1
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Dias RC, Korhonen O, Ketolainen J, Ervasti T, Lopes JA. The effect of process parameters on a continuous blending process monitored in-line by near-infrared spectroscopy. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 202:106890. [PMID: 39214317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The continuous feeding-mixing system ensures the composition uniformity down to the tableting continuous manufacturing line so that a quality end-product is consistently delivered. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) enables in-line assessment of the blend's critical quality attributes in real-time. In this study, the effect of total feed rate and impeller speed on the continuous blending process monitored in-line by NIRS was examined by principal component analysis (PCA), ANOVA simultaneous component analysis (ASCA) and partial least squares (PLS) regression. Process data were generated by a factorial experimental design with process parameters and a constant formulation comprised of: 30 % (wt/wt) ibuprofen, 67.5 % (wt/wt) microcrystalline cellulose, 2 % (wt/wt) of sodium starch glycolate and 0.5 % (wt/wt) of magnesium stearate. The PCA hinted at the prevalence of impeller speed effect on ibuprofen concentration due to path length variation of the NIR light caused by the fluidized behaviour in the powder blend as a result of high speed ranges (>300 rpm). The ASCA model indicated that while both impeller speed and total feed rate effects were statistically significant (p-value=0.004), the impeller speed was the factor that contributed the most to the spectral variance (55.5 %). The PLS regression model for the ibuprofen content resulted in a RMSECV of 1.3 % (wt/wt) and showed that impeller speed was yet again the factor that exerted the major influence on spectral variance, owing to its wavelength-dependent effect that prevents common pre-processing techniques from eliminating it across the entire NIR range. The best sample presentation to the NIR probe was achieved at low impeller speed ranges (<600 rpm) and low total feed rates (<15 kg/h), such that it enhanced the PLS model ability to predict the ibuprofen concentration in the blend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute C Dias
- PromisLab, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Ossi Korhonen
- PromisLab, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jarkko Ketolainen
- PromisLab, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuomas Ervasti
- PromisLab, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - João A Lopes
- iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
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2
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Mészáros LA, Madarász L, Ficzere M, Bicsár R, Farkas A, Nagy ZK. UV/VIS-imaging of white caffeine tablets for prediction of CQAs: API content, crushing strength, friability, disintegration time and dissolution profile. Int J Pharm 2024; 663:124565. [PMID: 39117063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
The paper provides a demonstration of how UV/VIS imaging can be employed to evaluate the crushing strength, friability, disintegration time and dissolution profile of tablets comprised of solely white components. The samples were produced using different levels of compression force and API content of anhydrous caffeine. Images were acquired from both sides of the samples using UV illumination for the API content prediction, while the other parameters were assessed using VIS illumination. Based on the color histograms of the UV images, API content was predicted with 5.6 % relative error. Textural analysis of the VIS images yielded crushing strength predictions under 10 % relative error. Regarding friability, three groups were established according to the weight loss of the samples. Likewise, the evaluation of disintegration time led to the identification of three groups: <10 s, 11-35 s, and over 36 s. Successful classification of the samples was achieved with machine learning algorithms. Finally, immediate release dissolution profiles were accurately predicted under 5 % of RMSE with an artificial neural network. The 50 ms exposition time during image acquisition and the resulting outcomes underscore the practicality of machine vision for real-time quality control in solid dosage forms, regardless of the color of the API.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilla Alexandra Mészáros
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lajos Madarász
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Ficzere
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rozália Bicsár
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Farkas
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsombor Kristóf Nagy
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
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3
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Watanabe A, Omiya M, Sato M, Furukawa H, Fukuda N, Minagawa H. Evaluation of near-infrared spectroscopy as a contactless method for health monitoring of resin-based coating materials applied to concrete surfaces. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287918. [PMID: 37379275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The surfaces of concrete structures are often coated with protective materials to minimize corrosion and weathering-based deterioration. Therefore, it is important to monitor the aging of the coating materials and their overall condition to extend the service lifetime of the structure effectively. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a contactless, nondestructive, rapid, and convenient method for material characterization; therefore, it is useful for onsite inspection of coating materials. Hence, in this study, we attempt to determine whether NIRS can be used for simple inspection for health monitoring of organic resin-based coating materials. In addition to identifying different severities of peeling damage, we characterize the ultraviolet-induced deterioration of coating materials with different thicknesses using diffuse reflection spectra acquired in the near-infrared wavelength region. For independent comparison with the NIR spectra, the state of the coating materials on the mortar specimens was analyzed using a combination of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, while the state of the underlying mortar specimens was analyzed using permeability and salt-water immersion tests. The results confirm that the NIRS could detect the degradation of coating materials at early stages of deterioration before their permeability had been affected. NIRS offers the possibility of intermittent monitoring of coating deterioration. In addition, because the NIR spectrometer is portable, it can help in inspecting high-rise areas and areas that are difficult to reach. Therefore, we believe that NIRS is a simple, safe, and inexpensive method for inspection of surface coating materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anri Watanabe
- Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki, Japan
- AIST-TohokuU Mathematics for Advanced Materials Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Miyagi, Japan
| | | | | | - Hiromitsu Furukawa
- Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nobuko Fukuda
- Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Minagawa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
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4
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Yang TL, Szewc J, Zhong L, Leonova A, Giebułtowicz J, Habashy R, Isreb A, Alhnan MA. The Use of Near-infrared as Process Analytical Technology (PAT) during 3D Printing Tablets at the Point-of-Care. Int J Pharm 2023:123073. [PMID: 37230372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is one of the most researched 3D printing technologies that holds great potential for low-cost manufacturing of personalised medicine. To achieve real-time release, timely quality control is a major challenge for applying 3D printing technologies as a point-of-care (PoC) manufacturing approach. This work proposes the use of a low-cost and compact near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy modality as a process analytical technology (PAT) to monitor a critical quality attribute (drug content) during and after FDM 3D printing process. 3D printed caffeine tablets were used to manifest the feasibility of the NIR model as a quantitative analytical procedure and dose verification method. Caffeine tablets (0-40% w/w) were fabricated using polyvinyl alcohol and FDM 3D printing. The predictive performance of the NIR model was demonstrated in linearity (correlation coefficient, R2) and accuracy (root mean square error of prediction, RMSEP). The actual drug content values were determined using the reference high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The model of full-completion caffeine tablets demonstrated linearity (R2 = 0.985) and accuracy (RMSEP =1.4%), indicated to be an alternative dose quantitation method for 3D printed products. The ability of the models to assess caffeine contents during the 3D printing process could not be accurately achieved using the model built with complete tablets. Instead, by building a predictive model for each completion stage of 20%, 40%, 60% and 80%, the model of different completion caffeine tablets displayed linearity (R2 of 0.991, 0.99, 0.987, and 0.983) and accuracy (RMSEP of 2.22%, 1.65%, 1.41%, 0.83%), respectively. Overall, this study demonstrated the feasibility of a low NIR model as a non-destructive, low-cost, compact, and rapid analysis dose verification method enabling the real-time release to facilitate 3D printing medicine production in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzuyi L Yang
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Medicine, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Jakub Szewc
- Faculty of Pharmacy with the Laboratory Medicine Division, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lingu Zhong
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Medicine, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Anna Leonova
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Medicine, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Joanna Giebułtowicz
- Faculty of Pharmacy with the Laboratory Medicine Division, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Abdullah Isreb
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Mohamed A Alhnan
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Medicine, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
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Blue LE, Guan X, Joubert MK, Kuhns ST, Moore S, Semin DJ, Wikström M, Wypych J, Goudar CT. State-of-the-art and emerging trends in analytical approaches to pharmaceutical-product commercialization. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 78:102800. [PMID: 36182871 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The biopharmaceutical landscape continues to evolve rapidly, and associated modality complexity and the need to improve molecular understanding require concomitant advances in analytical approaches used to characterize and release the product. The Product Quality Attribute Assessment (PQAA) and Quality Target Product Profile (QTPP) frameworks help catalog and translate molecular understanding to process and product-design targets, thereby enabling reliable manufacturing of high-quality product. The analytical target profile forms the basis of identifying best-fit analytical methods for attribute measurement and continues to be successfully used to develop robust analytical methods for detailed product characterization as well as release and stability testing. Despite maturity across multiple testing platforms, advances continue to be made, several with the potential to alter testing paradigms. There is an increasing role for mass spectrometry beyond product characterization and into routine release testing as seen by the progress in multi-attribute methods and technologies, applications to aggregate measurement, the development of capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) and capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF) with MS for measurement of glycans and charged species, respectively, and increased application to host cell protein measurement. Multitarget engaging multispecific modalities will drive advances in bioassay platforms and recent advances both in 1- and 2-D NMR approaches could make it the method of choice for characterizing higher-order structures. Additionally, rigorous understanding of raw material and container attributes is necessary to complement product understanding, and these collectively can enable robust supply of high-quality product to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Blue
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Guan
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Marisa K Joubert
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Scott T Kuhns
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Stephanie Moore
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - David J Semin
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Mats Wikström
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Jette Wypych
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Chetan T Goudar
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.
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6
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Zeng Q, Wang L, Wu S, Fang G, Zhao M, Li Z, Li W. Research progress on the application of spectral imaging technology in pharmaceutical tablet analysis. Int J Pharm 2022; 625:122100. [PMID: 35961418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tablet as a traditional dosage form in pharmacy has the advantages of accurate dosage, ideal dissolution and bioavailability, convenient to carry and transport. The most concerned tablet quality attributes include active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) contents and polymorphic forms, components distribution, hardness, density, coating state, dissolution behavior, etc., which greatly affect the bioavailability and consistency of tablet final products. In the pharmaceutical industry, there are usually industry standard methods to analyze the tablet quality attributes. However, these methods are generally time-consuming and laborious, and lack a comprehensive understanding of the properties of tablets, such as spatial information. In recent years, spectral imaging technology makes up for the shortcomings of traditional tablet analysis methods because it provides non-contact and rich information in time and space. As a promising technology to replace the traditional tablet analysis methods, it has attracted more and more attention. The present paper briefly describes a series of spectral imaging techniques and their applications in tablet analysis. Finally, the possible application prospect of this technology and the deficiencies that need to be improved were also prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zeng
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; State key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Long Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; State key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Sijun Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; State key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Guangpu Fang
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Mingwei Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Zheng Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; State key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Wenlong Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; State key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
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7
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Prediction of entire tablet formulations from pure powder components' spectra via a two-step non-linear optimization methodology. Int J Pharm 2022; 615:121472. [PMID: 35063595 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Process analytical technology in the pharmaceutical industry requires the monitoring of critical quality attributes (CQA) through calibrated models. However, the development, implementation, and maintenance of these quantitative models are both resource and time-intensive. This study proposes the implementation of a non-linear iterative optimization technology (IOT) to study the magnitude of analytical errors when the calibration tablet used to extract the λ vector deviates physically and chemically from the test samples. IOT is based on mathematical optimization of excess spectral absorbance. It requires minimum calibration effort and allows simultaneous prediction of the entire formulation instead of only the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), with just one standard and pure component spectral data. Unlike Partial Least Squares (PLS), which requires the development of standards to incorporate variations in the process, this non-destructive methodology minimizes significant calibration effort by developing a mathematical model that uses only one standard and spectral information of pure powders present in the tablet. The method described in this study allows a fast re-calculation to include factors such as change of spectroscopic instruments, variations in raw materials, environmental conditions, and methods of tablet preparation. The robustness of the proposed approach for variation in compaction (physical changes) and variation in composition (chemical changes) was evaluated for correlated and uncorrelated formulations. For uncorrelated formulation a PLS model was also constructed to compare the robustness of the proposed methodology. The RMSEP of API in target formulation predicted using non-linear IOT method was varied from 0.17 to 1.50 depends on compaction of tablet chosen to compute λ vector. On the other hand, the RMSEP of API in target formulation predicted using PLS-based model was varied from 0.13 to 0.57 depending on compaction of tablet. The additional accuracy achieved in PLS based model required significant calibration effort of preparing 84 tablets compared to just one in proposed non-linear IOT method.
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8
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Belay NF, Busche S, Manici V, Shaukat M, Arndt SO, Schmidt C. Evaluation of Transmission Raman spectroscopy and NIR Hyperspectral Imaging for the assessment of content uniformity in solid oral dosage forms ✰. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 166:105963. [PMID: 34352284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of the present study was to explore and compare fast and non-destructive Transmission Raman Spectroscopy (TRS) and Near Infrared Hyperspectral imaging (NIR HSI) for the development of predictive quantitative methods to determine content uniformity (CU) of tablets. METHODS A set of single Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) tablets with nine concentration levels of caffeine ranging from 12.75%w/w to 17.75%w/w and another set of double API tablets with five concentration levels of model API A* (5.25%w/w - 9.25%w/w) and caffeine (7%w/w - 13%w/w) were prepared. Chemometric prediction models were developed using partial least square (PLS 1) and later tested using a test set for both single and double API tablets. RESULTS Calibration PLS1 models were developed for both single and double APIs using a combination of S-G 1st derivative and SNV data pre-processing steps that offer an optimal model performance with the lowest cross-validation error and bias. The root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) for the PLS1 model for single API caffeine tablets using TRS and NIR HSI was 0.27% and 0.36% respectively. The RMSEP for the PLS1 models built using TRS for the double API tablets was 0.29% for API A and 0.34% for caffeine. Similarly, for the NIR HIS prediction models the RMSEP was 0.43% for API A and 0.56% for caffeine. CONCLUSION Overall TRS presented a 25-30% more accurate prediction capability compared to NIR HSI in this specific sample sets. Nevertheless, both TRS ad NIR HSI possess the potential to be employed as rapid, nondestructive techniques to replace classical wet- chemistry methods for at- or off-line determination of tablet CU.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Busche
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | | | - Manuela Shaukat
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Carsten Schmidt
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
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9
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Yu C, Yang J, Song N, Sun C, Wang M, Feng S. Microlens array snapshot hyperspectral microscopy system for the biomedical domain. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:1896-1902. [PMID: 33690279 DOI: 10.1364/ao.417952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We propose a microlens array-type snapshot hyperspectral microscope system that can provide spatial spectrum sampling according to detector frame rates for the biomedical domain. The system uses a shared optical path design. One path is used to perform direct microscopic imaging with high spatial resolution, while the other is used to collect microscopic images through a microlens array; the images are then spatially cut and reimaged such that they are spaced simultaneously by the prism-grating type hyperspectral imager's dispersion. Rapid acquisition of a three-dimensional data cube measuring 28×14×180 (x×y×λ) can be performed at the detector's frame rate. The system has a spatial resolution of 2.5 µm and can achieve 180-channel sampling of a 100 nm spectrum in the 400-800 nm spectral range with spectral resolution of approximately 0.56 nm. Spectral imaging results from biological samples show that the microlens array-type snapshot hyperspectral microscope system may potentially be applied in real-time biological spectral imaging.
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Shi G, Lin L, Liu Y, Chen G, Luo Y, Wu Y, Li H. Pharmaceutical application of multivariate modelling techniques: a review on the manufacturing of tablets. RSC Adv 2021; 11:8323-8345. [PMID: 35423324 PMCID: PMC8695199 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08030f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The tablet manufacturing process is a complex system, especially in continuous manufacturing (CM). It includes multiple unit operations, such as mixing, granulation, and tableting. In tablet manufacturing, critical quality attributes are influenced by multiple factorial relationships between material properties, process variables, and interactions. Moreover, the variation in raw material attributes and manufacturing processes is an inherent characteristic and seriously affects the quality of pharmaceutical products. To deepen our understanding of the tablet manufacturing process, multivariable modeling techniques can replace univariate analysis to investigate tablet manufacturing. In this review, the roles of the most prominent multivariate modeling techniques in the tablet manufacturing process are discussed. The review mainly focuses on applying multivariate modeling techniques to process understanding, optimization, process monitoring, and process control within multiple unit operations. To minimize the errors in the process of modeling, good modeling practice (GMoP) was introduced into the pharmaceutical process. Furthermore, current progress in the continuous manufacturing of tablets and the role of multivariate modeling techniques in continuous manufacturing are introduced. In this review, information is provided to both researchers and manufacturers to improve tablet quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolin Shi
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| | - Longfei Lin
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| | - Yuling Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| | - Gongsen Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| | - Yuting Luo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| | - Yanqiu Wu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
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11
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Vanhoorne V, Vervaet C. Recent progress in continuous manufacturing of oral solid dosage forms. Int J Pharm 2020; 579:119194. [PMID: 32135231 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Continuous drug product manufacturing is slowly being implemented in the pharmaceutical industry. Although the benefits related to the quality and cost of continuous manufacturing are widely recognized, several challenges hampered the widespread introduction of continuous manufacturing of drug products. Current review presents an overview of state-of-the art research, equipment, process analytical technology implementations and advanced control strategies. Additionally, guidelines and regulatory viewpoints on implementation of continuous manufacturing in the pharmaceutical industry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Vanhoorne
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University
| | - C Vervaet
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University.
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12
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13
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Razuc M, Grafia A, Gallo L, Ramírez-Rigo MV, Romañach RJ. Near-infrared spectroscopic applications in pharmaceutical particle technology. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2019; 45:1565-1589. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2019.1641510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Razuc
- Instituto de Química del Sur (INQUISUR), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - A. Grafia
- Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química (PLAPIQUI), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)- CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - L. Gallo
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química (PLAPIQUI), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)- CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - M. V. Ramírez-Rigo
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química (PLAPIQUI), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)- CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - R. J. Romañach
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Structured Organic Particulate Systems, University of Puerto Rico – Mayagüez, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
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14
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Development of near infrared spectroscopic calibration models for in-line determination of low drug concentration, bulk density, and relative specific void volume within a feed frame. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 164:211-222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Nagy B, Farkas A, Borbás E, Vass P, Nagy ZK, Marosi G. Raman Spectroscopy for Process Analytical Technologies of Pharmaceutical Secondary Manufacturing. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 20:1. [PMID: 30560395 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1201-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
As the process analytical technology (PAT) mindset is progressively introduced and adopted by the pharmaceutical companies, there is an increasing demand for effective and versatile real-time analyzers to address the quality assurance challenges of drug manufacturing. In the last decades, Raman spectroscopy has emerged as one of the most promising tools for non-destructive and fast characterization of the pharmaceutical processes. This review summarizes the achieved results of the real-time application of Raman spectroscopy in the field of the secondary manufacturing of pharmaceutical solid dosage forms, covering the most common secondary process steps of a tablet production line. In addition, the feasibility of Raman spectroscopy for real-time control is critically reviewed, and challenges and possible approaches to moving from real-time monitoring to process analytically controlled technologies (PACT) are discussed.
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16
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Spectroscopic characterization of tablet properties in a continuous powder blending and tableting process. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 123:10-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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Corredor CC, Vikstrom C, Persson A, Bu X, Both D. Development and Robustness Verification of an At-Line Transmission Raman Method for Pharmaceutical Tablets Using Quality by Design (QbD) Principles. J Pharm Innov 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-018-9334-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Real time release testing of tablet content and content uniformity. Int J Pharm 2018; 537:183-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Analytical Method Development Using Transmission Raman Spectroscopy for Pharmaceutical Assays and Compliance with Regulatory Guidelines—Part I: Transmission Raman Spectroscopy and Method Development. J Pharm Innov 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-018-9311-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Bär D, Debus H, Grune C, Tosch S, Fischer W, Mäder K, Imming P. Improving the drug release of Naproxen Sodium tablets by preparing granules and tablets with a preferred mixing ratio of hydrates. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 121:90-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Rahoui N, Jiang B, Taloub N, Huang YD. Spatio-temporal control strategy of drug delivery systems based nano structures. J Control Release 2017; 255:176-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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22
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Laske S, Paudel A, Scheibelhofer O, Sacher S, Hoermann T, Khinast J, Kelly A, Rantannen J, Korhonen O, Stauffer F, De Leersnyder F, De Beer T, Mantanus J, Chavez PF, Thoorens B, Ghiotti P, Schubert M, Tajarobi P, Haeffler G, Lakio S, Fransson M, Sparen A, Abrahmsen-Alami S, Folestad S, Funke A, Backx I, Kavsek B, Kjell F, Michaelis M, Page T, Palmer J, Schaepman A, Sekulic S, Hammond S, Braun B, Colegrove B. A Review of PAT Strategies in Secondary Solid Oral Dosage Manufacturing of Small Molecules. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:667-712. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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23
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Development, validation and comparison of near infrared and Raman spectroscopic methods for fast characterization of tablets with amlodipine and valsartan. Talanta 2017; 167:333-343. [PMID: 28340729 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.01.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop, validate and compare NIR and Raman spectroscopic methods for fast characterization in terms of API content and tensile strength of fixed-dose combination tablets containing amlodipine and valsartan. For the APIs assay NIR-transmittance and Raman-reflectance methods were considered, whereas for the tensile strength assay Raman spectra were recorded in reflectance configuration and NIR spectra were recorded in both reflectance and transmittance. Multivariate calibration models (PLS) were built by applying different pre-processing methods (SNV, MSC, SD+SNV) on certain spectral regions. Correlating pre-processed spectral data with tablet properties resulted in highly predictive models except in the case of NIR-transmittance spectra for tensile strength estimation. The best models selected by cross-validation were further validated on independent samples in terms of linearity, trueness, accuracy and precision. Using Bland and Altman analysis the analytical performance of the NIR and Raman methods were compared, demonstrating their similarity considering the investigated applications. The two spectroscopic methods can be used in association to confirm each others results for at-line characterization of the pharmaceutical product.
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24
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Ierapetritou M, Muzzio F, Reklaitis G. Perspectives on the continuous manufacturing of powder-based pharmaceutical processes. AIChE J 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.15210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianthi Ierapetritou
- Dept. of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers; The State University of New Jersey; Piscataway NJ 08854-8058
| | - Fernando Muzzio
- Dept. of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers; The State University of New Jersey; Piscataway NJ 08854-8058
| | - Gintaras Reklaitis
- School of Chemical Engineering; Purdue University; 480 Stadium Mall Drive West Lafayette IN 47907-2100
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25
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Li Y, Liu B, Geng S, Kim S, Jin Y, Liu X, Luan L, Wu Y, Chen Y. An approach combining real-time release testing with near-infrared spectroscopy to improve quality control efficiency of Rhizoma paridis. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 157:186-191. [PMID: 26773264 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Raw material examination is a critical process in the industrial production of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM); high accuracy and minimal time consumption are both required. In this study, near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was applied to improve the quality control efficiency of Rhizoma paridis. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was first used to develop quantitative calibration models, and the discriminant analysis model was established to qualitatively discriminate the qualified samples from the unqualified samples. These two established NIR models were applied for real-time release testing (RTRT) of R. paridis. R. paridis saponins (RPS)≥0.6% and moisture ≤12% were used as the quantitative releasing criteria of RTRT according to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Qualified samples classified by the discriminant analysis model were deemed to meet the qualitative releasing criterion of RTRT. Using the established quantitative model, 24 samples were allowed to be released to the subsequent production processes with 100% accuracy. For the qualitative RTRT analysis, three samples were misclassified as the unqualified class and were released unsuccessfully, the accuracy of the qualitative RTRT was 90%. Therefore, the quantitative RTRT was more feasible for actual manufacturing processes. Based on this study, a rapid and effective quantitative NIR spectroscopic method was proposed for the RTRT of R. paridis. The combination of RTRT and NIR spectroscopy could be a potential tool to improve the quality control efficiency of R. paridis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yerui Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bowen Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shu Geng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Sungchan Kim
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ye Jin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xuesong Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lianjun Luan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yongjiang Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Yong Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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26
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Kang Q, Ru Q, Liu Y, Xu L, Liu J, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Li H, Zhang Q, Wu Q. On-line monitoring the extract process of Fu-fang Shuanghua oral solution using near infrared spectroscopy and different PLS algorithms. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 152:431-437. [PMID: 26241829 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.07.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An on-line near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy monitoring method with an appropriate multivariate calibration method was developed for the extraction process of Fu-fang Shuanghua oral solution (FSOS). On-line NIR spectra were collected through two fiber optic probes, which were designed to transmit NIR radiation by a 2mm flange. Partial least squares (PLS), interval PLS (iPLS) and synergy interval PLS (siPLS) algorithms were used comparatively for building the calibration regression models. During the extraction process, the feasibility of NIR spectroscopy was employed to determine the concentrations of chlorogenic acid (CA) content, total phenolic acids contents (TPC), total flavonoids contents (TFC) and soluble solid contents (SSC). High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ultraviolet spectrophotometric method (UV) and loss on drying methods were employed as reference methods. Experiment results showed that the performance of siPLS model is the best compared with PLS and iPLS. The calibration models for AC, TPC, TFC and SSC had high values of determination coefficients of (R(2)) (0.9948, 0.9992, 0.9950 and 0.9832) and low root mean square error of cross validation (RMSECV) (0.0113, 0.0341, 0.1787 and 1.2158), which indicate a good correlation between reference values and NIR predicted values. The overall results show that the on line detection method could be feasible in real application and would be of great value for monitoring the mixed decoction process of FSOS and other Chinese patent medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Kang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Qingguo Ru
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Lingyan Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yewen Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Qing Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
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27
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Gosselin R, Durão P, Abatzoglou N, Guay JM. Monitoring the concentration of flowing pharmaceutical powders in a tableting feed frame. Pharm Dev Technol 2015; 22:699-705. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2015.1102278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Gosselin
- Department of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering, Université De Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada and
| | - Pedro Durão
- Department of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering, Université De Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada and
| | - Nicolas Abatzoglou
- Department of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering, Université De Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada and
| | - Jean-Maxime Guay
- Pfizer Global Supply, Process Analytical Sciences Group, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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28
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Chavez PF, Sacré PY, De Bleye C, Netchacovitch L, Mantanus J, Motte H, Schubert M, Hubert P, Ziemons E. Active content determination of pharmaceutical tablets using near infrared spectroscopy as Process Analytical Technology tool. Talanta 2015; 144:1352-9. [PMID: 26452969 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop Near infrared (NIR) methods to determine the active content of non-coated pharmaceutical tablets manufactured from a proportional tablet formulation. These NIR methods intend to be used for the monitoring of the active content of tablets during the tableting process. Firstly, methods were developed in transmission and reflection modes to quantify the API content of the lowest dosage strength. Secondly, these methods were fully validated for a concentration range of 70-130% of the target active content using the accuracy profile approach based on β-expectation tolerance intervals. The model using the transmission mode showed a better ability to predict the right active content compared to the reflection one. However, the ability of the reflection mode to quantify the API content in the highest dosage strength was assessed. Furthermore, the NIR method based on the transmission mode was successfully used to monitor at-line the tablet active content during the tableting process, providing better insight of the API content during the process. This improvement of control of the product quality provided by this PAT method is thoroughly compliant with the Quality by Design (QbD) concept. Finally, the transfer of the transmission model from the off-line to an on-line spectrometer was efficiently investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-François Chavez
- University of Liege (ULg), Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, CHU, B36, 4000 Liege, Belgium.
| | - Pierre-Yves Sacré
- University of Liege (ULg), Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, CHU, B36, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Charlotte De Bleye
- University of Liege (ULg), Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, CHU, B36, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Lauranne Netchacovitch
- University of Liege (ULg), Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, CHU, B36, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Mantanus
- UCB Pharma S.A., Avenue de l'Industrie, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Henri Motte
- UCB Pharma S.A., Avenue de l'Industrie, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Martin Schubert
- UCB Pharma S.A., Avenue de l'Industrie, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Philippe Hubert
- University of Liege (ULg), Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, CHU, B36, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Eric Ziemons
- University of Liege (ULg), Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, CHU, B36, 4000 Liege, Belgium
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29
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Osei-Yeboah F, Sun CC. Validation and applications of an expedited tablet friability method. Int J Pharm 2015; 484:146-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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