , Federal University of Santa Maria , Santa Maria , RS , Brazil
| | - Júlia A de Oliveira
- a Chemistry Department , Federal University of Santa Maria , Santa Maria , RS , Brazil
| | - Daiane S da Silva
- a Chemistry Department , Federal University of Santa Maria , Santa Maria , RS , Brazil
| | - Jaqueline F Reichert
- a Chemistry Department , Federal University of Santa Maria , Santa Maria , RS , Brazil
| | - Darliana M Souza
- a Chemistry Department , Federal University of Santa Maria , Santa Maria , RS , Brazil
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Klobčar S, Prosen H. Isolation of oxidative degradation products of atorvastatin with supercritical fluid chromatography. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 29:1901-6. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Helena Prosen
- University of Ljubljana; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology; Večna pot 113 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
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Anandgaonkar V, Gupta A, Kona S, Talluri MK. Isolation, LC–MS/MS and 2D-NMR characterization of alkaline degradants of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 107:175-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Direct analysis in real time – High resolution mass spectrometry as a valuable tool for the pharmaceutical drug development. Talanta 2014; 130:518-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Distribution study of atorvastatin and its metabolites in rat tissues using combined information from UHPLC/MS and MALDI-Orbitrap-MS imaging. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:4601-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7880-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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13
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Saber AL. A PVC Membrane Sensor for Potentiometric Determination of Atorvastatin in Biological Samples and Pharmaceutical Preparations. ELECTROANAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201300376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Structural characterization of electrochemically and in vitro biologically generated oxidation products of atorvastatin using UHPLC/MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:7181-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7133-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Gupta LK. Spectroscopic characterization and quantitative determination of atorvastatin calcium impurities by novel HPLC method. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 97:495-501. [PMID: 22842103 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Seven process related impurities were identified by LC-MS in the atorvastatin calcium drug substance. These impurities were identified by LC-MS. The structure of impurities was confirmed by modern spectroscopic techniques like (1)H NMR and IR and physicochemical studies conducted by using synthesized authentic reference compounds. The synthesized reference samples of the impurity compounds were used for the quantitative HPLC determination. These impurities were detected by newly developed gradient, reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method. The system suitability of HPLC analysis established the validity of the separation. The analytical method was validated according to International Conference of Harmonization (ICH) with respect to specificity, precision, accuracy, linearity, robustness and stability of analytical solutions to demonstrate the power of newly developed HPLC method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh Kumar Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Zakir Husain College, University of Delhi, JLN-Marg, New Delhi 110 002, India.
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Eskiköy D, Durmuş Z, Kiliç E. Electrochemical oxidation of atorvastatin and its adsorptive stripping determination in pharmaceutical dosage forms and biological fluids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc2011117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical behavior of atorvastatin (AT) and optimum conditions to its quantitative determination were investigated using voltammetric methods. Some electrochemical parameters such as diffusion coefficient, surface coverage of adsorbed molecules, electron transfer coefficient, standard rate constant and number of electrons were calculated using the results of cyclic voltammetry. A tentative mechanism for the oxidation for AT has been suggested. The oxidation signal of AT molecule was used to develop fully validated, new, rapid, selective and simple square-wave anodic adsorptive stripping voltammetric (AdsSWV) and differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetric (AdsDPV) methods to direct determination of AT in pharmaceutical dosage forms and biological samples. For the AdsDPV and AdsSWV techniques, linear working ranges were found to be 1.0 × 10–7–5.0 × 10–6and 3.0 × 10–7–5.0 × 10–6mol l–1, respectively. The detection limits obtained from AdsDPV and AdsSWV were calculated to be 6.55 × 10–8and 1.53 × 10–7mol l–1, respectively. The methods were successfully applied to assay the drug in tablets, human blood serum and human urine.
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Khan FN, Dehghan MHG. Enhanced bioavailability of atorvastatin calcium from stabilized gastric resident formulation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2011; 12:1077-86. [PMID: 21879394 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-011-9673-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral bioavailability of atorvastatin calcium (ATC) is very low (only 14%) due to instability and incomplete intestinal absorption and/or extensive gut wall extraction. When ATC is packed in the form of tablets, powders, etc., it gets destabilized as it is exposed to the oxidative environment, which is usually present during the production process, the storage of the substance, and the pharmaceutical formulation. Therefore, stabilized gastro-retentive floating tablets of ATC were prepared to enhance bioavailability. Water sorption and viscosity measurement studies are performed to get the best polymer matrix for gastro-retention. A 3(2) factorial design used to prepare optimized formulation of ATC. The selected excipients such as docusate sodium enhanced the stability and solubility of ATC in gastric media and tablet dosage form. The best formulation (F4) consisting of hypromellose, sodium bicarbonate, polyethylene oxide, docusate sodium, mannitol, crosscarmellose sodium, and magnesium stearate, gave floating lag time of 56 ± 4.16 s and good matrix integrity with in vitro dissolution of 98.2% in 12 h. After stability studies, no significant change was observed in stability, solubility, floating lag time, total floating duration, matrix integrity, and sustained drug release rates, as confirmed by DSC and powder X-ray diffraction studies. In vivo pharmacokinetic study performed in rabbits revealed enhanced bioavailability of F4 floating tablets, about 1.6 times compared with that of the conventional tablet (Storvas® 80 mg tablet). These results suggest that the gastric resident formulation is a promising approach for the oral delivery of ATC for improving bioavailability.
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Cheng Y, Liang Q, Hu P, Wang Y, Jun FW, Luo G. Combination of normal-phase medium-pressure liquid chromatography and high-performance counter-current chromatography for preparation of ginsenoside-Ro from panax ginseng with high recovery and efficiency. Sep Purif Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2010.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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