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Seckin S, Saglik Aslan S. Simultaneous UPLC Assay for Oxitropium Bromide and Formoterol Fumarate Dihydrate in Pressurized Metered Dose Inhaler Products for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. J AOAC Int 2024; 107:242-247. [PMID: 38109505 PMCID: PMC10907136 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsad134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKROUND Oxitropium bromide (OB) and formoterol fumarate dihydrate (FFD) are inhaler molecules that are widely used in the treatment of chronic lung diseases. OBJECTIVE The goal of this work was to create a reversed phase-ultra performance liquid chromatography (RP-UPLC) technique for assay and identification of OB and FFD, as well as identification and estimate of its associated compounds in pressurized metered dose inhaler product (pMDI). METHOD Separation of oxitropium and formoterol peaks were enhanced on a C18 (50 × 2.1 mm × 1.7 μm) UPLC column with ethylene-bridged-hybrid technology, The mobile phase consists of buffer (0.07 M KH2PO4) and acetonitrile (80:20, v/v). The detector wavelength of 210 nm, flow rate of pump 0.6 mL/min, and oven temperature for column were set at 25°C. The injection volume was 10 μL. The method run time was 2 min. The mobile phase was used as the solvent. RESULTS Retention times (RTs) were 0.5 min for OB and 1.0 min for FFD. The assay analysis was linear range for all analytes within the range for concentrations 0.03-14.8 µg/mL of OB, 0.01-0.88 µg/mL of FFD. LOD values and LOQ values 0.009 and 0.026 µg/mL for OB and 0.003 and 0.009 µg/mL for FFD, respectively. Recoveries were obtained at 96.3% for OB and 97.2% for FFD. Precisions values were (as RSD, %) ≤1.5%. CONCLUSIONS With the UPLC method developed and validated according to the current ICH guidelines, it is possible to simultaneously detect OB and FFD of assay analysis in pMDI products accurately, precisely and selectively, independent of the matrix effect. HIGHLIGHTS The present method is the first method in the literature based on the UPLC method for this purpose. The UPLC method is a time-saving method, it provides a faster and cheaper technique than the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serdar Seckin
- Istanbul University Institute of Health Sciences, Analytical Chemistry, 34126 Beyazıt, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Serap Saglik Aslan
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 34116 Beyazıt Istanbul, Türkiye
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Isocratic ion pair chromatography for estimation of novel combined inhalation therapy that blocks coronavirus replication in chronic asthmatic patients. Sci Rep 2023; 13:305. [PMID: 36609681 PMCID: PMC9818053 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27572-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive isocratic ion-pair chromatographic method was developed for the accurate analysis of ternary mixtures of formoterol, tiotropium, and ciclesonide in their novel combined inhalation that is widely used for the symptomatic treatment of patients with chronic obstructive disease. Analytical separation was performed using a C8 column and ion pair mobile phase composed of acetonitrile: acidified deionized water (55: 45% v/v) containing 0.025% sodium dodecyl sulfate. The pH was adjusted to 3.0 using orthophosphoric acid and eluted isocratically at 2.0 mL/min and 40 °C applying UV detection at 237 nm. The calibration ranges were found to be 0.3-9.0 µg/mL for formoterol, 0.45-13.5 µg/mL for tiotropium, and 10.0-300.0 µg/mL concerning ciclesonide. The proposed method exhibited good repeatability, accuracy, and sensitivity (R.S.D. < 2.0%). The approach is rapid (run time does not exceed 15 min) and achieves satisfactory resolution (resolution factors = 7.45 and 5.3 between formoterol and tiotropium and tiotropium and ciclesonide respectively). The sensitivity and the efficiency of the proposed method permit their successful estimation with a recovery percentage ± SD of 99.33% ± 0.43 for formoterol, 99.15% ± 0.60 for tiotropium, and 99.90% ± 0.41 for ciclesonide.
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Salem YA, Hammouda MEA, Abu El-Enin MA, El-Ashry SM. Multiple analytical methods for determination of formoterol and glycopyrronium simultaneously in their novel combined metered dose inhaler. BMC Chem 2019; 13:75. [PMID: 31384822 PMCID: PMC6661743 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-019-0592-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major causes of mortality all over the world is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Recently approved combined inhaler of formoterol fumarate (FF) and glycopyrronium bromide (GLY) has been used in very low concentrations (µg level/actuation) doses in COPD patients. The first spectrophotometric and advanced highly sensitive liquid chromatography has been achieved successfully throughout this study, permitting validated analysis of dual combined inhaler in raw material as well as pharmaceutical inhaled dosage form. Three sensitive analytical methods were carried out for the simultaneous assay of FF and GLY in their novel combined Metered dose inhaler (MDI). The first method depends on measuring the first derivative amplitudes at 208.27 nm for FF and at 213.27 nm and 239.86 nm for GLY, respectively. The second method depends on measurement of the first derivative of the ratio spectra at 214 or 229 nm for FF and 240 or 259 nm for GLY, respectively. For the spectrophotometric methods, the linearity ranges were 0.48-9.6 µg/mL for FF and 0.9-18 µg/mL for GLY. For the third method, valid ion-pairing chromatographic method was carried out applying C18 column and isocratic mobile phase of 60% v/v acetonitrile and 40% v/v deionized waster (pH 3.0) enclosing 0.025% sodium dodecyl sulfate, using UV detection adjusted to 210 nm and flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. For the ion-pairing chromatographic method, the linearity ranges were 0.048-4.8 µg/mL for FF and 0.09-9.0 µg/mL for GLY. The developed methods are reproducible, valid and offer efficient resolution between formoterol and glycopyrronium using spectrophotometric methods and highly sensitive and precise chromatographic method. The percent recoveries of the inhaled drugs in their MDI were good. The method was successfully established for the quantitative analysis of FF and GLY in their combined pharmaceutical inhaler capsules to validate the therapeutic efficiency of the combined drugs in quality control labs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yomna A Salem
- 1Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516 Egypt.,Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt (HUE), New Damietta, Egypt
| | - Mohammed E A Hammouda
- 1Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516 Egypt.,Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt (HUE), New Damietta, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Abu El-Enin
- 1Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516 Egypt
| | - Saadia M El-Ashry
- 1Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516 Egypt
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Bozzolino C, Leporati M, Gani F, Ferrero C, Vincenti M. Development and validation of an UHPLC-MS/MS method for β 2-agonists quantification in human urine and application to clinical samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 150:15-24. [PMID: 29202304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A fast analytical method for the simultaneous detection of 24 β2-agonists in human urine was developed and validated. The method covers the therapeutic drugs most commonly administered, but also potentially abused β2-agonists. The procedure is based on enzymatic deconjugation with β-glucuronidase followed by SPE clean up using mixed-phase cartridges with both ion-exchange and lipophilic properties. Instrumental analysis conducted by UHPLC-MS/MS allowed high peak resolution and rapid chromatographic separation, with reduced time and costs. The method was fully validated according ISO 17025:2005 principles. The following parameters were determined for each analyte: specificity, selectivity, linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, precision, accuracy, matrix effect, recovery and carry-over. The method was tested on real samples obtained from patients subjected to clinical treatment under chronic or acute therapy with either formoterol, indacaterol, salbutamol, or salmeterol. The drugs were administered using pressurized metered dose inhalers. All β2-agonists administered to the patients were detected in the real samples. The method proved adequate to accurately measure the concentration of these analytes in the real samples. The observed analytical data are discussed with reference to the administered dose and the duration of the therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bozzolino
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Marta Leporati
- Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia "A. Bertinaria", Regione Gonzole 10/1, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy.
| | - Federica Gani
- Malattie dell'apparato respiratorio 2, Ospedale San Luigi Gonzaga, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - Cinzia Ferrero
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Malattie dell'apparato respiratorio, Università degli Studi di Torino, via G. Verdi 8, 10124, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Vincenti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy; Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia "A. Bertinaria", Regione Gonzole 10/1, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy
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Salem YA, Shaldam MA, El-Sherbiny DT, El-Wasseef DR, El-Ashry SM. Simultaneous Determination of Formoterol Fumarate and Budesonide Epimers in Metered Dose Inhaler Using Ion-Pair Chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 2017; 55:1013-1020. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmx067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Applications and challenges in using LC–MS/MS assays for quantitative doping analysis. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:1307-22. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
LC–MS/MS is useful for qualitative and quantitative analysis of ‘doped’ biological samples from athletes. LC–MS/MS-based assays at low-mass resolution allow fast and sensitive screening and quantification of targeted analytes that are based on preselected diagnostic precursor–product ion pairs. Whereas LC coupled with high-resolution/high-accuracy MS can be used for identification and quantification, both have advantages and challenges for routine analysis. Here, we review the literature regarding various quantification methods for measuring prohibited substances in athletes as they pertain to World Anti-Doping Agency regulations.
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El-Bagary RI, Fouad MA, El-Shal MA, Tolba EH. Forced degradation of mometasone furoate and development of two RP-HPLC methods for its determination with formoterol fumarate or salicylic acid. ARAB J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Current status and recent advantages in derivatization procedures in human doping control. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2537-56. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Derivatization is one of the most important steps during sample preparation in doping control analysis. Its main purpose is the enhancement of chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection of analytes in the full range of laboratory doping control activities. Its application is shown to broaden the detectable range of compounds, even in LC–MS analysis, where derivatization is not a prerequisite. The impact of derivatization initiates from the stage of the metabolic studies of doping agents up to the discovery of doping markers, by inclusion of the screening and confirmation procedures of prohibited substances in athlete's urine samples. Derivatization renders an unlimited number of opportunities to advanced analyte detection.
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Sardela VF, Scalco FB, Cavalcante KM, Simoni RE, Silva DR, Pereira HMG, de Oliveira MLLC, Aquino Neto FR. Systematic analysis of glycerol: colourimetric screening and gas chromatography-mass spectrometric confirmation. Drug Test Anal 2015; 7:967-70. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius F. Sardela
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Instituto de Química, LBCD - LADETEC; Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Fernanda B. Scalco
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Instituto de Química, LBCD - LADETEC; Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Karina M. Cavalcante
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Instituto de Química, LBCD - LADETEC; Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Ruth E. Simoni
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Instituto de Química, LBCD - LADETEC; Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Deyvison R. Silva
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Instituto de Química, LBCD - LADETEC; Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Henrique Marcelo G. Pereira
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Instituto de Química, LBCD - LADETEC; Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Maria Lúcia L. Costa de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Instituto de Química, LBCD - LADETEC; Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Francisco R. Aquino Neto
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Instituto de Química, LBCD - LADETEC; Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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Simple quantitation of formoterol and 11-nor-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid in human urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in doping control. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 967:8-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ruiz-Angel M, García-Alvarez-Coque M, Berthod A, Carda-Broch S. Are analysts doing method validation in liquid chromatography? J Chromatogr A 2014; 1353:2-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Pereira HMG, Sardela VF. Stimulant doping agents used in Brazil: prevalence, detectability, analytical implications, and challenges. Subst Use Misuse 2014; 49:1098-114. [PMID: 24766455 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2014.907653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This article presents the prevalence of stimulant doping among Brazilian athletes, the analytical approaches used, as well as a general evolution of the detectability of the stimulants being used. Results from the Brazilian accredited doping control laboratory are compared with the global statistics disclosed by the World Anti-Doping Agency. The high prevalence of stimulant doping in Brazil can be attributed to several reasons, including "self-administration," a "body-shaping" culture, and the use of nutritional supplements.
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Deventer K, Pozo O, Verstraete A, Van Eenoo P. Dilute-and-shoot-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for urine analysis in doping control and analytical toxicology. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Parmar VK, Patel HN, Patel BK. Sensitive and robust methods for simultaneous determination of beclomethasone dipropionate and formoterol fumarate dihydrate in rotacaps. J Chromatogr Sci 2014; 52:1255-66. [PMID: 24515312 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fixed dose combination containing beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) and formoterol fumarate dihydrate (FFD) is used in the treatment of asthma in form of dry powder inhaler. Two methods are described for the simultaneous determination of BDP and FFD in commercial rotacap formulation. The first method was based on HPTLC separation of the two drugs followed by densitometric measurements of their spots at 220 nm. The separation was carried out on Merck HPTLC aluminum sheets precoated with silica gel 60F254 using hexane:ethyl acetate:methanol:formic acid (2.0:2.5:2.0:0.2, v/v/v/v) as mobile phase. The linearity was found to be in the range of 2.4-8.4 µg/spot and 80-280 ng/spot for BDP and FFD, respectively. The second method was based on HPLC separation of the two drugs on the reversed phase Enable HPLC Analytical C18 G 120Å (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) column at ambient temperature using a mobile phase consisting of methanol:acetonitrile:phosphate buffer adjusted to pH 3.6 using orthophosphoric acid (65:25:10, v/v/v). Quantitation was achieved with UV detection at 220 nm based on peak area with linear calibration curves at concentration ranges of 10-200 and 0.3-6.0 µg/mL for BDP and FFD, respectively. Both methods were validated in terms of precision, robustness, recovery and limits of detection and quantitation. The robustness of both methods was assessed using experimental design and results were analyzed by statistical and graphical approaches. Rotacaps formulation containing BDP (200/400 μg) and FFD (6 μg) were successfully quantified using the proposed methods. The proposed methods can be used as sensitive, precise, accurate and robust methods for quantification of BDP and FFD in Rotacaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaykumar K Parmar
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT Campus, Ta. Petlad, Dist. Anand, Changa 388421, Gujarat, India
| | - Hetvi N Patel
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT Campus, Ta. Petlad, Dist. Anand, Changa 388421, Gujarat, India
| | - Bhavin K Patel
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT Campus, Ta. Petlad, Dist. Anand, Changa 388421, Gujarat, India
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2013; 6:164-84. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Doping Control Laboratory; United Medix Laboratories; Höyläämötie 14 00380 Helsinki Finland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
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Orlovius AK, Guddat S, Gütschow M, Thevis M, Schänzer W. In vitro synthesis and characterisation of three fenoterol sulfoconjugates detected in fenoterol post-administration urine samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:9477-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7383-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sardela VF, Sardela PD, Deventer K, Araujo AL, Cavalcante KM, Padilha MC, Pereira HM, Van Eenoo P, Aquino Neto FR. Identification of sympathomimetic alkylamine agents in urine using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and comparison of derivatization methods for confirmation analyses by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1298:76-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Mazzarino M, de la Torre X, Fiacco I, Pompei C, Calabrese F, Botrè F. A simplified procedure for the analysis of formoterol in human urine by liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry: Application to the characterization of the metabolic profile and stability of formoterol in urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 931:75-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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