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Thomford NE, Kellermann T, Biney RP, Dixon C, Nyarko SB, Ateko RO, Ekor M, Kyei GB. Therapeutic efficacy of generic artemether-lumefantrine in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Ghana: assessing anti-malarial efficacy amidst pharmacogenetic variations. Malar J 2024; 23:125. [PMID: 38685044 PMCID: PMC11059713 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04930-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite efforts made to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with malaria, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, malaria continues to be a public health concern that requires innovative efforts to reach the WHO-set zero malaria agenda. Among the innovations is the use of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) that is effective against Plasmodium falciparum. Generic artemether-lumefantrine (AL) is used to treat uncomplicated malaria after appropriate diagnosis. AL is metabolized by the cytochrome P450 family of enzymes, such as CYP2B6, CYP3A4 and CYP3A5, which can be under pharmacogenetic influence. Pharmacogenetics affecting AL metabolism, significantly influence the overall anti-malarial activity leading to variable therapeutic efficacy. This study focused on generic AL drugs used in malarial treatment as prescribed at health facilities and evaluated pharmacogenomic influences on their efficacy. METHODS Patients who have been diagnosed with malaria and confirmed through RDT and microscopy were recruited in this study. Blood samples were taken on days 1, 2, 3 and 7 for parasite count and blood levels of lumefantrine, artemisinin, desbutyl-lumefantrine (DBL), and dihydroartemisinin (DHA), the active metabolites of lumefantrine and artemether, respectively, were analysed using established methods. Pharmacogene variation analysis was undertaken using iPLEX microarray and PCR-RFLP. RESULTS A total of 52 patients completed the study. Median parasite density from day 1 to 7 ranged from 0-2666/μL of blood, with days 3 and 7 recording 0 parasite density. Highest median plasma concentration for lumefantrine and desbutyl lumefantrine, which are the long-acting components of artemisinin-based combinations, was 4123.75 ng/mL and 35.87 ng/mL, respectively. Day 7 plasma lumefantrine concentration across all generic ACT brands was ≥ 200 ng/mL which potentially accounted for the parasitaemia profile observed. Monomorphism was observed for CYP3A4 variants, while there were observed variations in CYP2B6 and CYP3A5 alleles. Among the CYP3A5 genotypes, significant differences in genotypes and plasma concentration for DBL were seen on day 3 between 1/*1 versus *1/*6 (p = 0.002), *1/*3 versus *1/*6 (p = 0.006) and *1/*7 versus *1/*6 (p = 0.008). Day 7 plasma DBL concentrations showed a significant difference between *1/*6 and *1/*3 (p = 0.026) expressors. CONCLUSIONS The study findings show that CYP2B6 and CYP3A5 pharmacogenetic variations may lead to higher plasma exposure of AL metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Ekow Thomford
- Pharmacogenomics and Genomic Medicine Group, Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa.
| | - Tracy Kellermann
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robert Peter Biney
- Pharmacogenomics and Genomic Medicine Group, Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- Department of Pharmacotherpaeutics and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Charné Dixon
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Samuel Badu Nyarko
- Pharmacogenomics and Genomic Medicine Group, Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Richmond Owusu Ateko
- Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Martins Ekor
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - George B Kyei
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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Mwankuna CJ, Kiros F, Mariki EE, Mabiki FP, Malebo HM, Mdegela RH, Styrishave B. Optimization of HPLC-MS/MS method for determination of antimalarial adulterants in herbal products. ANAL SCI 2023; 39:407-416. [PMID: 36633808 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-022-00255-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of herbal products is booming all over the world because of being believed as safer than conventional drugs and free of side effects. However, there are untrustworthy manufacturers who adulterate herbal products by adding conventional drugs which might eventually lead to microbial resistance and herb-to-drug interactions. There is a need to develop methods for detecting adulterants in herbal products. A high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous identification and determination of conventional antimalarials (chloroquine, quinine, sulfadoxine, pyrimethamine, mefloquine, lumefantrine, amodiaquine, artemisinin, dihydroartemisinin, artesunate and artemether) in herbal products was developed. Stable isotopically labelled compounds (artemether-d3, quindine-d3, and sulfadoxine-d3) were used as internal standards (ISs) for quantitative analysis. Extraction of analytes was performed using methanol: water: formic acid (90:10:0.1, v/v) and chromatographic separation was done in a gradient mode using mobile phase A: Ultrapure water containing 0.1% formic acid and 1 mM ammonium formate and mobile phase B: Acetonitrile/methanol (50:50) containing 0.1% formic acid and 1 mM ammonium formate. The calibration curves were linear (r2 ≥ 0.991) over the range of 0.001-0.3 µg mL-1 for all compounds. The limit of detection (LOD) ranged from 0.002 to 0.02 μg mL-1 while the limit of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.006 to 0.08 μg mL-1. Accuracy, expressed as recovery of spiked herbal products ranged from 52 to 128%. The precision, expressed as percent relative standard deviation (%RSD) at two concentration levels, ranged from 1.0 to 13.8%. The matrix effect expressed as the matrix factor (MF) ranged from 0.77 to 0.97. The developed method was used to identify and quantify conventional antimalarials in herbal product samples from Tanzania. Ten out of 50 herbal products were found to contain amodiaquine, sulfadoxine, pyrimethamine, mefloquine, dihydroartemisinin, artemether and lumefantrine. The developed method is considered a valuable tool for getting a better understanding of the adulteration of conventional antimalarials in herbal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Mwankuna
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3038, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - Feven Kiros
- Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eliapenda E Mariki
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3038, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Faith P Mabiki
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3038, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Hamisi M Malebo
- UNESCO National Commission of the United Republic of Tanzania, 7 Magogoni Street, P.O. Box 20384, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Robinson H Mdegela
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3015, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Bjarne Styrishave
- Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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3
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Penna EA, de Souza JCQ, de Oliveira MAL, Chellini PR. Determination of antimalarial drugs in pharmaceutical formulations and human blood by liquid chromatography: a review. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:4557-4584. [PMID: 34611673 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01173a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is a life-threatening disease being treated by oral medication. This is the best treatment to reduce morbidity and mortality, prevent disease progression to the most severe form, lower the transmission of the disease and hinder the appearance of strains resistant to antimalarials. According to the World Health Organization, the most common antimalarial drugs are chloroquine, primaquine, mefloquine, lumefantrine, artemether, and artesunate in single dosage forms or fixed-dose combination. Within this context, the present review aims to show the evolution of different analytical methods that have been applied to the determination of these antimalarial drugs in pharmaceutical formulations and human blood by liquid chromatography in the last 10 years, along with statistical analyses of the methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduarda Alves Penna
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil.
| | - Jéssica Cordeiro Queiroz de Souza
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria (GQAQ), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil.
| | - Marcone Augusto Leal de Oliveira
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria (GQAQ), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil.
| | - Paula Rocha Chellini
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil.
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria (GQAQ), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil.
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Coonahan ES, Yang KA, Pecic S, De Vos M, Wellems TE, Fay MP, Andersen JF, Tarning J, Long CA. Structure-switching aptamer sensors for the specific detection of piperaquine and mefloquine. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/585/eabe1535. [PMID: 33731432 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abe1535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tracking antimalarial drug use and efficacy is essential for monitoring the current spread of antimalarial drug resistance. However, available methods for determining tablet quality and patient drug use are often inaccessible, requiring well-equipped laboratories capable of performing liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Here, we report the development of aptamer-based fluorescent sensors for the rapid, specific detection of the antimalarial compounds piperaquine and mefloquine-two slow-clearing partner drugs in current first-line artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs). Highly selective DNA aptamers were identified that bind piperaquine and mefloquine with dissociation constants (K d's) measured in the low nanomolar range via two independent methods. The aptamers were isolated from a library of single-stranded DNA molecules using a capture-systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) technique and then adapted into structure-switching aptamer fluorescent sensors. Sensor performance was optimized for the detection of drug from human serum and crushed tablets, resulting in two sensing platforms. The patient sample platform was validated against an LC-MS standard drug detection method in samples from healthy volunteers and patients with malaria. This assay provides a rapid and inexpensive method for tracking antimalarial drug use and quality for the containment and study of parasite resistance, a major priority for malaria elimination campaigns. This sensor platform allows for flexibility of sample matrix and can be easily adapted to detect other small-molecule drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin S Coonahan
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, NIH, MD 20892-8132, USA.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.,Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Kyung-Ae Yang
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Stevan Pecic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University , Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - Maarten De Vos
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.,Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Thomas E Wellems
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, NIH, MD 20892-8132, USA
| | - Michael P Fay
- Biostatistics Research Branch, DCR, NIAID, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - John F Andersen
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, NIH, MD 20892-8132, USA
| | - Joel Tarning
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LG, UK
| | - Carole A Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, NIH, MD 20892-8132, USA.
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5
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Cai F, Dong Y, Lou S, Ma Z, Wu T, Yang L, Wen C, Wang C. Determination of three Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Pressure Ulcer Rats Using A UPLC-MS/MS Method. CURR PHARM ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412916999200624155618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The serum levels of Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA), Eicosapentaenoic Acid
(EPA) and Arachidonic Acid (AA) under the state of Pressure Ulcers (PUs) are still unclear.
Introduction:
In order to investigate serum levels of DHA, EPA, and AA in PUs rats, an ultraperformance
liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/ MS) method was developed
and validated.
Methods:
Chromatographic separation of DHA, EPA, AA was carried out on a BEH C18 column and
gradient elute consisted of 5 mM ammonium acetate-0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile. Subsequently,
fifty rats were divided into five groups (n=10), four PU groups (A-D) underwent various pressure and
release time protocols, with group E as the control. The concentrations of DHA, EPA, AA from five
groups were determined by using a validated method.
Results:
The results showed there was good linearity for DHA (327.3/283.4), EPA (301.2/257.0), and
AA (303.1/258.9) within 0.05-6.4 μg/mL. In control group, the levels of DHA, AA and EPA were
1.16±0.68, 0.59±0.19 and 0.78±0.21 μg/mL. At the end of modeling, concentrations of DHA, EPA and
AA were increased after long and persistent pressure (>8 h). Especially, the level of DHA was significantly
higher (P<0.01) than that of control group.
Conclusion:
A stable, rA stable, reliable and accurate UPLC-MS/MS for determination of DHA, EPA, AA in
blood was developed. Serum concentrations of DHA, EPA and AA were altered differently after long
and persistent pressure (>8 h), and DHA is a remarkable one.eliable and accurate UPLC-MS/MS for determination of DHA, EPA, AA in blood was developed.
Serum concentrations of DHA, EPA and AA were altered differently after long and persistent pressure (>8 h), and DHA is
a remarkable one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuman Cai
- School of Nursing, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuwei Dong
- School of Nursing, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shaosheng Lou
- School of Nursing, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zeping Ma
- School of Nursing, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ting Wu
- School of Nursing, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liuqing Yang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Congcong Wen
- Laboratory Animal Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chenxiang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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6
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Arshad U, Mujahid A, Lieberzeit P, Afzal A, Bajwa SZ, Iqbal N, Roshan S. Molecularly imprinted polymeric coatings for sensitive and selective gravimetric detection of artemether. RSC Adv 2020; 10:34355-34363. [PMID: 35514404 PMCID: PMC9056809 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04785f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical structures of the antimalarial drugs: artemisinin, artemether (a methyl ether derivative of artemisinin), and lumefantrine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Arshad
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of the Punjab
- Lahore-54590
- Pakistan
| | - Adnan Mujahid
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of the Punjab
- Lahore-54590
- Pakistan
| | - Peter Lieberzeit
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- University of Vienna
- Vienna
- Austria
| | - Adeel Afzal
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- University of Hafr Al Batin
- Hafr Al Batin
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Sadia Zafar Bajwa
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
- Faisalabad
- Pakistan
| | - Naseer Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- University of Hafr Al Batin
- Hafr Al Batin
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Sumaira Roshan
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of the Punjab
- Lahore-54590
- Pakistan
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Sun Y. Quantitative determination of artemisinin in rat hemolyzed plasma by an HPLC-HRMS method. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 34:e4696. [PMID: 31469424 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Iron present in hemolyzed plasma could cause the degradation of artemisinin by reductively cleaving the peroxide bridge of artemisinin during sample preparation, which is a significant technical challenge for artemisinin determination. In this paper, this issue was resolved by using sodium nitrite as methemoglobin-forming agent to oxidize hemoglobin to methemoglobin in the presence of acetic acid and prevent the degradation of artemisinin in hemolyzed plasma during the sample preparation procedure. Then, a high-performance liquid chromatography tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the determination of artemisinin in normal and hemolyzed plasma. The linear range was validated over the concentration range of 5-500 ng ml-1 . The matrix effect and stability were also evaluated. This robust and sensitive assay was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in rats after an oral administration of Artemisia annua L. extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yueyue Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuming Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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8
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Resende LA, da Silva PHR, Fernandes C. Quantitative determination of the antimalarials artemether and lumefantrine in biological samples: A review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 165:304-314. [PMID: 30579231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a worldwide health issue, with 216 million cases reported in 2016. Due to the widespread resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to conventional drugs, the first line treatment recommended by World Health Organization for uncomplicated malaria is artemisinin-based combined therapy (ACT), which combines two drugs with different mechanisms of action. The association of artemether and lumefantrine is the most common ACT used in the clinical practice. However, there have been reports of clinical artemisinin and derivatives partial resistance, which is defined as delayed parasite clearance. In this context, the monitoring of drug concentration in biological matrices is essential to evaluate treatment response, the need of dose adjustment and the occurrence of dose dependent adverse effects. Furthermore, it is also important for pharmacokinetic studies and in the development of generic and similar drugs. Determination of antimalarial drugs in biological matrices requires a sample pre-treatment, which involves drug extraction from the matrix and analyte concentration. The most used techniques are protein precipitation (PP), liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid phase extraction (SPE). Subsequently, a liquid chromatography step is usually applied to separate interferences that could be extracted along with the analyte. Finally, the analytes are detected employing techniques that must be selective and sensitive, since the analyte might be present in trace levels. The most used approach for detection is tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS), but ultraviolet (UV) is also employed in several studies. In this article, a review of the scientific peer-review literature dealing with validated quantitative analysis of artemether and/or lumefantrine in biological matrices, from 2000 to 2018, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Avelar Resende
- Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade de Medicamentos e Cosméticos, Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Reis da Silva
- Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade de Medicamentos e Cosméticos, Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Christian Fernandes
- Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade de Medicamentos e Cosméticos, Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Comparison of in vitro/in vivo blood distribution and pharmacokinetics of artemisinin, artemether and dihydroartemisinin in rats. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 162:140-148. [PMID: 30240987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinin and its derivatives have been widely used for treatment of malaria and the therapeutic targets are considered within the red blood cells. In the recent studies on the erythrocytes' uptake of artemisinin-derivatives in vitro, applying the radioisotope-labeled technology, it was trying to predict the in vivo disposition properties, but different distribution results were revealed from a preliminary study in one human. The pharmacokinetic differences among blood cells and plasma still remain unclear. To explore the therapeutic related pharmacokinetics and compare the in vitro-in vivo blood distribution in rats, an improving blood sample preparation and LC-MS/MS detection method was developed and successfully validated. The lower limit of quantification was smaller than the previous studies. In the in vitro blood distribution studies, the content ratios from blood cells to plasma were compared in the concentrations from 20 ng/mL to 1000 ng/mL. Such ratios were determined to be 1.1-1.6 for artemisinin, 0.9-1.2 for artemether, and around 0.7 for dihydroartemisinin. In the oral administration pharmacokinetic studies in rats, the concentration ratios from blood cells to plasma were from high (2.6-3.6) to medium (1.3-2.5), and low (0.5-1.5) for artemisinin, artemether, and dihydroartemisinin respectively in all measuring time points, displaying the similar affinity order toward blood cells in artemisinin > artemether > dihydroartemisinin as the in vitro measurements. The dosages of 10 mg/kg for intravenous administrations of artemisinin and 200 mg/kg for oral administrations of artemisinin or artemether were used for the pharmacokinetic study in rats. The geometric mean exposures (AUC(0-t)) of artemisinin, artemether and dihydroartemisinin in blood cells were determined to be 2.6 folds, 1.7 folds, or 1.2 folds greater than those in plasma, respectively. Referring to the in vitro distribution, the AUC(0-t) ratios from the blood cells measurements to the plasma measurements of these three antimalarial drugs were also in a similar trend as the in vitro distribution measurements. Furthermore, the half-life (t1/2) of artemether in blood cells was even longer than that in plasma, while the clearance of artemisinin, artemether, or dihydroartemisinin in blood cells was slower than that in plasma. Particularly, it was found that the concentrations of artemisinin and artemether were presented in blood cells over longer time period than in plasma above their antimalarial IC50, which might result from both the affinity toward blood cells and the drugs clearance differences between blood cells and plasma. These results were indicated that the exposures and pharmacokinetic properties in the whole blood or the blood cells should be taken into account for the drug candidates with higher distribution affinity toward blood cells especially for the antimalarial drugs.
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10
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Ning X, Li W, Wang M, Guo S, Tan G, Wang B, Cui L. Development of monoclonal antibody-based immunoassays for quantification and rapid assessment of dihydroartemisinin contents in antimalarial drugs. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 159:66-72. [PMID: 29980021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) is one of the artemisinin derivatives widely used in artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) for malaria treatment. The availability of a point-of-care device for estimation of DHA quantity would allow a quick quality assessment of the DHA-containing drugs. In this study, 9-O-succinylartemisinin was obtained from microbial fermentation of artemisinin, which was hydrogenated to 9-O-succinyldihydroartemisinin as the hapten for DHA. A monoclonal antibody (mAb), designated as 2G11G4, was identified after screening the hybridoma library, which showed 52.3% cross reactivity to artemisinin, but low or no cross reactivity to artesunate, artemether, and several ACTs partner drugs. Based on this mAb, a highly-sensitive, indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was designed, which showed 50% inhibition concentration of DHA at 1.16 ng/mL, a working range of 0.26-4.87 ng/mL, and limit of detection of 0.18 ng/mL. In addition, a colloidal gold-based lateral flow immunoassay (dipstick) was developed with an indicator range (indicating sensitivity) of 50-100 ng/mL. This dipstick was evaluated for determination of DHA contents in commercial drugs and the results were highly agreeable with those determined by high-performance liquid chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxue Ning
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Weizhi Li
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Mian Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Suqin Guo
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiyu Tan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Baomin Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liwang Cui
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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Yang Y, Gao H, Hou S, Su R, Liu H, Sun J. A sensitive, high-throughput, and ecofriendly method for the determination of lumefantrine, artemether, and its active metabolite dihydroartemisinin by supercritical fluid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:2688-2696. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinxian Yang
- Wuya College of Innovation; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Hailing Gao
- College of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Hou
- College of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Ruijuan Su
- College of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Hongzhuo Liu
- College of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Jin Sun
- Wuya College of Innovation; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang P. R. China
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Christian J, Shah P, Patel M, Patel K, Gandhi T. Optimizing derivatization conditions using an experimental design and simultaneous estimation of artemether and lumefantrine by ratio first order derivative spectrophotometric method. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtusci.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenee Christian
- Department of Quality Assurance, Anand Pharmacy College, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Purvi Shah
- Department of Quality Assurance, Anand Pharmacy College, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Margi Patel
- Department of Quality Assurance, Anand Pharmacy College, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Kalpana Patel
- Department of Quality Assurance, Anand Pharmacy College, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Tejal Gandhi
- Department of Quality Assurance, Anand Pharmacy College, Anand, Gujarat, India
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Guest PC, Iwata K, Kato TA, Steiner J, Schmitt A, Turck CW, Martins-de-Souza D. MK-801 treatment affects glycolysis in oligodendrocytes more than in astrocytes and neuronal cells: insights for schizophrenia. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:180. [PMID: 26029051 PMCID: PMC4429244 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a debilitating mental disorder, affecting more than 30 million people worldwide. As a multifactorial disease, the underlying causes of schizophrenia require analysis by multiplex methods such as proteomics to allow identification of whole protein networks. Previous post-mortem proteomic studies on brain tissues from schizophrenia patients have demonstrated changes in activation of glycolytic and energy metabolism pathways. However, it is not known whether these changes occur in neurons or in glial cells. To address this question, we treated neuronal, astrocyte, and oligodendrocyte cell lines with the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 and measured the levels of six glycolytic enzymes by Western blot analysis. MK-801 acts on the glutamatergic system and has been proposed as a pharmacological means of modeling schizophrenia. Treatment with MK-801 resulted in significant changes in the levels of glycolytic enzymes in all cell types. Most of the differences were found in oligodendrocytes, which had altered levels of hexokinase 1 (HK1), enolase 2 (ENO2), phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), and phosphoglycerate mutase 1 after acute MK-801 treatment (8 h), and HK1, ENO2, PGK, and triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) following long term treatment (72 h). Addition of the antipsychotic clozapine to the cultures resulted in counter-regulatory effects to the MK-801 treatment by normalizing the levels of ENO2 and PGK in both the acute and long term cultures. In astrocytes, MK-801 affected only aldolase C (ALDOC) under both acute conditions and HK1 and ALDOC following long term treatment, and TPI was the only enzyme affected under long term conditions in the neuronal cells. In conclusion, MK-801 affects glycolysis in oligodendrocytes to a larger extent than neuronal cells and this may be modulated by antipsychotic treatment. Although cell culture studies do not necessarily reflect the in vivo pathophysiology and drug effects within the brain, these results suggest that neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes are affected differently in schizophrenia. Employing in vitro models using neurotransmitter agonists and antagonists may provide new insights about the pathophysiology of schizophrenia which could lead to a novel system for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Guest
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas Campinas, Brazil
| | - Keiko Iwata
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui Fukui, Japan ; Department of Development of Functional Brain Activities, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University-Kanazawa University-Hamamatsu University School of Medicine-Chiba University-University of Fukui Fukui, Japan
| | - Takahiro A Kato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University Fukuoka, Japan ; Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy-Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, University of Magdeburg Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Schmitt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany ; Laboratory of Neurosciences (LIM-27), Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christoph W Turck
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry Proteomics and Biomarkers, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas Campinas, Brazil ; Laboratory of Neurosciences (LIM-27), Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil ; UNICAMP's Neurobiology Center Campinas, Brazil
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14
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Analytical sample preparation strategies for the determination of antimalarial drugs in human whole blood, plasma and urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 962:109-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Liu R, Cheng Z, Jiang X. Comparative studies on the interactions of dihydroartemisinin and artemisinin with bovine serum albumin using spectroscopic methods. LUMINESCENCE 2014; 29:1033-46. [PMID: 24804646 DOI: 10.1002/bio.2655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Liu
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province; China West Normal University; Nanchong 637002 China
| | - Zhengjun Cheng
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province; China West Normal University; Nanchong 637002 China
| | - Xiaohui Jiang
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province; China West Normal University; Nanchong 637002 China
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Determination of artemether and dihydroartemisinin in human plasma with a new hydrogen peroxide stabilization method. Bioanalysis 2014; 5:1501-6. [PMID: 23795928 DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous methods have been reported for the determination of artemether (ARM) and its metabolite dihydroartemisinin (DHA) in plasma. However, stability issues in patient plasma have not received enough attention. RESULTS An LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of ARM and DHA in human plasma (K3EDTA) turned out to be problematic: ARM and DHA were degraded partially or completely in some patient plasma samples as indicated by the stable isotope-labeled internal standards. We postulated iron II (Fe(2+)) in hemoglobin or its derived products from malaria patients causes degradation of the drugs, and found that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) protected the drugs from degradation. Acidifying plasma increased recovery of ARM significantly. Using only 50 µl of plasma sample, the method has a LLOQ at 0.5 ng/ml for both ARM and DHA. CONCLUSION H2O2 is a stabilizing agent for artemisinin derivatives. The modified method is reliable and sensitive.
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LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantitation of three active components derived from a novel prodrug against schistosome infection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 83:186-93. [PMID: 23747748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is an infectious disease that has been recognized as a severe health burden for some regions of the world. While praziquantel is the drug of choice, there is an unmet medical need for novel therapies with greater efficacy and resistant profile. DW-3-15 is a novel and promising prodrug possessing both adult and juvenile schistosomes killing capability. Its proposed hydrolytic products, artesunate (ARS), dihydroartemisinin (DHA) and 10-hydroxypraziquantel (10-OHPZQ), are all active in preventing schistosomal infection in relevant disease models. To support pharmacokinetic and PK-PD studies of DW-3-15, a simple, specific and rapid liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of the three active components in rat plasma. Using a short C18 column (2.1 mm × 50 mm, 5 μm) with linear gradient, a baseline resolution of the three analytes and corresponding internal standards was achieved with a total run time of 6 min. Mass detection was carried out by electrospray ionization in positive MRM mode with ion transitions of m/z 402.2→m/z 267.3 for ARS, m/z 302.2→m/z 163.1 for DHA, and m/z 329.2→m/z 219.4 for 10-OHPZQ. The method was linear over concentration ranges of 1.0-500 ng/mL for ARS, 5.0-2500 ng/mL for DHA, and 1.0-500 ng/mL for 10-OHPZQ. The accuracy was within ±10.0% for ARS, ±6.4% for DHA, and ±13.0% for 10-OHPZQ. The within-run and between-run precision of all three analytes at four concentrations tested were less than 15%, except at the LLOQ for DHA which was between 15 and 20%. The method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic evaluation of DW-3-15 in rats following intravenous administration.
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Wahajuddin, Raju KSR, Taneja I. Bioanalysis of antimalarials using liquid chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Louw S, Njoroge M, Chigorimbo-Murefu N, Chibale K. Comparison of electrospray ionisation, atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation and atmospheric pressure photoionisation for the identification of metabolites from labile artemisinin-based anti-malarial drugs using a QTRAP® mass spectrometer. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:2431-2442. [PMID: 22976210 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Artemisinin-based drugs and their metabolites are prone to in-source fragmentation under atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry (API-MS) conditions. To facilitate correct and efficient identification of all possible drug metabolites using full scan MS analyzer methods, stable [M + NH(4) ](+) ions should be produced in the MS source. METHODS Using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) hybrid triple quadrupole linear ion trap MS system, electrospray ionisation (ESI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI) and atmospheric pressure photoionisation (APPI) methods were developed for the detection of [M + NH(4) ](+) ions of the test compounds dihydroartemisinin, artemisinin, artemether and artesunic acid. The optimised methods employed ammonium formate buffered HPLC mobile phase in combination with moderate source temperatures (100-200 °C) and showed satisfactorily reduced in-source fragmentation. RESULTS With a full scan MS analyser method for the detection of the in vitro metabolites of the test compounds, the respective performance of the ESI and APCI methods was found to be comparable. ESI generally resulted in less in-source fragmentation. Incorrect assignment of metabolites resulted from strong in-source fragmentation of artemether using the APPI method. The most number of metabolites could be detected using ESI in combination with a selective MS analyser method. CONCLUSIONS ESI and APCI full scan methods proved to be capable of detecting any drug metabolites present in reasonable concentrations, and are useful when employed in addition to selective scan methods that target low level expected metabolites. APPI can be a valuable alternative for detecting expected metabolites due to good signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Louw
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
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Martins-de-Souza D, Alsaif M, Ernst A, Harris LW, Aerts N, Lenaerts I, Peeters PJ, Amess B, Rahmoune H, Bahn S, Guest PC. The application of selective reaction monitoring confirms dysregulation of glycolysis in a preclinical model of schizophrenia. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5:146. [PMID: 22420779 PMCID: PMC3359223 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Establishing preclinical models is essential for novel drug discovery in schizophrenia. Most existing models are characterized by abnormalities in behavioral readouts, which are informative, but do not necessarily translate to the symptoms of the human disease. Therefore, there is a necessity of characterizing the preclinical models from a molecular point of view. Selective reaction monitoring (SRM) has already shown promise in preclinical and clinical studies for multiplex measurement of diagnostic, prognostic and treatment-related biomarkers. METHODS We have established an SRM assay for multiplex analysis of 7 enzymes of the glycolysis pathway which is already known to be affected in human schizophrenia and in the widely-used acute PCP rat model of schizophrenia. The selected enzymes were hexokinase 1 (Hk1), aldolase C (Aldoc), triosephosphate isomerase (Tpi1), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gapdh), phosphoglycerate mutase 1 (Pgam1), phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (Pgk1) and enolase 2 (Eno2). The levels of these enzymes were analyzed using SRM in frontal cortex from brain tissue of PCP treated rats. RESULTS Univariate analyses showed statistically significant altered levels of Tpi1 and alteration of Hk1, Aldoc, Pgam1 and Gapdh with borderline significance in PCP rats compared to controls. Most interestingly, multivariate analysis which considered the levels of all 7 enzymes simultaneously resulted in generation of a bi-dimensional chart that can distinguish the PCP rats from the controls. CONCLUSIONS This study not only supports PCP treated rats as a useful preclinical model of schizophrenia, but it also establishes that SRM mass spectrometry could be used in the development of multiplex classification tools for complex psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- Dept of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK
| | - Murtada Alsaif
- Dept of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK
| | - Agnes Ernst
- Dept of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK
| | - Laura W Harris
- Dept of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK
| | - Nancy Aerts
- Janssen Research & Development, Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ilse Lenaerts
- Janssen Research & Development, Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Pieter J Peeters
- Janssen Research & Development, Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Bob Amess
- Dept of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK
| | - Hassan Rahmoune
- Dept of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK
| | - Sabine Bahn
- Dept of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK
- Dept of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul C Guest
- Dept of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK
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Gbotosho GO, Happi CT, Lawal O, Sijuade A, Sowunmi A, Oduola A. A high performance liquid chromatographic assay of mefloquine in saliva after a single oral dose in healthy adult Africans. Malar J 2012; 11:59. [PMID: 22369125 PMCID: PMC3311565 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mefloquine-artesunate is a formulation of artemisinin based combination therapy (ACT) recommended by the World Health Organization and historically the first ACT used clinically. The use of ACT demands constant monitoring of therapeutic efficacies and drug levels, in order to ensure that optimum drug exposure is achieved and detect reduced susceptibility to these drugs. Quantification of anti-malarial drugs in biological fluids other than blood would provide a more readily applicable method of therapeutic drug monitoring in developing endemic countries. Efforts in this study were devoted to the development of a simple, field applicable, non-invasive method for assay of mefloquine in saliva. Methods A high performance liquid chromatographic method with UV detection at 220 nm for assaying mefloquine in saliva was developed and validated by comparing mefloquine concentrations in saliva and plasma samples from four healthy volunteers who received single oral dose of mefloquine. Verapamil was used as internal standard. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a Hypersil ODS column. Results Extraction recoveries of mefloquine in plasma or saliva were 76-86% or 83-93% respectively. Limit of quantification of mefloquine was 20 ng/ml. Agreement between salivary and plasma mefloquine concentrations was satisfactory (r = 0.88, p < 0.001). Saliva:plasma concentrations ratio was 0.42. Conclusion Disposition of mefloquine in saliva paralleled that in plasma, making salivary quantification of mefloquine potentially useful in therapeutic drug monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace O Gbotosho
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
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