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Xue Z, Cao Z, Jin M, Zhang X, Wang X, Dou J, Zhu Y, Ito Y, Guo Z. New steroid saponins from Dioscorea zingiberensis yam and their medicinal use against I/R via anti-inflammatory effect. Food Funct 2021; 12:8314-8325. [PMID: 34312628 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01301g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Steroid saponins are the medicinal compounds and nutrition ingredients of medicine food homology (MFH) Dioscorea zingiberensis C. H. Wright (D. zingiberensis) yam. Our phytochemical investigation of the edible rhizomes resulted in 9 new furostanol steroid saponins named dioscins A-I (1-9), together with 11 known steroid saponins. Their chemical structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic and chemical analyses. The new dioscins were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory and beneficial effects against cerebral ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury on RAW264.7 and PC12 cells in vitro, respectively. Dioscins A, B, and G revealed considerable anti-I/R effect through an anti-inflammatory mechanism based on the decreasing concentration of pro-inflammatory (TNF-α and IL-6) and down-regulating the NF-κB expression. The present research demonstrated that daily consumption of this yam plant probably prevented the I/R occurrence via the anti-inflammatory property of steroid saponins, and it also enriched the steroid saponin library, providing the possibility to develop MFH-containing steroid saponins into functional foods for maintenance of human health or drugs for the treatment of I/R disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowei Xue
- Institute of Targeted Drugs, Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Zhen Cao
- Institute of Targeted Drugs, Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Ming Jin
- Institute of Targeted Drugs, Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Institute of Targeted Drugs, Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China. and Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | | | - Jianwei Dou
- Institute of Targeted Drugs, Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Yuhong Zhu
- Institute of Targeted Drugs, Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Yoichiro Ito
- Laboratory of Bio-separation Technologies, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Zengjun Guo
- Institute of Targeted Drugs, Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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Kostanyan AA, Voshkin AA, Belova VV. Analytical, Preparative, and Industrial-Scale Separation of Substances by Methods of Countercurrent Liquid-Liquid Chromatography. Molecules 2020; 25:E6020. [PMID: 33353256 PMCID: PMC7766798 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25246020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Countercurrent liquid-liquid chromatographic techniques (CCC), similar to solvent extraction, are based on the different distribution of compounds between two immiscible liquids and have been most widely used in natural product separations. Due to its high load capacity, low solvent consumption, the diversity of separation methods, and easy scale-up, CCC provides an attractive tool to obtain pure compounds in the analytical, preparative, and industrial-scale separations. This review focuses on the steady-state and non-steady-state CCC separations ranging from conventional CCC to more novel methods such as different modifications of dual mode, closed-loop recycling, and closed-loop recycling dual modes. The design and modeling of various embodiments of CCC separation processes have been described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrey A. Voshkin
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31 Leninskii pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.K.); (V.V.B.)
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Li X, Wang Y, Sun J, Li X, Zhao C, Zhao P, Man S, Gao W. Chemotaxonomic studies of 12 Dioscorea species from China by UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS analysis. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2020; 31:164-182. [PMID: 31364208 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dioscorea species, which contain abundant steroidal saponins, have been used as folk medicines or raw materials to synthesise steroid drugs. OBJECTIVE To establish a rapid chemotaxonomic method that will comprehensively resolve confusions about genetic relationships of genus Dioscorea. METHODS A comprehensive strategy using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS) was firstly proposed to evaluate the chemotaxonomy of 12 species (27 taxa) from China by hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) based on the variations of the identified metabolites. RESULTS Twenty-eight secondary metabolites (mainly steroidal saponins) were identified. The MSn fragmentation patterns of DA (a new acetylated steroidal saponin at C-7 position) were firstly reported. Moreover, eight major steroidal saponins were further quantified simultaneously by UPLC-QTOF-MS method. According to HCA results, D. bulbifera L. was distinguished with species of sect. Stenophora Uline for pennogenin-type steroidal saponins. Dioscorea zingiberensis exhibited far distance from other members of sect. Stenophora Uline for two unique saponins. Dioscorea banzhuana may be reclassified into sect. Stenophora. Dioscorea nipponica subsp. rosthornii and D. collettii var. hypoglauca might be separated from their original subspecies/varieties as new species, respectively. CONCLUSION The chemotaxonomic method was successfully applied in the study of genetic relationships of Dioscorea species. This study not only enhanced the understanding of chemical constituents, but also laid basic theoretical foundations for the rational utilisation and chemotaxonomy of genus Dioscorea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Analysis of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Jiachen Sun
- College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Xia Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Shuli Man
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Analysis of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
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Sadegh S, Dasarathy D, Ito Y. A novel foam based separation strategy for extracting minute target impurities. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:2093-2099. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Sadegh
- Laboratory of Bioseparation TechnologyBiochemistry and Biophysics CenterNational Heart, Lung, and Blood InstituteNational Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA
- University of Maryland College Park MD
| | - Dhweeja Dasarathy
- Laboratory of Bioseparation TechnologyBiochemistry and Biophysics CenterNational Heart, Lung, and Blood InstituteNational Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA
- Harvard University Cambridge MA USA
| | - Yoichiro Ito
- Laboratory of Bioseparation TechnologyBiochemistry and Biophysics CenterNational Heart, Lung, and Blood InstituteNational Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA
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Zhu JH, Li HL, Guo D, Wang Y, Dai HF, Mei WL, Peng SQ. Identification, characterization and expression analysis of genes involved in steroidal saponin biosynthesis in Dracaena cambodiana. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2018; 131:555-562. [PMID: 29234988 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-017-1004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Dracaena cambodiana is a traditional medicinal plant used for producing dragon's blood. The plants and dragon's blood of D. cambodiana contain a rich variety of steroidal saponins. However, little is known about steroidal saponin biosynthesis and its regulation in D. cambodiana. Here, 122 genes encoding enzymes involved in steroidal saponin biosynthesis were identified based on transcriptome data, with 29 of them containing complete open reading frames (ORF). Transcript expression analysis revealed that several genes related to steroidal saponin biosynthesis showed distinct tissue-specific expression patterns; the expression levels of genes encoding the key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis and early modification of steroidal saponins were significantly down-regulated in the stems in response to the inducer of dragon's blood, exhibiting positive correlations with the content of steroidal saponins. These results provide insights on the steroidal saponins biosynthetic pathway and mechanisms underlying induced formation of dragon's blood in D. cambodiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Hui-Liang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Dong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Hao-Fu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Wen-Li Mei
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China.
| | - Shi-Qing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China.
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Kostanyan AE, Shishilov ON. An easy-to-use calculating machine to simulate steady state and non-steady-state preparative separations by multiple dual mode counter-current chromatography with semi-continuous loading of feed mixtures. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1552:92-98. [PMID: 29673766 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Multiple dual mode counter-current chromatography (MDM CCC) separation processes with semi-continuous large sample loading consist of a succession of two counter-current steps: with "x" phase (first step) and "y" phase (second step) flow periods. A feed mixture dissolved in the "x" phase is continuously loaded into a CCC machine at the beginning of the first step of each cycle over a constant time with the volumetric rate equal to the flow rate of the pure "x" phase. An easy-to-use calculating machine is developed to simulate the chromatograms and the amounts of solutes eluted with the phases at each cycle for steady-state (the duration of the flow periods of the phases is kept constant for all the cycles) and non-steady-state (with variable duration of alternating phase elution steps) separations. Using the calculating machine, the separation of mixtures containing up to five components can be simulated and designed. Examples of the application of the calculating machine for the simulation of MDM CCC processes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artak E Kostanyan
- Kurnakov Institute of General & Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 31, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Oleg N Shishilov
- Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, Moscow Technological University, Prospekt Vernadskogo 86, Moscow 119571, Russia; O3-Innovation, LLC, Skolkovo Innovation Center, Nobel Str. 1, Moscow 143026, Russia
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Preparation of diosgenin from Dioscorea zingiberensis C. H. Wright by stepwise biocatalysis-foam separation-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (P-HPLC). Eur Food Res Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-018-3058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Zhang X, Jin M, Tadesse N, Xian L, Zhang H, Wang S, Dang J, Zhang Y, Guo Z, Ito Y. Safety investigation on total steroid saponins extracts from Dioscorea zingiberensis C.H. Wright: Sub-acute and chronic toxicity studies on dogs. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 91:58-67. [PMID: 29066336 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Sub-acute and chronic toxic effects of total steroidal saponins (TSSN) extracts from Dioscorea zingiberensis C.H. Wright on various internal organs and biochemical indicators have never been studied before and this study is the first of its kind to demonstrate sub-acute and chronic toxicities of TSSN on dogs. Administration of TSSN extracts at doses up to 3000 mg/Kg daily for 14 days, no biochemical and organ changes were observed on the experimental groups of dogs. Further, chronic toxicity study through oral administration of TSSN extracts at the gradual doses of 50, 250 and 500 mg/Kg for 90 days followed by a 2-week recovery assay revealed absence of significant architectural and morphological changes in internal organs which were confirmed through histopathological examination and merely no significant alteration in the biochemical indicators including hematologic and urine analysis and electrocardiogram compared to the control dogs. This toxicological evaluation came across with the finding that the herbal preparation can be considered as nontoxic and animals could tolerate the extracts at doses up to 500 mg/Kg with LD50 greater than 3000 mg/Kg. It may serve as a preliminary scientific evidence for further therapeutic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ming Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Nigatu Tadesse
- School of International Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Liang Xian
- College of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Sicen Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jun Dang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Zengjun Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Yoichiro Ito
- Laboratory of Bioseparation Technology, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Atlabachew M, Chandravanshi BS, Redi-Abshiro M. Preparative HPLC for large scale isolation, and salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction based method for HPLC-DAD determination of khat (Catha edulis Forsk) alkaloids. Chem Cent J 2017; 11:107. [PMID: 29086876 PMCID: PMC5645267 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-017-0337-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Khat (Catha edulis Forsk) is an evergreen shrub of the Celastraceae family. It is widely cultivated in Yemen and East Africa, where its fresh leaves are habitually chewed for their momentary pleasures and stimulation as amphetamine-like effects. The main psychostimulant constituents of khat are the phenylpropylamino alkaloids: cathinone, cathine and norephedrine. Results In this study, simple procedures based on preparative HPLC and salting-out assisted liquid–liquid extraction (SALLE) based methods were developed respectively for large scale isolation and the extraction of psychoactive phenylpropylamino alkaloids; cathinone, cathine and norephedrine, from khat (Catha edulis Forsk) chewing leaves, a stimulant and drug of abuse plant. The three khat alkaloids were directly isolated from the crude oxalate salt by preparative HPLC–DAD method with purity > 98%. In addition, a modified (SALLE) method has been developed and evaluated for the extraction efficiency of psychoactive phenylpropylamino alkaloids from khat (Catha edulis Forsk) chewing leaves. An in situ two steps extraction protocol was followed without dispersive SPE clean up. The method involves extraction of the samples with 1% HAc and QuEChERS salt (1.0 g of CH3COONa and 6.0 g of MgSO4) followed by subsequent in situ liquid–liquid partitioning by adding ethyl acetate and NaOH solution. The optimized method allowed recoveries of 80–86% for the three alkaloids from khat sample with relative standard deviation (RSD) values less than 15% and limits of detection (0.85–1.9 μg/mL). Conclusion The method was found to be simple, cost-effective and provides cleaner chromatogram with good selectivity and reproducibility. The SALLE based protocol provided as good results as the conventional extraction method (ultrasonic assisted extraction followed by solid phase extraction, UAE–SPE) and hence the method can be applicable in forensic and biomedical sectors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13065-017-0337-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minaleshewa Atlabachew
- Department of Chemistry, Bahir Dar University, P. O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.,Blue Nile Water Institute, Bahir Dar University, P. O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Mesfin Redi-Abshiro
- Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Zhang Q, Pei HY, Chen K, Tang H, Wu B, Tang MH, Peng AH, Ye HY, Chen LJ. Separation of caffeoylquinic acids and flavonoids from Asteris souliei by high-performance counter-current chromatography and their anti-inflammatory activity in vitro. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:2261-2268. [PMID: 28332768 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Eleven compounds were successfully separated from Asteris souliei by using a two-step high-performance counter-current chromatography method. The first step involved a reversed phase isocratic counter-current chromatography separation using hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol/water (1:0.8:1:1 v/v/v/v), which produced three fractions, the first two of which were mixtures. The second step used step-gradient reversed-phase counter-current chromatography with hexane/butanol/ethyl acetate/methanol/water (1:0.5:3.5:1:4 v/v/v/v/v) initially followed by hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol/water (1:2:1:2 v/v/v/v) to separate Fraction 1 into seven compounds; and hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol/water (1:1:1:1.2 v/v/v/v) to separate Fraction 2 into three further compounds. The chemical structures of the separated compounds were identified by ESI-MS and NMR spectroscopy (1 H and 13 C). Baicalin (5), eriodictyol (7), apigenin-7-glycoside (8), quercetin (9), luteolin (10), and apigenin (11) showed obvious inhibitory effects on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 cells at a concentration of 10 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - He-Ying Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming-Hai Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ai-Hua Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao-Yu Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li-Juan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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de Souza Figueiredo F, Celano R, de Sousa Silva D, das Neves Costa F, Hewitson P, Ignatova S, Piccinelli AL, Rastrelli L, Guimarães Leitão S, Guimarães Leitão G. Countercurrent chromatography separation of saponins by skeleton type from Ampelozizyphus amazonicus for off-line ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/high resolution accurate mass spectrometry analysis and characterisation. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1481:92-100. [PMID: 28027839 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Ampelozizyphus amazonicus Ducke (Rhamnaceae), a medicinal plant used to prevent malaria, is a climbing shrub, native to the Amazonian region, with jujubogenin glycoside saponins as main compounds. The crude extract of this plant is too complex for any kind of structural identification, and HPLC separation was not sufficient to resolve this issue. Therefore, the aim of this work was to obtain saponin enriched fractions from the bark ethanol extract by countercurrent chromatography (CCC) for further isolation and identification/characterisation of the major saponins by HPLC and MS. The butanol extract was fractionated by CCC with hexane - ethyl acetate - butanol - ethanol - water (1:6:1:1:6; v/v) solvent system yielding 4 group fractions. The collected fractions were analysed by UHPLC-HRMS (ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/high resolution accurate mass spectrometry) and MSn. Group 1 presented mainly oleane type saponins, and group 3 showed mainly jujubogenin glycosides, keto-dammarane type triterpene saponins and saponins with C31 skeleton. Thus, CCC separated saponins from the butanol-rich extract by skeleton type. A further purification of group 3 by CCC (ethyl acetate - ethanol - water (1:0.2:1; v/v)) and HPLC-RI was performed in order to obtain these unusual aglycones in pure form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana de Souza Figueiredo
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, CCS, bloco H, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rita Celano
- Università di Salerno, Dipartimento di Farmacia, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Danila de Sousa Silva
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Produtos Naturais e Alimentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, CCS, bloco A2, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernanda das Neves Costa
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, CCS, bloco H, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, RJ, Brazil
| | - Peter Hewitson
- Advanced Bioprocessing Centre, Institute of Environment, Health & Societies, CEDPS, Brunel University London, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Svetlana Ignatova
- Advanced Bioprocessing Centre, Institute of Environment, Health & Societies, CEDPS, Brunel University London, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Anna Lisa Piccinelli
- Università di Salerno, Dipartimento di Farmacia, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Luca Rastrelli
- Università di Salerno, Dipartimento di Farmacia, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Suzana Guimarães Leitão
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Produtos Naturais e Alimentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, CCS, bloco A2, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gilda Guimarães Leitão
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, CCS, bloco H, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, RJ, Brazil.
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Atlabachew M, Combrinck S, Viljoen AM, Hamman JH, Gouws C. Isolation and in vitro permeation of phenylpropylamino alkaloids from Khat (Catha edulis) across oral and intestinal mucosal tissues. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 194:307-315. [PMID: 27616032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Khat, the leaves of Catha edulis, is used as a "natural amphetamine-like" stimulant in eastern and southern Africa, as well as in the Arabian Peninsula. Leaves are masticated to elicit a state of euphoria. Although the psychostimulatory effects of the leaves are attributed to the presence of phenylpropylamino alkaloids (i.e. cathinone, cathine and norephedrine), the extent of permeation of these alkaloids across the oral and intestinal mucosa has not been established. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cathinone was isolated in the form of the oxalate salt from young buds, following acid-base extraction. High performance countercurrent chromatography (HPCCC) was used to isolate cathine and norephedrine, following borohydride reduction of a mixture of the three alkaloids. The in vitro permeability of these three alkaloids in their pure form, as well as in a crude extract, was evaluated across Caco-2 cell monolayers and across excised porcine intestinal, sublingual and buccal tissues. RESULTS The purities of the isolated cathine and norephedrine were in excess of 90%, thereby proving that HPCCC can be applied for efficient separation of these alkaloids from extracts of Khat. The apparent permeability (Papp) coefficients for the Khat alkaloids in their pure form were all above 1.0×10-6cm/s, indicating that the transport of the three alkaloids across the selected biological membranes is comparable to that of the highly permeable reference compound, caffeine. Although readily transported across the various membranes, the alkaloids were transported to a lesser extent when present in a leaf extract, suggesting that other phytochemicals present in the extract influence their permeation. CONCLUSIONS These results provide evidence that chewing of Khat contributes to the buccal and sublingual absorption of the psychoactive alkaloids in the bloodstream directly across the oral mucosal membranes. In addition, it confirms that these metabolites will be readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract when swallowed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minaleshewa Atlabachew
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Ethiopia.
| | - Sandra Combrinck
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; SAMRC Herbal Drugs Research Unit, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| | - Alvaro M Viljoen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; SAMRC Herbal Drugs Research Unit, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| | - Josias H Hamman
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
| | - Chrisna Gouws
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
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Chen L, Yu J. Modulation of Toll-like receptor signaling in innate immunity by natural products. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 37:65-70. [PMID: 26899347 PMCID: PMC4916003 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
For centuries, natural products and their derivatives have provided a rich source of compounds for the development of new immunotherapies in the treatment of human disease. Many of these compounds are currently undergoing clinical trials, particularly as anti-oxidative, anti-microbial, and anti-cancer agents. However, the function and mechanism of natural products in how they interact with our immune system has yet to be extensively explored. Natural immune modulators may provide the key to control and ultimately defeat disorders affecting the immune system. They can either up- or down-regulate the immune response with few undesired adverse effects. In this review, we summarize the recent advancements made in utilizing natural products for immunomodulation and their important molecular targets, members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, in the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luxi Chen
- Medical Scientist Training Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital & Solove Research Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Du D, Zhang R, Xing Z, Liang Y, Li S, Jin T, Xia Q, Long D, Xin G, Wang G, Huang W. 9,10-Dihydrophenanthrene derivatives and one 1,4-anthraquinone firstly isolated from Dioscorea zingiberensis C. H. Wright and their biological activities. Fitoterapia 2016; 109:20-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Wang X, Chen D, Wang Y, Xie J. De novo transcriptome assembly and the putative biosynthetic pathway of steroidal sapogenins of Dioscorea composita. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124560. [PMID: 25860891 PMCID: PMC4393236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant Dioscorea composita has important applications in the medical and energy industries, and can be used for the extraction of steroidal sapogenins (important raw materials for the synthesis of steroidal drugs) and bioethanol production. However, little is known at the genetic level about how sapogenins are biosynthesized in this plant. Using Illumina deep sequencing, 62,341 unigenes were obtained by assembling its transcriptome, and 27,720 unigenes were annotated. Of these, 8,022 unigenes were mapped to 243 specific pathways, and 531 unigenes were identified to be involved in 24 secondary metabolic pathways. 35 enzymes, which were encoded by 79 unigenes, were related to the biosynthesis of steroidal sapogenins in this transcriptome database, covering almost all the nodes in the steroidal pathway. The results of real-time PCR experiments on ten related transcripts (HMGR, MK, SQLE, FPPS, DXS, CAS, HMED, CYP51, DHCR7, and DHCR24) indicated that sapogenins were mainly biosynthesized by the mevalonate pathway. The expression of these ten transcripts in the tuber and leaves was found to be much higher than in the stem. Also, expression in the shoots was low. The nucleotide and protein sequences and conserved domains of four related genes (HMGR, CAS, SQS, and SMT1) were highly conserved between D. composita and D. zingiberensis; but expression of these four genes is greater in D. composita. However, there is no expression of these key enzymes in potato and no steroidal sapogenins are synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- Institute of New Energy and New Materials, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institutions, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Energy Plants Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
| | - Dijia Chen
- Institute of New Energy and New Materials, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institutions, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Energy Plants Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
| | - Yuqi Wang
- Institute of New Energy and New Materials, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institutions, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Energy Plants Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
| | - Jun Xie
- Institute of New Energy and New Materials, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institutions, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Energy Plants Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
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